The Palu Metamorphic Complex, NW Sulawesi, Indonesia: Origin and evolution of a young metamorphic terrane with links to Gondwana and Sundaland

The Palu Metamorphic Complex (PMC) is exposed in a late Cenozoic orogenic belt in NW Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is a composite terrane comprising a gneiss unit of Gondwana origin, a schist unit composed of meta-sediments deposited along the SE Sundaland margin in the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, and one or more slivers of amphibolite with oceanic crust characteristics. The gneiss unit forms part of the West Sulawesi block underlying the northern and central sections of the Western Sulawesi Province. The presence of Late Triassic granitoids and recycled Proterozoic zircons in this unit combined with its isotopic signature suggests that the West Sulawesi block has its origin in the New Guinea margin from which it rifted in the late Mesozoic. It docked with Sundaland sometime during the Late Cretaceous. U–Th–Pb dating results for monazite suggest that another continental fragment may have collided with the Sundaland margin in the earliest Miocene. High-pressure (HP) and ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) rocks (granulite, peridotite, eclogite) are found as tectonic slices within the PMC, mostly along the Palu–Koro Fault Zone, a major strike-slip fault that cuts the complex. Mineralogical and textural features suggest that some of these rocks resided at depths of 60–120 km during a part of their histories. Thermochronological data (U–Th–Pb zircon and 40Ar/39Ar) from the metamorphic rocks indicate a latest Miocene to mid-Pliocene metamorphic event, which was accompanied by widespread granitoid magmatism and took place in an extensional tectonic setting. It caused recrystallization of, and new overgrowths on, pre-existing zircon crystals, and produced andalusite–cordierite–sillimanite–staurolite assemblages in pelitic protoliths, indicating HT–LP (Buchan-type) metamorphism. The PMC was exhumed as a core complex at moderate rates (c. 0.7–1.0 mm/yr) accompanied by rapid cooling in the Plio-Pleistocene. Some of the UHP rocks were transported to the surface at significantly higher rates (⩾16 mm/yr). The results of our study do not support recent plate tectonic reconstructions that propose a NW Australia margin origin for the West Sulawesi block (e.g. Hall et al., 2009).

Trust and Collectives

"Trust and Collectives" is a compilation of articles: (I) "On Rational Trust" (in Meggle, G. (ed.) Social Facts & Collective Intentionality, Dr. Hänsel-Hohenhausen AG (currently Ontos), 2002), (II) "Simulating Rational Social Normative Trust, Predictive Trust, and Predictive Reliance Between Agents" (M.Tuomela and S. Hofmann, Ethics and Information Technology 5, 2003), (III) "A Collective's Trust in a Collective's action" (Protosociology, 18-19, 2003), and (IV) "Cooperation and Trust in Group Contexts" (R. Tuomela and M.Tuomela, Mind and Society 4/1, 2005 ). The articles are tied together by an introduction that dwells deeply on the topic of trust. (I) presents a somewhat general version of (RSNTR) and some basic arguments. (II) offers an application of (RSNTR) for a computer simulation of trust.(III) applies (RSNTR) to Raimo Tuomela's "we-mode"collectives (i.e. The Philosophy of Social Practices, Cambridge University Press, 2002). (IV) analyzes cooperation and trust in the context of acting as a member of a collective. Thus, (IV) elaborates on the topic of collective agency in (III) and puts the trust account (RSNTR) to work in a framework of cooperation. The central aim of this work is to construct a well-argued conceptual and theoretical account of rational trust, viz. a person's subjectively rational trust in another person vis-à-vis his performance of an action, seen from a first-person point of view. The main method is conceptual and theoretical analysis understood along the lines of reflective equilibrium. The account of rational social normative trust (RSNTR), which is argued and defended against other views, is the result of the quest. The introduction stands on its own legs as an argued presentation of an analysis of the concept of rational trust and an analysis of trust itself (RSNTR). It is claimed that (RSNTR) is "genuine" trust and embedded in a relationship of mutual respect for the rights of the other party. This relationship is the growing site for trust, a causal and conceptual ground, but it is not taken as a reason for trusting (viz. predictive "trust"). Relevant themes such as risk, decision, rationality, control, and cooperation are discussed and the topics of the articles are briefly presented. In this work it is argued that genuine trust is to be kept apart from predictive "trust." When we trust a person vis-à-vis his future action that concerns ourselves on the basis of his personal traits and/or features of the specific situation we have a prediction-like attitude. Genuine trust develops in a relationship of mutual respect for the mutual rights of the other party. Such a relationship is formed through interaction where the parties gradually find harmony concerning "the rules of the game." The trust account stands as a contribution to philosophical research on central social notions and it could be used as a theoretical model in social psychology, economical and political science where interaction between persons and groups are in focus. The analysis could also serve as a model for a trust component in computer simulation of human action. In the context of everyday life the account clarifies the difference between predictive "trust" and genuine trust. There are no fast shortcuts to trust. Experiences of mutual respect for mutual rights cannot be had unless there is respect.

