Niños, niñas y adolescentes en acogimiento residencial: un análisis en función del género

En este trabajo se aborda, desde una perspectiva de género, la realidad de un colectivo relativamente numeroso de niños, niñas y adolescentes, pero que es invisible para la opinión pública. Se trata de los menores de edad que ha tenido que ser separados de su familia de origen y viven en centros y hogares de protección. Se describe la ubicación y funciones de estos recursos residenciales dentro del sistema de protección infantil, se exponen las estadísticas y se analizan las diferencias encontradas en función del género. Se encuentra que hay más chicos que chicas, y que sus estancias en estos recursos son además más largas. En cuanto a la adaptación durante la estancia en el recurso, las chicas obtienen mejores resultados, tanto en las variables de adaptación al recurso como a la escuela y a la configuración de redes de apoyo social. En cambio, cuando se comparan los datos referidos al proceso de transición a la vida adulta los resultados son mejores para los chicos. Estos hallazgos se discuten en relación con la investigación previa sobre el tema.

Participation Space Studies: a socio-technical exploration of activist and community groups’ use of online and offline spaces to support their work

Participation Space Studies explore eParticipation in the day-to-day activities of local, citizen-led groups, working to improve their communities. The focus is the relationship between activities and contexts. The concept of a participation space is introduced in order to reify online and offline contexts where people participate in democracy. Participation spaces include websites, blogs, email, social media presences, paper media, and physical spaces. They are understood as sociotechnical systems: assemblages of heterogeneous elements, with relevant histories and trajectories of development and use. This approach enables the parallel study of diverse spaces, on and offline. Participation spaces are investigated within three case studies, centred on interviews and participant observation. Each case concerns a community or activist group, in Scotland. The participation spaces are then modelled using a Socio-Technical Interaction Network (STIN) framework (Kling, McKim and King, 2003). The participation space concept effectively supports the parallel investigation of the diverse social and technical contexts of grassroots democracy and the relationship between the case-study groups and the technologies they use to support their work. Participants’ democratic participation is supported by online technologies, especially email, and they create online communities and networks around their goals. The studies illustrate the mutual shaping relationship between technology and democracy. Participants’ choice of technologies can be understood in spatial terms: boundaries, inhabitants, access, ownership, and cost. Participation spaces and infrastructures are used together and shared with other groups. Non-public online spaces, such as Facebook groups, are vital contexts for eParticipation; further, the majority of participants’ work is non-public, on and offline. It is informational, potentially invisible, work that supports public outputs. The groups involve people and influence events through emotional and symbolic impact, as well as rational argument. Images are powerful vehicles for this and digital images become an increasingly evident and important feature of participation spaces throughout the consecutively conducted case studies. Collaboration of diverse people via social media indicates that these spaces could be understood as boundary objects (Star and Griesemer, 1989). The Participation Space Studies draw from and contribute to eParticipation, social informatics, mediation, social shaping studies, and ethnographic studies of Internet use.

Aging and semantic integration in sentence processing: Testing the cognitive workload of wrap-up

The current study investigated the cognitive workload of sentence and clause wrap-up in younger and older readers. A large number of studies have demonstrated the presence of wrap-up effects, peaks in processing time at clause and sentence boundaries that some argue reflect attention to organizational and integrative semantic processes. However, the exact nature of these wrap-up effects is still not entirely clear, with some arguing that wrap-up is not related to processing difficulty, but rather is triggered by a low-level oculomotor response or the implicit monitoring of intonational contour. The notion that wrap-up effects are resource-demanding was directly tested by examining the degree to which sentence and clause wrap-up affects the parafoveal preview benefit. Older and younger adults read passages in which a target word N occurred in a sentence-internal, clause-final, or sentence-final position. A gaze-contingent boundary change paradigm was used in which, on some trials, a non-word preview of word N+1 was replaced by a target word once the eyes crossed an invisible boundary located between words N and N+1. All measures of reading time on word N were longer at clause and sentence boundaries than in the sentence-internal position. In the earliest measures of reading time, sentence and clause wrap-up showed evidence of reducing the magnitude of the preview benefit similarly for younger and older adults. However, this effect was moderated by age in gaze duration, such that older adults showed a complete reduction in the preview benefit in the sentence-final condition. Additionally, sentence and clause wrap-up were negatively associated with the preview benefit. Collectively, the findings from the current study suggest that wrap-up is cognitively demanding and may be less efficient with age, thus, resulting in a reduction of the parafoveal preview during normal reading.

