Lipid mobilization and gluconeogenesis in plants: Do glyoxylate cycle enzyme activities constitute a real cycle? A hypothesis

Glyoxysomes are specialized peroxisomes present in various plant organs such as germinating cotyledons or senescing leaves. They are the site of beta-oxidation and of the glyoxylate cycle. These consecutive pathways are essential to the maintenance of gluconeogenesis initiated by the degradation of reserve or structural lipids. In contrast to mitochondrial beta-oxidation, which is prevalent in animal cells, glyoxysomal beta-oxidation and the glyoxylate cycle have no direct access to the mitochondrial respiratory chain because of the impermeability of the glyoxysomal membrane to the reduced cofactors. The necessity of NAD(+) regeneration can conceivably be fulfilled by membrane redox chains and/or by transmembrane shuttles. Experimental evidence based on the active metabolic roles of higher plant glyoxysomes and yeast peroxisomes suggests the coexistence of two mechanisms, namely a reductase/peroxidase membrane redox chain and a malate/aspartate shuttle susceptible to transfer electrons to the mitochondrial ATP generating system. Such a model interconnects beta-oxidation, the glyoxylate cycle, the respiratory chain and gluconeogenesis in such a way that glyoxysomal malate dehydrogenase is an essential and exclusive component of beta-oxidation (NAD(+) regeneration). Consequently, the classical view of the glyoxylate cycle is superseded by a tentative reactional scheme deprived of cyclic character.

Sensing the light environment in plants: photoreceptors and early signaling steps.

Plants must constantly adapt to a changing light environment in order to optimize energy conversion through the process of photosynthesis and to limit photodamage. In addition, plants use light cues for timing of key developmental transitions such as initiation of reproduction (transition to flowering). Plants are equipped with a battery of photoreceptors enabling them to sense a very broad light spectrum spanning from UV-B to far-red wavelength (280-750nm). In this review we briefly describe the different families of plant photosensory receptors and the mechanisms by which they transduce environmental information to influence numerous aspects of plant growth and development throughout their life cycle.

Biokaasun syöttö maakasuverkostoon

Biokaasua syntyy mm. kaatopaikoilla, jätevedenpuhdistamoilla ja biokaasureaktoreissa, kun bakteerit hajottavat orgaanista ainesta hapettomissa olosuhteissa. Biokaasun tärkein ainesosa on metaani, jota biokaasussa on tyypillisesti hieman yli puolet. Muu osa biokaasusta on pääosin hiilidioksidia, mutta se sisältää myös paljon erilaisia epäpuhtauksia, jotka vaikeuttavat biokaasun hyötykäyttöä. Suomeen tuotava maakaasu puolestaan on lähes puhdasta metaania. Tämä diplomityö suoritettiin Gasum Oy:lle ja sen tarkoituksena oli tutkia millaisia toimenpiteitä vaaditaan, jotta biokaasua voidaan syöttää Suomen maakaasuverkostoon. Työssä suoritettiin katsaus biokaasun puhdistus- ja jalostusmenetelmiin, joilla biokaasun sisältämät epäpuhtaudet poistetaan ja metaanipitoisuus nostetaan lähes maakaasun tasolle hiilidioksidia poistamalla. Lisäksi työssä simuloitiin biokaasun syöttöä maakaasuverkostoon eri koostumuksin ja maakaasuverkoston eri osista näin syntyvän seoskaasun ominaisuuksien määrittämiseksi simulointiohjelma Simonen avulla. Työssä myös etsittiin parasta keinoa jäljittää maakaasuverkoston kaasun laatua ja hallita energiatasetta, kun kaasun laatu ei enää ole kaikkialla sama. Lisäksi suoritettiin lyhyt katsaus biokaasusyötön vaikutuksista päästökauppaan ja maakaasuverkoston järjestelmävastaavan tehtävään. Työssä tultiin siihen tulokseen, että biokaasun syöttö maakaasuverkostoon on mahdollista vain, kun biokaasu puhdistetaan ja jalostetaan. Tällöin biokaasun ja maakaasun seos täyttää maakaasuverkoston kaasulle asetetut laatukriteerit, vaikka yksin biokaasu ei sitä tee. Parhaaksi keinoksi hallita maakaasun ja biokaasun laatua todettiin kaasukromatografien käyttö.

