A New Clustering Methodology for the Analysis of Sorted or Categorized Stimuli

This paper introduces a new stochastic clustering methodology devised for the analysis of categorized or sorted data. The methodology reveals consumers' common category knowledge as well as individual differences in using this knowledge for classifying brands in a designated product class. A small study involving the categorization of 28 brands of U.S. automobiles is presented where the results of the proposed methodology are compared with those obtained from KMEANS clustering. Finally, directions for future research are discussed.

Emission Control in Diesel Engines by Alcohol Fumigation, 1990

Exhaust emissions from diesel engines are a substantial source of air pollution in this country. In recognition of this fact, the Environmental Protection Agency has issued strict new regulations due to take effect -in 1991 and 1994 that will drastically reduce the amount of some pollutants these engines will be allowed to emit. The technology is not currently available to produce diesel engines that can meet these regulations without large penalties in engine performance and efficiency. One technique that offers promise of being able to reduce emissions from both existing engines and new engines is alcohol fumigation.

Sistema de notificação e monitorização de acidentes para motociclos

A percentagem de utilização de motociclos tem vindo a crescer relativamente à utilização de veículos automóveis. Provavelmente, este número continuará a aumentar anualmente devido a diversos fatores: a mobilidade, a flexibilidade de circulação e o menor gasto de combustível. No entanto, um dos principais problemas da condução de motociclos é o elevado risco de acidente, comparativamente com os veículos automóveis. A segurança do condutor e passageiros, quando sujeitos a um acidente, merece total atenção. Convém, pois, encontrar soluções com capacidade de prevenir ou ajudar a minimizar o número de mortalidade que possam ocorrer diariamente. Uma maior atenção às medidas de segurança rodoviária veio diminuir o número de acidentes, no entanto, quando estes acontecem, a ajuda das unidades médicas demora algum tempo a chegar. Sabe-se que nestas situações, qualquer segundo pode fazer a diferença. Este é o problema que o autor deseja resolver. Na presente dissertação, o autor pretende demonstrar como desenvolveu um sistema para motociclos com a capacidade de reconhecer um acidente, enviando um alerta (SMS) com a informação do local da ocorrência (GPS). Este sistema foi preparado para operar em locais isolados com pouco ou nenhum tráfego rodoviário. Implementou-se no referido sistema uma tecnologia sem fios e fiabilizou-se um método capaz de ser utilizado em diversos modelos de motociclos. Procedeu-se à realização de interfaces que permitem monitorizar e possibilitar o reconhecimento da informação sobre o condutor e sobre o acidente, em tempo real.

L'influence du pays d'origine des produits sur la perception des consommateurs mexicains dans un contexte multi-attributs

La mondialisation de l'économie et la globalisation des marchés ont modifié la relation entre l'entreprise et le consommateur. Alors que ce dernier profite d'une réduction des prix, d'une amélioration de la qualité des produits et d'une foule d'autres avantages issus de la concurrence internationale, les entreprises doivent travailler fort pour conserver ou augmenter leurs parts de marché dans cet environnement hautement concurrentiel. Dans un tel contexte, les études sur l'influence du pays d'origine d'un produit sur la perception des consommateurs sont d'une grande utilité. Elles permettent aux gestionnaires de mieux comprendre les consommateurs dans leurs choix, d'identifier les attributs du produit qu'ils considèrent importants et d'augmenter les ventes de l'entreprise. Dans le cadre du récent accord de libre-échange entre le Canada, le Mexique et les États-Unis (ALENA), cette étude menée au Mexique permet de répondre aux besoins des entreprises qui désirent exporter dans ce pays en les renseignant sur les caractéristiques des produits qui influencent le jugement des consommateurs mexicains. Les effets du pays de conception, du pays d'assemblage et de la provenance des pièces sur la qualité perçue ainsi que sur la valeur de l'achat sont étudiés à l'aide de profils de produits présentés aux consommateurs mexicains. Les produits utilisés sont l'automobile, le magnétoscope et les chaussures. Les résultats indiquent que les consommateurs utilisent surtout le pays de conception pour évaluer la qualité ou la valeur des automobiles et la provenance des pièces pour l'évaluation des magnétoscopes. Lorsqu'il s'agit d'évaluer la valeur d'achat des chaussures, les Mexicains se basent davantage sur la garantie. On observe, entre autres, que les Mexicains préfèrent davantage les produits assemblés au Mexique que ceux provenant du Canada. Enfin, le parallèle avec les résultats d'études antérieures permet de confirmer ou d'infirmer certains résultats. Les implications de ces derniers sont discutées par la suite.