Microcalorimetric indications for ligand binding as a function of the protein for galactoside-specific plant and avian lectins

The process cascade leading to the final accommodation of the carbohydrate ligand in the lectin’s binding site comprises enthalpic and entropic contributions of the binding partners and solvent molecules. With emphasis on lactose, N-acetyllactosamine, and thiodigalactoside as potent inhibitors of binding of galactoside-specific lectins, the question was addressed to what extent these parameters are affected as a function of the protein. The microcalorimetric study of carbohydrate association to the galectin from chicken liver (CG-16) and the agglutinin from Viscum album (VAA) revealed enthalpy–entropy compensation with evident protein type-dependent changes for N-acetyllactosamine. Reduction of the entropic penalty by differential flexibility of loops or side chains and/or solvation properties of the protein will have to be reckoned with to assign a molecular cause to protein type-dependent changes in thermodynamic parameters for lectins sharing the same monosaccharide specificity.

Acta Societatis pro fauna et flora Fennica

Kielet saksa ja ruotsi. Nimiösivulla teksti Helsingforsiae 1924-29.

Integrative functional genomics analysis of sustained polyploidy phenotypes in breast cancer cells identifies an oncogenic profile for GINS2

Aneuploidy is among the most obvious differences between normal and cancer cells. However, mechanisms contributing to development and maintenance of aneuploid cell growth are diverse and incompletely understood. Functional genomics analyses have shown that aneuploidy in cancer cells is correlated with diffuse gene expression signatures and that aneuploidy can arise by a variety of mechanisms, including cytokinesis failures, DNA endoreplication and possibly through polyploid intermediate states. Here, we used a novel cell spot microarray technique to identify genes with a loss-of-function effect inducing polyploidy and/or allowing maintenance of polyploid cell growth of breast cancer cells. Integrative genomics profiling of candidate genes highlighted GINS2 as a potential oncogene frequently overexpressed in clinical breast cancers as well as in several other cancer types. Multivariate analysis indicated GINS2 to be an independent prognostic factor for breast cancer outcome (p = 0.001). Suppression of GINS2 expression effectively inhibited breast cancer cell growth and induced polyploidy. In addition, protein level detection of nuclear GINS2 accurately distinguished actively proliferating cancer cells suggesting potential use as an operational biomarker.

Samarbete genom lagstiftning. Samarbetsförfarandets organisation, procedur och innehåll

Samarbetslagen är en omstridd lag. Innan lagen trädde i kraft i början av år 1979 fanns på arbetstagarsidan förhoppningar om att skapa en lag om reell företagsdemokrati medan man från arbetsgivarhåll var rädd att personalen skulle få ett alltför stort inflytande på beslutsfattandet. En oro fanns också att medbestämmandet skulle byråkratisera beslutsfattandet inom företagen. I dag anser många arbetstagare att samarbetsförfarandet endast används vid massuppsägningar, nedskärningar och rationaliseringar men i övrigt glömts bort. Samarbetsförfarandet och regleringen av det är en viktig och aktuell fråga, eftersom samarbetsförfarandet utgör det forum i samarbetet mellan arbetsgivare och personal där nedskärningar och massuppsägningar diskuteras. Avhandlingens syfte är att analysera hur samarbetsförfarandet fungerar utifrån samarbetslagen. Målet är att granska samarbetsförfarandet ur ett perspektiv där samarbetsförfarandet ses som en potentiell möjlighet och ett verktyg till framgångsrik företagsverksamhet och personalledarskap. I analysen utgår författaren från samarbetslagens 1 §. Syftet med samarbetsförfarandet är att utveckla företagets verksamhet och arbetsförhållanden, att effektivera samarbetet mellan arbetsgivare och personal samt personalens interna samverkan. Samarbetsförfarandet skall utöka personalens möjligheter att påverka behandlingen av ärenden som gäller deras arbete och arbetsplats i enlighet med lagen. Enligt samarbetsförfarandet skall arbetsgivaren rådgöra med arbetstagarna och deras företrädare om de viktigaste ärendena som påverkar personalens ställning och arbetsförhållande innan besluten fattas. Avhandlingen granskar hur lagen tillämpas i dag och hur lagstiftningen kan utvecklas för att effektivera samarbetet i framtiden.