Living with invasive plants in the Anthropocene : the importance of understanding practice and experience

The role of humans in facilitating the rapid spread of plants at a scale that is considered invasive is one manifestation of the Anthropocene, now framed as a geological period in which humans are the dominant force in landscape transformation. Invasive plant management faces intensified challenges, and can no longer be viewed in terms of 'eradication' or 'restoration of original landscapes'. In this perspectives piece, we focus on the practice and experience of people engaged in invasive plant management, using examples from Australia and Canada. We show how managers 1) face several pragmatic trade-offs; 2) must reconcile diverse views, even within stakeholder groups; 3) must balance competing temporal scales; 4) encounter tensions with policy; and 5) face critical and under-acknowledged labour challenges. These themes show the variety of considerations based on which invasive plant managers make complex decisions about when, where, and how to intervene. Their widespread pragmatic acceptance of small, situated gains (as well as losses) combines with impressive long-term commitments to the task of invasives management. We suggest that the actual practice of weed management challenges those academic perspectives that still aspire to attain pristine nature.

Combining niche modelling and landscape genetics to study local adaptation: A novel approach illustrated using alpine plants

Understanding the factors that shape adaptive genetic variation across species niches has become of paramount importance in evolutionary ecology, especially to understand how adaptation to changing climate affects the geographic range of species. The distribution of adaptive alleles in the ecological niche is determined by the emergence of novel mutations, their fitness consequences and gene flow that connects populations across species niches. Striking demographical differences and source sink dynamics of populations between the centre and the margin of the niche can play a major role in the emergence and spread of adaptive alleles. Although some theoretical predictions have long been proposed, the origin and distribution of adaptive alleles within species niches remain untested. In this paper, we propose and discuss a novel empirical approach that combines landscape genetics with species niche modelling, to test whether alleles that confer local adaptation are more likely to occur in either marginal or central populations of species niches. We illustrate this new approach by using a published data set of 21 alpine plant species genotyped with a total of 2483 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), distributed over more than 1733 sampling sites across the Alps. Based on the assumption that alleles that were statistically associated with environmental variables were adaptive, we found that adaptive alleles in the margin of a species niche were also present in the niche centre, which suggests that adaptation originates in the niche centre. These findings corroborate models of species range evolution, in which the centre of the niche contributes to the emergence of novel adaptive alleles, which diffuse towards niche margins and facilitate niche and range expansion through subsequent local adaptation. Although these results need to be confirmed via fitness measurements in natural populations and functionally characterised genetic sequences, this study provides a first step towards understanding how adaptive genetic variation emerges and shapes species niches and geographic ranges along environmental gradients.

Supplier Energy Audits in Thermal Power Plants

This master’s thesis handles an operating model for an electric equipment supplier conducted sale oriented energy audit for pumping, fan and other motor applications at power plants. The study goes through the largest factors affecting internal electricity use at a power plant, finds an energy audit –like approach for the basis of information gathering and presents the information needed for conducting the analysis. The model is tested in practice at a kraft recovery boiler of a chemical pulping mill. Targets chosen represent some of the largest electric motor applications in the boiler itself and in its fuel handling. The energy saving potential of the chosen targets is calculated by simulating the energy consumption of the alternatives for controlling the targets, and thereafter combining the information with the volume flow duration curve. Results of the research are somewhat divaricated, as all the information needed is not available in the automation system. Some of the targets could be simulated and their energy saving potential calculated quite easily. At some of the targets chosen the monitoring was not sufficient enough for this and additional measurements would have been needed to base the calculations on. In traditional energy audits, energy efficiency of pump and fan applications is not necessarily examined. This means that there are good possibilities for developing the now presented targeted energy audit procedure basis further.