Przestrzenne formy upamiętniania Zagłady

This book is a synthesizing reflection on the Holocaust commemoration, in which space becomes a starting point for discussion. The author understands space primarily as an amalgam of physical and social components, where various commemorative processes may occur. The first part of the book draws attention to the material aspect of space, which determines its character and function. Material culture has been a long ignored and depreciated dimension of human culture in the humanities and social sciences, because it was perceived as passive and fully controlled by human will, and therefore insignificant in the course of social and historical processes. An example of the Nazi system perfectly illustrates how important were the restrictions and prohibitions on the usage of mundane objects, and in general, the whole material culture in relation to macro and micro space management — the state, cities, neighborhoods and houses, but also parks and swimming pools, factories and offices or shops and theaters. The importance of things and space was also clearly visible in exploitative policies present in overcrowded ghettos and concentration and death camps. For this very reason, when we study spatial forms of Holocaust commemoration, it should be acknowledged that the first traces, proofs and mementoes of the murdered were their things. The first "monuments" showing the enormity of the destruction are thus primarily gigantic piles of objects — shoes, glasses, toys, clothes, suitcases, toothbrushes, etc., which together with the extensive camps’ space try to recall the scale of a crime impossible to understand or imagine. The first chapter shows the importance of introducing the material dimension in thinking about space and commemoration, and it ends with a question about one of the key concepts for the book, a monument, which can be understood as both object (singular or plural) and architecture (sculptures, buildings, highways). However, the term monument tends to be used rather in a later and traditional sense, as an architectural, figurative form commemorating the heroic deeds, carved in stone or cast in bronze. Therefore, the next chapter reconstructs this narrower line of thinking, together with a discussion about what form a monument commemorating a subject as delicate and sensitive as the Holocaust should take on. This leads to an idea of the counter-monument, the concept which was supposed to be the answer to the mentioned representational dilemma on the one hand, and which would disassociate it from the Nazi’s traditional monuments on the other hand. This chapter clarifies the counter-monument definition and explains the misunderstandings and confusions generated on the basis of this concept by following the dynamics of the new commemorative form and by investigating monuments from the ‘80s and ‘90s erected in Germany. In the next chapter, I examine various forms of the Holocaust commemoration in Berlin, a city famous for its bold, monumental, and even controversial projects. We find among them the entire spectrum of memorials – big, monumental, and abstract forms, like Peter Eisenman’s Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe or Daniel Liebeskind’s Jewish Museum Berlin; flat, invisible, and employing the idea of emptiness, like Christian Boltanski’s Missing House or Micha Ullman’s Book Burning Memorial; the dispersed and decentralized, like Renata Stih and Frieder Schnock’s Memory Places or Gunter Demnig’s Stumbling Blocks. I enrich descriptions of the monuments by signaling at this point their second, extended life, which manifests itself in the alternative modes of (mis)use, consisting of various social activities or artistic performances. The formal wealth of the outlined projects creates a wide panorama of possible solutions to the Holocaust commemoration problems. However, the discussions accompanying the building of monuments and their "future life" after realization emphasize the importance of the social component that permeates the biography of the monument, and therefore significantly influences its foreseen design. The book also addresses the relationship of space, place and memory in a specific situation, when commemoration is performed secretly or remains as unrealized potential. Although place is the most common space associated with memory, today the nature of this relationship changes, and is what indicates popularity and employment of such terms as Marc Augé’s non-places or Pierre Nora’s site of memory. I include and develop these concepts about space and memory in my reflections to describe qualitatively different phenomena occurring in Central and Eastern European countries. These are unsettling places in rural areas like glades or parking lots, markets and playgrounds in urban settings. I link them to the post-war time and modernization processes and call them sites of non-memory and non-sites of memory. Another part of the book deals with a completely different form of commemoration called Mystery of memory. Grodzka Gate - NN Theatre in Lublin initiated it in 2000 and as a form it situates itself closer to the art of theater than architecture. Real spaces and places of everyday interactions become a stage for these performances, such as the “Jewish town” in Lublin or the Majdanek concentration camp. The minimalist scenography modifies space and reveals its previously unseen dimensions, while the actors — residents and people especially related to places like survivors and Righteous Among the Nations — are involved in the course of the show thanks to various rituals and symbolic gestures. The performance should be distinguished from social actions, because it incorporates tools known from religious rituals and art, which together saturate the mystery of memory with an aura of uniqueness. The last discussed commemoration mode takes the form of exposition space. I examine an exhibition concerning the fate of the incarcerated children presented in one of the barracks of the Majdanek State Museum in Lublin. The Primer – Children in Majdanek Camp is unique for several reasons. First, because even though it is exhibited in the camp barrack, it uses a completely different filter to tell the story of the camp in comparison to the exhibitions in the rest of the barracks. For this reason, one experiences immersing oneself in all subsequent levels of space and narrative accompanying them – at first, in a general narrative about the camp, and later in a specifically arranged space marked by children’s experiences, their language and thinking, and hence formed in a way more accessible for younger visitors. Second, the exhibition resigns from didacticism and distancing descriptions, and takes an advantage of eyewitnesses and survivors’ testimonies instead. Third, the exhibition space evokes an aura of strangeness similar to a fairy tale or a dream. It is accomplished thanks to the arrangement of various, usually highly symbolic material objects, and by favoring the fragrance and phonic sensations, movement, while belittling visual stimulations. The exhibition creates an impression of a place open to thinking and experiencing, and functions as an asylum, a radically different form to its camp surrounding characterized by a more overwhelming and austere space.