L'influence du pays d'origine sur l'évaluation des produits par les vendeurs el les consommateurs : une étude comparative

Dans un contexte économique où globalisation des marchés et mondialisation des échanges commerciaux sont les mots d'ordre, nous assistons à une prolifération de produits hybrides ayant plus d'une origine nationale. Le made-in d'un produit n'a désormais plus de sens si on ne le scinde en deux concepts : le pays de conception où est "pensé" et conçu le produit et le pays d'assemblage où a lieu la fabrication physique du produit. Plusieurs recherches sur le made-in ont démontré que le pays de conception et le pays d'assemblage avaient effectivement une influence sur les évaluations de la qualité et de la valeur d'achat des produits par les consommateurs. L'objet de cette étude est de savoir si l'origine nationale a une influence sur un autre intervenant dans le processus d'achat : le vendeur et si cette influence est comparable à celle déjà observée chez le consommateur. 194 vendeurs d’appareils électroniques des villes de Montréal, Québec et Sherbrooke ont évalué des pays d'origine de niveaux de développement différents ainsi que la qualité et la valeur d'achat de trois catégories de produits : magnétoscopes, chaussures et automobiles. Chaque produit était caractérisé par cinq attributs : le pays de conception, le pays d'assemblage, la marque, la garantie et le prix. Les résultats obtenus ont été comparés à ceux issus d'une recherche antérieure sur l'influence du pays d'origine sur un échantillon de consommateurs (de Bussac, 1992). Cette étude comparative démontre notamment que les vendeurs, comme les consommateurs, associent des stéréotypes aux pays d'origine, stéréotypes qui influencent leur évaluation de la qualité et de la valeur d'achat des produits. Par ailleurs, la majorité des vendeurs interrogés pense que les consommateurs qu'ils rencontrent ne font pas de distinction entre pays de conception et pays d'assemblage. Il semble aussi que le pays d'origine est l'attribut du produit que les vendeurs utilisent le moins dans leur argumentation de vente.

Une étude de l'influence du pays d'origine en Afrique

Des nombreux chercheurs qui se sont intéressés au pays d'origine du produit, rares sont ceux qui se sont préoccupés d'entrevoir des liens avec l'origine nationale et culturelle du consommateur. Si on admet que l'importance du pays d’origine varie selon l'origine nationale du consommateur, il est normal, dans un souci de généralisation des résultats, d'envisager une étude en Afrique, région qui présente des caractères culturels et ethnographiques différents de ceux d'Amérique et d'Europe où des études sur le sujet ont été effectuées. La présente étude a été menée en Côte d'Ivoire, pays d'Afrique de l'ouest, afin d'étudier le comportement des ivoiriens vis-à-vis de deux concepts du marketing international: le pays de conception et le pays d'assemblage des produits. Des profils de produits, à partir desquels les consommateurs devaient évaluer la qualité perçue du produit ainsi que la valeur d'achat, ont été présentés aux participants à l'étude. L'expérience s'est avérée concluante, puisque les résultats ont clairement montré que le consommateur ivoirien fait une nette distinction entre pays d'assemblage et pays de conception; deux attributs sur lesquels il fonde son évaluation de la qualité perçue du produit et de la valeur d'achat des automobiles, des téléviseurs et des chaussures. Malgré le rôle modérateur des variables comme la garantie, la marque et le prix dans l’évaluation de la qualité perçue et de la valeur d'achat des produits, le pays d'origine demeure, dans la plupart des cas, l'indice informationnel le plus important pour le consommateur ivoirien, contrairement à ce qui a été trouvé ailleurs. Des implications "managériales" sont discutées ainsi que des axes de recherche pour l'avenir.