Materials selection for superheater tubes in municipal solid waste incineration plants

Corrosion reduces the lifetime of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) superheater tubes more than any other cause. It can be minimized by the careful selection of those materials that are most resistant to corrosion under operating conditions. Since thousands of different materials are already known and many more are developed every year, here the selection methodology developed by Prof. Ashby of the University of Cambridge was used to evaluate the performance of different materials to be used as MSWI superheater tubes. The proposed materials can operate at steam pressures and temperatures over 40 bars and 400ºC, respectively. Two case studies are presented: one makes a balanced selection between mechanical properties and cost per thermal unit; and the other focuses on increasing tube lifetime. The balanced selection showed that AISI 410 martensitic stainless steel (wrought, hard tempered) is the best candidate with a good combination of corrosion resistance, a relatively low price (0.83-0.92 e/kg) and a good thermal conductivity (23-27 W/m K). Meanwhile, Nitronic 50/XM-19 stainless steel is the most promising candidate for longterm selection, as it presents high corrosion resistance with a relatively low price (4.86-5.14 e/kg) compared to Ni-alloys.

The awr gene family encodes a novel class of Ralstonia solanacearum type III effectors displaying virulence and avirulence activities

We present here the characterization of a new gene family, awr, found in all sequenced Ralstonia solanacearum strains and in other bacterial pathogens. We demonstrate that the five paralogues in strain GMI1000 encode type III-secreted effectors and that deletion of all awr genes severely impairs its capacity to multiply in natural host plants. Complementation studies show that the AWR (alanine-tryptophanarginine tryad) effectors display some functional redundancy, although AWR2 is the major contributor to virulence. In contrast, the strain devoid of all awr genes (¿awr1-5) exhibits enhanced pathogenicity on Arabidopsis plants. A gain-of-function approach expressing AWR in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 proves that this is likely due to effector recognition, because AWR5 and AWR4 restrict growth of this bacterium in Arabidopsis. Transient overexpression of AWR in nonhost tobacco species caused macroscopic cell death to varying extents, which, in the case of AWR5, shows characteristics of a typical hypersensitive response. Our work demonstrates that AWR, which show no similarity to any protein with known function, can specify either virulence or avirulence in the interaction of R. solanacearum with its plant hosts.

Pots&Plants Aplicació de Realitat Augmentada

Joc de Realitat Augmentada on l’usuari haurà de complir petits reptes interactuant amb els elements virtuals de l’escena. Aquests elements es presentaran fent us de marcadors. El projecte és un joc on l’usuari ha de cuidar unes plantes. Per a poder fer aquesta feina el jugador realitzarà 3 tipus de reptes. Aquests reptes són petits jocs, és a dir, que hi ha tres tipus de “mini-jocs” dintre de la Aplicació. Degut a que cada jugador té preferències diferents, aquesta divisió́ de jocs permet accedir a un major nombre d’usuaris. Pel seu desenvolupament s'ha fet un recull d’informació i evolució històrica de la Realitat Augmentada. S'han agafant referents de jocs similars en el mercat: PC, Apps i videoconsoles com a base d’inspiració per a la creació de la historia del joc. I finalment una recollida de requeriments tècnics per al desenvolupament tecnològic a nivell de programació i disseny. Amb tota aquesta informació i tenint com a medis de desenvolupament Blender, Unity + Vuforia s'ha complert la implementació del joc.

Areas of high conservation value in Georgia: present and future threats by invasive alien plants

Georgia is known for its extraordinary rich biodiversity of plants, which may now be threatened due to the spread of invasive alien plants (IAP). We aimed to identify (i) the most prominent IAP out of 9 selected potentially invasive and harmful IAP IAP by predicting thetheir distribution of 9 selected IAP under current and future climate conditions in Georgia as well as in its 43 Protected Areas, as a proxy for areas of high conservation value and (ii) the Protected Areas most at risk due to these IAP. We used species distribution models based on 6 climate variables and then filtered the obtained distributions based on maps of soil and vegetation types, and on recorded occurrences, resulting into the predicted ecological distribution of the 9 IAP's at a resolution of 1km2. We foundOur habitat suitability analysis showed that Ambrosia artemisiifolia, (24% and 40%) Robinia pseudoacaia (14% and 19%) and Ailanthus altissima (9% and 11%) have the largest potential distribution are the most abundant (predicted % area covered)d) IAP, with Ailanthus altissima the potentially most increasing one over the next fifty years (from 9% to 13% and from 11% to 25%), for Georgia and the Protected Areas, respectively. Furthermore, our results show indicate two areas in Georgia that are under specifically high threat, i.e. the area around Tbilisi and an area in the western part of Georgia (Adjara), both at lower altitudes. Our procedure to identify areas of high conservation value most at risk by IAP has been applied for the first time. It will help national authorities in prioritizing their measures to protect Georgia's outstanding biodiversity from the negative impact of IAP.

