Study of sorption, biodegradation and isomerization of HCH in stimulated sediment/water system

This paper reported the sorption, biodegradation and isomerization of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in laboratory sediment/water system under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. The effect of organic nutrient addition to the sorption of HCH was also investigated. It indicates that HCH is highly adsorbed on sediments under both conditions. During the tests, the biodegradation and isomerization of HCH were dramatically speeded up after organic nutrient additions, especially in the case of the observation under aerobic condition. It was found, beta-HCH was the most persistent in the environment, that is due to the isomerization of alpha-HCH in a big amount to beta-HCH, besides its chemical stability. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Comparison of Q-factors between TE and TM modes in 3-D microsquares by FDTD simulation

Mode characteristics of three-dimensional (3-D) microsquare resonators are investigated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation for the transverse electric (TE)-like and the transverse magnetic (TM)-like modes. For a pillar microsquare with a side length of 2 pin in air, we have Q-factors about 5 X. 103 for TM-like modes at the wavelength of 1550 run, which are one order larger than those of TE-like modes, as vertical refractive index distribution is 3.17/3.4/3.17 and the cororresponding center layer thickness is 0.2 mu m. The mode field patterns show that TM-like modes have much weaker vertical radiation coupling loss than TE-like modes. TM-like modes can have high Q-factors in a microsquare with weak vertical field confinement.

EPITAXIAL LATERAL OVERGROWTH OF GaN ON SILICON-ON-INSULATOR

From a single process, GaN layers were laterally overgrown on maskless stripe-patterned (111) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The influence of stress on the behavior of dislocations at the coalescence during growth was observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Improvement of the crystallin equality of the GaN layer was demonstrated by TEM and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, the benefits of SOI substrates for GaN growth are also discussed.

Molecular beam epitaxy growth and photoluminescence of type-II (GaAs1-xSbx/InyGa1-yAs)/GaAs bilayer quantum well

We report a systematical study on the molecular beam epitaxy growth and optical property of (GaAs1-xSbx/In-y Ga1-yAs)/GaAs bilayer quantum well (BQW) structures. It is shown that the growth temperature of the wells and the sequence of layer growth have significant influence on the interface quality and the subsequent photoluminescence (PL) spectra. Under optimized growth conditions, three high-quality (GaAsSb0.29/In0.4GaAs)/GaAs BQWs are successfully fabricated and a room temperature PL at 1314 nm is observed. The transition mechanism in the BQW is also discussed by photoluminescence and photoreflectance measurements. The results confirm experimentally a type-II band alignment of the interface between the GaAsSb and InGaAs layers.

Passive mode locking of a diode-end-pumped Nd : GdVO4 laser with a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror

We report an end-pumped and passive mode-locking all-solid-state laser. The laser consists of a Nd:GdVO4 crystal and a linear resonator with a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror that yield mode locking. We achieved stable continuous-wave mode locking with an 8-ps pulse duration at a 154-MHz repetition rate. The average output power was 600 mW with 4 W of pump power. To our knowledge this is the first report of the use of a Nd:GdVO4 crystal for mode locking with a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America.

Growth and characterization of InGaAs/InAlAs quantum cascade lasers

The growth and characterization of quantum cascade (QC) lasers based on InGaAs/InAlAs material system are investigated. Pronounced intersubband absorption from stacked active region of QC structure is used to monitor the wavelength of QC laser and disclose the material quality. The precise control of the epilayer thickness and the good quality of interfaces are demonstrated by the abundant narrow satellite peaks of X-ray diffraction. Laser action in quasi-continuous wave operation is achieved at lambda approximate to 5.1-5.2 mum up to 300 K. For 10 x 800 mum(2) laser device, peak output power of similar to7.2 mW and threshold current density of 3 kA/cm(2) at room temperature are obtained. For some devices, if keep the peak output powers at the similar to2 mW level, quasi-continuous wave operation at room temperature persists more than 1 h are recorded. (Q) (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

黑白仰鼻猴（Rhinopithecus bieti）的种群现状、云南境内生境退化和藏猕猴（Macaca thibetana）的叫声

黑白仰鼻猴仅分布于滇西北和藏东南境内，金沙江和澜沧江间的一个狭小区域内。根据以前的研究结果，将暗针叶林和针阔混交林定义为其适宜生境（SH）黑白仰鼻猴的适宜生境由于当地人砍树烧树形成夏季高山牧场逐渐被侵蚀。为了解云南省境内黑白仰鼻猴适宜生境的现状，我们比较了1997年卫星图片和1958年以航片为基础绘制的地形图上夏季牧场和适宜生境的面积，得到以下结果：1）1997年黑白仰鼻猴的适宜生境面积为4169平方公里；2）夏季牧场面积为1923平方公里；3）过去的40年中，适宜生境面积减少了31％（1887平方公里），夏季牧场面积增加了204％（1291平方公里）；4）森林斑块的平均面积从15.6平方公．里减小到5.4平方公里。另外，夏季牧场的面积和当地人口成正相关（R2=053），这意味着黑白仰鼻猴生境的减少和破碎化是当地传统生产方式和人口增长共同作用的结果。目前在云南和西藏境内分别尚存11群和2群黑白仰鼻猴。