Para um teatro anatómico: O impulso mental e o impulso corporal no trabalho do actor

O presente trabalho congrega, em si, o estabelecimento de uma ligação entre as áreas científica e artística, justificando o trabalho do actor com elementos inerentes à anatomia humana e aos progressos na ciência sobre o estudo do comportamento e cérebro humanos. A arte do actor é, neste estudo, vista como uma ciência de palco desenvolvida a partir do esqueleto e do corpo em vida, atentos aos impulsos psico-fisicos, prolongando a acção quotidiana na acção extra-quotidiana. Se na ciência a menor unidade, viva, do organismo humano é a célula, este estudo reclama o impulso como a unidade mínima do teatro e, por conseguinte, do trabalho de actor. Esta análise complementa-se, perspectivando a célula vivente como o núcleo da relação entre o invisível, como processo mental, e o visível como processo e manifestação física do trabalho do actor dentro e fora do palco. ABSTRACT; The present work congregates the creation of a connection between scientific and artistic areas, justifying the actor's work through characteristic elements of human anatomy and through the scientific advances on the study of the human brain and of human behaviour. ln this study, the actor's art, is viewed as a stage science based on the human skeleton and on the living body, both conscious of the psycho-physical impulses that extend everyday action to the extraordinary action. If in science the smallest living unit in the human body is the cell, then, this study argues that the impulse is the smallest unit in theater and therefore, of the actor's work. This analysis complements itself, envisaging the living cell as the core of the relationship between the invisible, as a mental process, and the visible, as a process of physical manifestation of the actor's work in(side) and out(side) of stage.

La valoración de los intangibles.