Identification of novel factors during the establishment of the Casparian strip in the endodermis

Multicellular organisms rely on specialized tissues that allow for the controlled exchange of matter with their surrounding. In order to function properly, these tissues need to establish a tight connection between the individual cells to prevent uncontrolled passive diffusion across the extracellular space. In animals, these connections are called tight and adherens junctions and are a critical feature of epithelia. These connections, however, rely on direct protein-protein interaction of plasma membrane proteins of adjacent cells. Such a mechanism is not possible in plants due to the cell wall, which encases the individual cells. In order to absorb nutrients, while simultaneously preventing uncontrolled diffusion between cells, land plants have evolved the root endodermis, which is functionally equivalent to animal epithelia. Its cells are surrounded by a precisely localized and aligned, ring-like lignin deposition, called the Casparian strip, and therefore tightly connected between each other. Very little was known about the development of the endodermis and the Casparian strip until recently. In the meantime, however, we have identified a family of endodermis- specific proteins, the CASPs, which recruits extracellular proteins the specific Casparian strip membrane domain (CSD) to locally synthesize lignin in the cell wall. Yet, we hardly knew any specifics on how the CSD is initially defined and how the critically important CASPs are being recruited to it. We therefore conducted a forward genetic screen on the localization of CASPI-GFP in order to identify novel mutants, which lack a defined CSD. We identified 48 mutants, which fell into 15 different complementation groups. While some of the isolated genes had previously been identified through different approaches, nine novel genes, which had never been implicated in CSD development and maintenance, were identified. One of them, LORD OF THE RINGS 2 (.LOTR2) is described to greater detail in this work. LOTR2 encodes for EX070A1, a protein of the evolutionary conserved exocyst complex. This complex has frequently been implicated in various secretory processes across kingdoms. In Arabidopsis, it transiently defines the positioning of CASPI-GFP. We have performed a detailed analysis of the dynamics of EX070A1 and CASPI-GFP, including studies with other markers and propose a mechanism, by which the cytosolic EX070A1 transiently defines a plasma membrane domain to recruit transmembrane proteins, which then recruit extracellular enzymes for localized cell wall modification. Considering the ubiquitous expression of EX070A1, we think that this mechanism is potentially of importance not only for the endodermis and the Casparian strip but also for many other tissues, in which the cell wall becomes locally modified. In fact, many other tissues with secondary cell wall modifications contain proteins very similar to the CASPs. It will be interesting to see to which degree this mechanism is employed in other tissues. As for the endodermis, we have now identified the first gene, which is not specific to the endodermis but shows endodermis-specific dynamics. This might give us a better insight on how the plant modulates this ubiquitously present factor in a cell- or tissue-type specific manner. Considering the knowledge, mutants and tools, which are available to us for investigating the endodermis, the Casparian strip, the exocyst complex and EX070A1 might be just the right experimental system to address these questions. -- Les organismes multicellulaires dépendent des tissues spécialisé pour l'échange contrôlé entre eux et leur environnement. Pour leur bon fonctionnement, les cellules de ces tissus ont besoin d'être très étroitement assemblés afin de prévenir la diffusion non-contrôlée à travers l'espace extracellulaire. Chez les animaux, ces connexions sont appelées jonctions serrées et jonctions adhérentes. Ces jonctions dépendent des interactions directes entre les protéines des cellules voisines. Ceci n'est pas possible chez les plantes à cause de la paroi cellulaire qui recouvre chaque cellule individuellement. Pour absorber les nutriments et en même temps empêcher la diffusion non-contrôlé entre cellules, les plantes ont évolué 1'endoderme dans la racine, qui est fonctionnellement équivalent aux épithéliums des animaux. Les cellules de l'endoderme sont ceinturées par une déposition de lignine très précisément localisées comme un anneau et alignées entre les cellules, et qui, donc, connecte étroitement les cellules avoisinante: Le cadre de Caspary. Peu était connu sur le développement de l'endoderme et le cadre de Caspaiy jusqu'à il y a quelques années. Récemment, pourtant, nous avons