塔城黑白仰鼻猴（Rhinopithecus bieti）的觅食生态学和社会

从 1999 年4 月至2002 年六月间，对黑白仰鼻猴种群(Rhinopithecus bieti ) 的分布和生境状况进行了调查。与十年前的调查结果相比，本次调查新发现了4 个亚种群（指存在生境走廊的若干群体），但有5 个以前存在的群已经消失，现 存猴群数量为13 群，总体数量约为1200-1700 只。从西藏的芒康到云龙的龙马 山，随着海拔的降低，猴群可利用的植被类型也随之多样化。但由于砍伐、放牧、 开矿等因素的影响，猴群生境破碎化程度较高，连接猴群的生境走廊状况极差， 多数猴群孤立分布，并且存在小种群问题，生境走廊的维护和恢复已成为该物种 保护成功与否的关键。种群的总体数量下降了32%（不含4 个新发现的亚种群）， 其中4 群数量下降，4 群持平，1 群有所增长，5 群消失，这不容乐观的状况给 我们保护敲响了警钟。此外，基于以前的研究结果，暗针叶林、针阔混交林和栎 树林均为其适宜生境，夏季高山牧场则是由当地居民为放牧而砍伐、焚烧高海拔 带的暗针叶林而形成的林间空地。我们使用了1997 年的卫星影像和1958 年的航 拍地图来估算适宜生境和夏季高山牧场的面积。结果表明；1）在1997 年，黑白 仰鼻猴的适宜生境面积为4169 km2，夏季高山牧场的面积为1923 km2。2）在近 40 年中，黑白仰鼻猴的适宜生境面积下降了31％（约1887 km2），而夏季高山牧 场的面积则增加了204％（约1291 km2）。3）森林斑块的平均面积从15.6 km2 下降到5.4 km2。此外，夏季高山牧场的面积与当地居民的人口数量增长之间呈 正相关关系 (R2 ≥ 0.53，p < 0.05)。除非当地居民的人口数量增长模式或者传统 的生产生活方式发生改变，这种破碎化趋势将继续下去。 从1999 年三月至2000 年十二月对云南塔城(99o18’E, 27 o36’N, 活动范围在 2,700 – 3700 m asl)的一群黑白仰鼻猴收集了食性和时间预算的数据。通过状态 行为扫描的方式，主要记录了树冠中单雄组食用植物种类—部位。同时用显微镜对每个月的粪便样本进行了显微分析，以此作为食性的补充数据。仰鼻猴食用属 于28 科、42 属的59 种植物，共计90 个食用的植物种类—部位，其中冬季利用 21 个植物种类—部位，春季38 个，夏季39 个，秋季47 个。另一方面，该群年 平均花费日活动时间的35％进食，33％休息，15％移动，13％社会行为。日活 动时间预算分配、摄食不同食物类别的时间、粪便中食物残留物及食用植物种 类―部位的数目存在着季节性变化。食物种类与时间分配之间和之内的相关显然 是为了最大化觅食效率与最小化能量消耗。考虑到来自北面与南面的群的相关报 道，这个种对生境的适应性似乎与其他疣猴没什么区别，并无特化之处。因此， 这个种的最终生存预期要比以前乐观。 我们利用整个塔城猴群沿地面通过开阔地或喝水的机会，使我们能记录野外 种群的大小和组成（如性比等）以及通过分析依次经过个体间的时间间隔以量化 反映社会组织单元之间和之内的空间距离，用统计分析的方式来量化描述社会组 织的模式，发现塔城猴群由9 个单雄单元（OMUs）、5 个多雄单元（MMUs）和2 个全雄单元（AMUs）组成， 单雄单元、多雄单元和全雄单元内的个体分别约占 总数的58％、34％和8％，无论在开阔峡谷地域或水潭旁，单元内的时间间隔显 著短于单元间的时间间隔（开阔峡谷地域：非配对 t 检验，df = 49; p < 0.01， 水潭：非配对t 检验，df = 35; p < 0.01）。 在单雄单元的成年不等性比和成 年雌性与婴猴的比例显著大于多雄单元（开阔峡谷地域：非配对t 检验，df = 40; p < 0.05，水潭：非配对t 检验，df = 16; p < 0.05）。在全雄单元中有大量的 性别不明的未成年个体。此外，加之某些个案描述，论述了多雄单元存在的可能 性及与全雄单元和单雄单元之间的关系。

Far-field and beam characteristics of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

We have determined the far-field patterns and beam parameters of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with different structures. The results show that the window diameter and the active-layer aperture of VCSELs strongly influence laser far-field distributions and beam characteristics; for VCSELs with small window omega=5 mu m, only one dominant lobe has been observed in the far-field profiles, even though injected current was increased up to 2 Ith; and the smaller the ratio of the window diameter to the active-layer aperture, the larger is the far-field divergence. The laser structure dependence of the K factor has also been studied. (C) 1996 American Institute of Physics.

Analysis for temperature and pressure fields in process of hydrate dissociation by depressurization

An improved axisymmetric mathematic modeling is proposed for the process of hydrate dissociation by depressurization around vertical well. To reckon in the effect of latent heat of gas hydrate at the decomposition front, the energy balance equation is employed. The semi-analytic solutions for temperature and pressure fields are obtained by using Boltzmann-transformation. The location of decomposition front is determined by solving initial value problem for system of ordinary differential equations. The distributions of pressure and temperature along horizontal radiate in the reservoir are calculated. The numeric results indicate that the moving speed of decomposition front is sensitively dependent on the well pressure and the sediment permeability. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.