Threat analysis of IoT networks using artificial neural network intrusion detection system

The Internet of things (IoT) is still in its infancy and has attracted much interest in many industrial sectors including medical fields, logistics tracking, smart cities and automobiles. However, as a paradigm, it is susceptible to a range of significant intrusion threats. This paper presents a threat analysis of the IoT and uses an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to combat these threats. A multi-level perceptron, a type of supervised ANN, is trained using internet packet traces, then is assessed on its ability to thwart Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS/DoS) attacks. This paper focuses on the classification of normal and threat patterns on an IoT Network. The ANN procedure is validated against a simulated IoT network. The experimental results demonstrate 99.4% accuracy and can successfully detect various DDoS/DoS attacks.

Analysis of Automotive Cybersecurity - Attack surfaces and users’ privacy concerns

Modern automobiles are no longer just mechanical tools. The electronics and computing services they are shipping with are making them not less than a computer. They are massive kinetic devices with sophisticated computing power. Most of the modern vehicles are made with the added connectivity in mind which may be vulnerable to outside attack. Researchers have shown that it is possible to infiltrate into a vehicle’s internal system remotely and control the physical entities such as steering and brakes. It is quite possible to experience such attacks on a moving vehicle and unable to use the controls. These massive connected computers can be life threatening as they are related to everyday lifestyle. First part of this research studied the attack surfaces in the automotive cybersecurity domain. It also illustrated the attack methods and capabilities of the damages. Online survey has been deployed as data collection tool to learn about the consumers’ usage of such vulnerable automotive services. The second part of the research portrayed the consumers’ privacy in automotive world. It has been found that almost hundred percent of modern vehicles has the capabilities to send vehicle diagnostic data as well as user generated data to their manufacturers, and almost thirty five percent automotive companies are collecting them already. Internet privacy has been studies before in many related domain but no privacy scale were matched for automotive consumers. It created the research gap and motivation for this thesis. A study has been performed to use well established consumers privacy scale – IUIPC to match with the automotive consumers’ privacy situation. Hypotheses were developed based on the IUIPC model for internet consumers’ privacy and they were studied by the finding from the data collection methods. Based on the key findings of the research, all the hypotheses were accepted and hence it is found that automotive consumers’ privacy did follow the IUIPC model under certain conditions. It is also found that a majority of automotive consumers use the services and devices that are vulnerable and prone to cyber-attacks. It is also established that there is a market for automotive cybersecurity services and consumers are willing to pay certain fees to avail that.

Cedar Point Chaussee

This pictures shows a stream of automobiles making their was down the Cedar Point Chaussee (Chaussee is French for a paved road.) Realizing that access to Cedar Point by the automobile was an essential to the park's success, owner George Boeckling built a road that ran the length of the Cedar Point peninsula. This was a distance of seven miles, beginning at U.S. Route 6 to the entrance of Cedar Point.

Foot of Columbus Avenue, Sandusky, Ohio

The foot of Columbus Avenue in Sandusky, Ohio was the location of Lake Erie steamer service during the years from 1870 to 1930. As this picture shows hundreds of men and women have arrived and parked their automobiles and are preparing to board steamers for Lakeside, Kelleys Island, Cedar Point, and South Bass Island.

A golden anniversary, 1895-1945. Personal side lights of America's first automobile race.

Mode of access: Internet.

Investigating assistive technology to support memory for people with cognitive impairments