identifié une famille de protéines spécifiques à l'endoderme, les CASPs, qui définissent le domaine membranaire du cadre de Caspaiy (CSD). Les CASPs recrutent les protéines extracellulaires nécessaire à la synthèse du cadre de Caspary vers une région limité dans la paroi cellulaire. Pourtant, on connaît très peu les processus spécifiques concernant la définition initiale du CSD et comment les CASPs, qui ont une importance cruciale, sont recrutées vers ce domaine. Par conséquent nous avons mené un crible génétique sur la localisation du CASPI- GFP, qui sert comme marqueur pour le CSD. Notre but étant d'isoler de nouveaux mutants affectés dans l'établissement du CSD. Nous avons identifié 48 mutants, en 15 groupes de complémentation. Bien que certains des gènes isolés étaient déjà impliqué dans la formation du cadre de Caspary, neuf nouveaux gènes n'ayant jamais été impliqués dans le développement ou la maintenance du CSD ont pu être identifiés. Un de ces gènes, LORD OF THE RINGS2 (LOTR2) sera décrit plus en détail dans cette étude. LOTR2 code pour EX070A1, qui est une protéine, du complexe exocyste. Ce complexe de protéines a très bien été conservé au cours de l'évolution. Il était souvent impliqué dans plusieurs processus de sécrétion dans toutes les branches de la vie. Chez Arabidopsis, EX070A1 définit la position du CSD d'une façon transitoire et recrute CASP1- GFP. Nous avons mené une analyse détaillée des dynamiques d'EX070Al et CASPI-GFP ainsi que, des études avec des autres mutants. Nous proposons un mécanisme, d'après lequel EX070A1, recruté du cytosol, définit un domaine dans la membrane plasmique pour localiser des protéines transmembranaires, ces dernières ensuite recruteront des enzymes extracellulaires pour la modification locale de la paroi cellulaire. Vu qu'EX070A1 est exprimé dans toute dans la plante, nous pensons que ce mécanisme est potentiellement important non seulement pour l'endoderme et le cadre de Caspary, mais aussi pour les autres tissus où la paroi cellulaire doit être localement modifiée. En effet, plusieurs autres tissus contiennent des protéines très similaires aux CASPs. Il serait intéressant de voir à quelle dégrée ce mécanisme est également utilisé dans ces tissues. En ce qui concerne l'endoderme, nous avons maintenant identifié le premier gène qui n'est pas exprimé spécifiquement dans l'endoderme, mais qui montre tout de même une dynamique caractéristique dans ce tissu. Il serait intéressant de voir comment la plante peut moduler ce facteur omniprésent d'une façon spécifique. Vu les connaissances, les mutants et les outils qu'on a maintenant à notre disposition, l'endoderme et son cadre de Caspary, le complexe exocyste et EX070A1 sont probablement des bons systèmes expérimentaux pour étudier ces questions. -- Identification des nouveaux facteurs pendant l'établissement du cadre de Caspary dans l'endoderme. Lothar Kalmbach, Département de Biologie Moléculaire Végétale (DBMV), Université de Lausanne. Comme tous les autres organismes multicellulaires, les plantes terrestres dépendent de tissus spécialisés pour l'échange contrôlé avec leur environnement. Ces tissus sont importants pour l'absorption des nutriments mais également pour éviter l'influx de composés toxiques. Chez les plantes, ce tissu se trouve dans la racine. C'est l'endoderme. Grâce au cadre de Caspary, qui permet une forte connexion entre les cellules au niveau de leur paroi, l'endoderme empêche les éléments toxiques d'entrer dans le système vasculaire. Depuis quelques années, nous comprenons de plus en plus la nature et la biosynthèse, ainsi que les protéines impliquées dans l'ancrage des enzymes à la membrane plasmique. Nous n'avons eu, par contre, aucune idée sur le mécanisme qui d'abord définit cet endroit dans la membrane plasmique. Nous avons mené un crible génétique sur la localisation de CASPI-GFP, une protéine, qui recrute les enzymes extracellulaires pour la synthèse du cadre de Caspary. Nous avons identifié plusieurs nouveaux gènes qui sont impliqués dans l'intégrité du cadre de Caspary. L'un de ces gènes est EX070A1, qui est un facteur ayant un rôle important lors de la sécrétion des protéines dans tous les organismes eukaryotes. Ces mutants sont gravement affectés au niveau du cadre de Caspary, mais surtout ils ne sont plus capables de localiser CASPI-GFP. Nous avons suivi la dynamique d'EX070Al et de CASP1-GFP en combinaison avec d'autres marqueurs. Nous avons pu montrer que l'accumulation d'EX070Al est spécifique pour l'endoderme et essentielle pour bien localiser CASPI-GFP et donc, le cadre de Caspary. Ces résultats nous aident à mieux comprendre le développement de l'endoderme mais peuvent potentiellement aussi être utilisés pour étudier les modifications de la paroi cellulaire dans d'autres cellules de la plante.