La abundancia y el crecimiento en la economía de hoy son dirigidos, en su mayor parte, por los activos intangibles. Lo anterior se debe principalmente porque las compañías han creado valor por medio del conocimiento y el desarrollo de ideas novedosas. Con la llegada de las nuevas tecnologías de información, la estructura de las empresas ha cambiado dramáticamente durante los últimos diez años y los activos representan hoy los activos principales de las corporaciones. La contribución de los intangibles en la economía del país es significativa, debido al desarrollo de nuevos productos por medio de ideas que surgen del capital intelectual de las empresas. Es sorprendente en los últimos años que el estudio de los intangibles ha despertado interés en universidades, en el sector del capital financiero y en el mundo empresarial y cobra trascendencia ya que constituyen una fuente de competitividad dentro de las entidades y el desarrollo de las mismas dentro de la economía. El éxito empresarial en su gran mayoría se basa en las instalaciones de producción, el capital financiero y la propiedad, sin embargo lo invisible y lo que no se toca, como las ideas y capital intelectual aportan éxito, desarrollo y crecimiento. Se valora - activos intangibles -, por ejemplo las relaciones con los proveedores, las marcas, las ideas, los procesos del negocio, la cultura corporativa, los conocimientos técnicos y la innovación. Pero desafortunadamente aunque la normativa contable ha realizado esfuerzos significativos para el registro, captura, medición y divulgación de los activos intangibles, hay ciertos intangibles que se escapan de los registros y que afectan el valor accionario de las entidades, forzando a los inversores, y a menudo también a los ejecutivos a actuar en la oscuridad, en el sentido que no poseen las herramientas adecuadas para la medición de intangibles. Las claves financieras tradicionales ya no son el único indicador para medir la importancia de una empresa, sino que en los últimos tiempos conceptos como "reputación corporativa", "capital intelectual" o "activos intangibles" acaparan el protagonismo en las principales tendencias dentro de la innovación en la gestión empresarial, los cuales se deben abordar por medio de la modelización y valuación. Los líderes empresariales de todo el mundo empiezan a utilizar los términos de forma habitual, considerándolos como una medida del éxito igual de importante que la evolución bursátil, los beneficios o la recuperación de la inversión. Durante los últimos años se observa un importante crecimiento en el empleo de los términos "activos intangibles" y "capital intelectual" para referirse a la información no financiera relativa a la estructura organizativa, formación del personal y proyectos de investigación y desarrollo, entre otros, y la investigación sobre ellos se ha configurado en una de las principales preocupaciones de los organismos reguladores, cuerpos emisores de normas y académicos. Dado que existe gran variedad de inversiones en intangibles no reconocidas por sus problemas de falta de identificación,reconocimiento y medida, las empresas cuentan con dos tipos de intangibles: los reconocidos de forma contable y las inversiones en intangibles que no son susceptibles de ser reflejadas como activos de la empresa. Éstas últimas sólo aparecerán en el caso de que sean adquiridas a un tercero en las transmisiones de negocios, recogiéndose bajo el nombre de Crédito Mercantil. No existe una definición generalmente aceptada de éstos, ya que la propia naturaleza de los intangibles es la que impide cualquier consenso relacionado con su definición. Así, en la actualidad, el campo de los activos intangibles constituye una materia controvertida, al existir un amplio debate acerca de los activos que deben considerarse de esa naturaleza. La mayor parte de las definiciones propuestas para la medición y valuación de intangibles parece estar de acuerdo en que son fuentes generadoras de probables beneficios futuros, carentes de sustancias físicas y controladas por la empresa. El reto actual para las entidades, es lograr "que los intangibles figuren en sus reportes financieros como un activo más en las compañías". Esta carencia de la información contribuye a un coste de capital más alto y produce grandes aumentos a las inversiones iniciales que se establecen al empezar los proyectos de inversión. Para nivelar la carencia de información, se propone a las compañías comunicar periódicamente, además de la información tradicional contable, la información cuantitativa y estandarizada más relevante a la cadena de valor de la compañía. La gran mayoría de las empresas en El Salvador, desconocen el valor que tienen sus conocimientos, el desarrollo de rutas, los procedimientos de control interno de cobro, cartera de clientes, las marcas, entre otros. Es importante identificar las cualidades de los activos intangibles, centrándose en su papel distintivo en el valor de creación y destacar los puntos más críticos referente a los intangibles: la necesidad de poner la información relevante a disposición de la sociedad.

The Architecture of Waste: Creating New Avenues for Public Engagement with Trash

The relationship between industry, waste, and urbanism is one fraught with problems across the United States and in particular American cities. The interrelated nature of these systems of flows is in critical need of re-evaluation. This thesis critiques the system of Municipal Solid Waste Management as it currently exists in American cities as a necessary yet undesirable ‘invisible infrastructure’. Industry and waste environments have been pushed to the periphery of urban environments, severing the relationship between the urban environment we inhabit and the one that is required to support the way we live. The flow of garbage from cities of high density to landscapes of waste has created a model of valuing waste as a linear system that separates input from output. This thesis aims to investigate ways that industry, waste, and urban ecologies can work to reinforce one another. The goal of this thesis is to repair the physical and mental separation of waste and public activity through architecture. This thesis will propose ways to tie urban waste infrastructure and public amenities together through the merging of architecture and landscape to create new avenues for public engagement with waste processes.

Integração dos imigrantes da República Democrática do Congo no Bairro Camama 1 em Luanda

Com o presente trabalho de investigação procurámos perceber os desafios ao nível social e económico que os imigrantes da República Democrática do Congo têm experimentado no seu processo de integração no Bairro Camama1, na cidade de Luanda, a forma como a sociedade angolana e o Estado Angolano lidam com a situação bem como as medidas tomadas para lidar com este fenómeno social crescente. O trabalho de campo foi realizado no bairro Camama 1 com a aplicação de um inquérito que combina questões abertas e fechadas e participaram no estudo 69 imigrantes da República Democrática do Congo. Os resultados da investigação levaram-nos a concluir que a integração dos imigrantes da RDC se faz essencialmente ao nível do sector económico ou seja, é sobretudo uma integração de carácter económico e não social. Apesar da interação com os angolanos e de estarem inseridos no mercado de emprego secundário, os imigrantes da RDC não estão registados como residentes do bairro e apresentam um estatuto jurídico precário o que lhes impossibilita a integração social: são invisíveis para a sociedade angolana.