Technologies such as automobiles or mobile phones allow us to perform beyond our physical capabilities and travel faster or communicate over long distances. Technologies such as computers and calculators can also help us perform beyond our mental capabilities by storing and manipulating information that we would be unable to process or remember. In recent years there has been a growing interest in assistive technology for cognition (ATC) which can help people compensate for cognitive impairments. The aim of this thesis was to investigate ATC for memory to help people with memory difficulties which impacts independent functioning during everyday life. Chapter one argues that using both neuropsychological and human computing interaction theory and approaches is crucial when developing and researching ATC. Chapter two describes a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies which tested technology to aid memory for groups with ABI, stroke or degenerative disease. Good evidence was found supporting the efficacy of prompting devices which remind the user about a future intention at a set time. Chapter three looks at the prevalence of technologies and memory aids in current use by people with ABI and dementia and the factors that predicted this use. Pre-morbid use of technology, current use of non-tech aids and strategies and age (ABI group only) were the best predictors of this use. Based on the results, chapter four focuses on mobile phone based reminders for people with ABI. Focus groups were held with people with memory impairments after ABI and ABI caregivers (N=12) which discussed the barriers to uptake of mobile phone based reminding. Thematic analysis revealed six key themes that impact uptake of reminder apps; Perceived Need, Social Acceptability, Experience/Expectation, Desired Content and Functions, Cognitive Accessibility and Sensory/Motor Accessibility. The Perceived need theme described the difficulties with insight, motivation and memory which can prevent people from initially setting reminders on a smartphone. Chapter five investigates the efficacy and acceptability of unsolicited prompts (UPs) from a smartphone app (ForgetMeNot) to encourage people with ABI to set reminders. A single-case experimental design study evaluated use of the app over four weeks by three people with severe ABI living in a post-acute rehabilitation hospital. When six UPs were presented through the day from ForgetMeNot, daily reminder-setting and daily memory task completion increased compared to when using the app without the UPs. Chapter six investigates another barrier from chapter 4 – cognitive and sensory accessibility. A study is reported which shows that an app with ‘decision tree’ interface design (ApplTree) leads to more accurate reminder setting performance with no compromise of speed or independence (amount of guidance required) for people with ABI (n=14) compared to a calendar based interface. Chapter seven investigates the efficacy of a wearable reminding device (smartwatch) as a tool for delivering reminders set on a smartphone. Four community dwelling participants with memory difficulties following ABI were included in an ABA single case experimental design study. Three of the participants successfully used the smartwatch throughout the intervention weeks and these participants gave positive usability ratings. Two participants showed improved memory performance when using the smartwatch and all participants had marked decline in memory performance when the technology was removed. Chapter eight is a discussion which highlights the implications of these results for clinicians, researchers and designers.

Optical Wireless Communication for Mobile Platforms

The past few decades have witnessed the widespread adaptation of wireless devices such as cellular phones and Wifi-connected laptops, and demand for wireless communication is expected to continue to increase. Though radio frequency (RF) communication has traditionally dominated in this application space, recent decades have seen an increasing interest in the use of optical wireless (OW) communication to supplement RF communications. In contrast to RF communication technology, OW systems offer the use of largely unregulated electromagnetic spectrum and large bandwidths for communication. They also offer the potential to be highly secure against jamming and eavesdropping. Interest in OW has become especially keen in light of the maturation of light-emitting diode (LED) technology. This maturation, and the consequent emerging ubiquity of LED technology in lighting systems, has motivated the exploration of LEDs for wireless communication purposes in a wide variety of applications. Recent interest in this field has largely focused on the potential for indoor local area networks (LANs) to be realized with increasingly common LED-based lighting systems. We envision the use of LED-based OW to serve as a supplement to RF technology in communication between mobile platforms, which may include automobiles, robots, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). OW technology may be especially useful in what are known as RF-denied environments, in which RF communication may be prohibited or undesirable. The use of OW in these settings presents major challenges. In contrast to many RF systems, OWsystems that operate at ranges beyond a few meters typically require relatively precise alignment. For example, some laser-based optical wireless communication systems require alignment precision to within small fractions of a degree. This level of alignment precision can be difficult to maintain between mobile platforms. Additionally, the use of OW systems in outdoor settings presents the challenge of interference from ambient light, which can be much brighter than any LED transmitter. This thesis addresses these challenges to the use of LED-based communication between mobile platforms. We propose and analyze a dual-link LED-based system that uses one link with a wide transmission beam and relaxed alignment constraints to support a more narrow, precisely aligned, higher-data-rate link. The use of an optical link with relaxed alignment constraints to support the alignment of a more precisely aligned link motivates our exploration of a panoramic imaging receiver for estimating the range and bearing of neighboring nodes. The precision of such a system is analyzed and an experimental system is realized. Finally, we present an experimental prototype of a self-aligning LED-based link.