Past climate-driven range shifts and population genetic diversity in arctic plants

AimHigh intra-specific genetic diversity is necessary for species adaptation to novel environments under climate change, but species tracking suitable conditions are losing alleles through successive founder events during range shift. Here, we investigated the relationship between range shift since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and extant population genetic diversity across multiple plant species to understand variability in species responses. LocationThe circumpolar Arctic and northern temperate alpine ranges. MethodsWe estimated the climatic niches of 30 cold-adapted plant species using range maps coupled with species distribution models and hindcasted species suitable areas to reconstructions of the mid-Holocene and LGM climates. We computed the species-specific migration distances from the species glacial refugia to their current distribution and correlated distances to extant genetic diversity in 1295 populations. Differential responses among species were related to life-history traits. ResultsWe found a negative association between inferred migration distances from refugia and genetic diversities in 25 species, but only 11 had statistically significant negative slopes. The relationships between inferred distance and population genetic diversity were steeper for insect-pollinated species than wind-pollinated species, but the difference among pollination system was marginally independent from phylogenetic autocorrelation. Main conclusionThe relationships between inferred migration distances and genetic diversities in 11 species, independent from current isolation, indicate that past range shifts were associated with a genetic bottleneck effect with an average of 21% loss of genetic diversity per 1000km(-1). In contrast, the absence of relationship in many species also indicates that the response is species specific and may be modulated by plant pollination strategies or result from more complex historical contingencies than those modelled here.

A matter of scale: apparent niche differentiation of diploid and tetraploid plants may depend on extent and grain of analysis

Aim: Emerging polyploids may depend on environmental niche shifts for successful establishment. Using the alpine plant Ranunculus kuepferi as a model system, we explore the niche shift hypothesis at different spatial resolutions and in contrasting parts of the species range. Location: European Alps. Methods: We sampled 12 individuals from each of 102 populations of R. kuepferi across the Alps, determined their ploidy levels, derived coarse-grain (100x100m) environmental descriptors for all sampling sites by downscaling WorldClim maps, and calculated fine-scale environmental descriptors (2x2m) from indicator values of the vegetation accompanying the sampled individuals. Both coarse and fine-scale variables were further computed for 8239 vegetation plots from across the Alps. Subsequently, we compared niche optima and breadths of diploid and tetraploid cytotypes by combining principal components analysis and kernel smoothing procedures. Comparisons were done separately for coarse and fine-grain data sets and for sympatric, allopatric and the total set of populations. Results: All comparisons indicate that the niches of the two cytotypes differ in optima and/or breadths, but results vary in important details. The whole-range analysis suggests differentiation along the temperature gradient to be most important. However, sympatric comparisons indicate that this climatic shift was not a direct response to competition with diploid ancestors. Moreover, fine-grained analyses demonstrate niche contraction of tetraploids, especially in the sympatric range, that goes undetected with coarse-grained data. Main conclusions: Although the niche optima of the two cytotypes differ, separation along ecological gradients was probably less decisive for polyploid establishment than a shift towards facultative apomixis, a particularly effective strategy to avoid minority cytotype exclusion. In addition, our results suggest that coarse-grained analyses overestimate niche breadths of widely distributed taxa. Niche comparison analyses should hence be conducted at environmental data resolutions appropriate for the organism and question under study.

A conceptual model for grid learning services automatic composition

Peer-reviewed