The Impact of New Capital Requirements on the Portfolio Decisions of Finnish Pension Institutions

This paper examines the potential impact of new capital requirements on asset allocations of Finnish pension institutions. We describe the new requirements and consider portfolio construction to minimize regulatory capital, given the investor’s preferred level of expected return. Results identify portfolio transactions that enhance expected return without increasing capital needs. Regulation calls for portfolio diversification and prudence in management, but this paper shows that market participants can exploit inconsistencies in regulation. Possible future consequences include capital outflows from the pension system and an unintended decrease in pre-funding of old-age pensions.

Despairing Justice and the Ethics of Legal Interpretation

This study discusses legal interpretation. The question is how legal texts, for instance laws, statutes and regulations, can and do have meaning. Language makes interpretation difficult as it holds no definite meanings. When the theoretical connection between semantics and legal meaning is loosened and we realise that language cannot be a means of justifying legal decisions, the responsibility inherent in legal interpretation can be seen in full. We are thus compelled to search for ways to analyse this responsibility. The main argument of the book is that the responsibility of legal interpretation contains a responsibility towards the text that is interpreted (and through the mediation of the text also towards the legal system), but not only this. It is not simply a responsibility to read and read well, but it transcends on a broader scale. It includes responsibility for the effects of the interpretation in a particular situation and with regard to the people whose case is decided. Ultimately, it is a responsibility to do justice. These two aspects of responsibility are conceptualised here as the two dimensions of the ethics of legal interpretation: the textual and the situational. The basic conception of language presented here is provided by Ludwig Wittgenstein s later philosophy, but the argument is not committed to only one philosophical tradition. Wittgenstein can be counterpointed in interesting ways by Jacques Derrida s ideas on language and meaning. Derrida s work also functions as a contrast to hermeneutic theories. It is argued that the seed to an answer to the question of meaning lies in the inter-personal and situated activity of interpretation and communication, an idea that can be discerned in different ways in the works of Wittgenstein, Derrida and Hans-Georg Gadamer. This way the question of meaning naturally leads us to think about ethics, which is approached here through the philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas. His thinking, focusing on topics such as otherness, friendship and hospitality, provides possibilities for answering some of the questions posed in this book. However, at the same time we move inside a normativity where ethics and politics come together in many ways. The responsibility of legal interpretation is connected to the political and this has to be acknowledged lest we forget that law always implies force. But it is argued here that the political can be explored in positive terms as it does not have to mean only power or violence.

Francis Watsonin teologinen hermeneutiikka

Tämän tutkimuksen tehtävänä on selvittää Francis Watsonin käsitys teologisesta hermeneutiikasta. Tutkielmassa käytetään kolmea tarkentavaa tutkimuskysymystä: Miten Watson hahmottaa tieteellisen raamatuntutkimuksen ja Raamatun teologisen tulkinnan suhteen? Miten Watson näkee raamatuntutkimuksessa historiallisen ja kirjallisen lähestymistavan suhteen toisiinsa? Miten Watson suhtautuu postmodernismiin teologisessa hermeneutiikassaan? Tutkimusmetodina on systemaattinen analyysi. Watsonin teologista hermeneutiikkaa ei ole tutkittu suomeksi ennen tätä työtä ja kansainvälistäkin tutkimusta aiheesta on hyvin vähän. Sen vuoksi tutkimuksessa on pyritty käsittelemään Watsonin teologista hermeneutiikkaa mahdollisimman kattavasti, mutta samalla on jouduttu rajaamaan työn ulkopuolelle osa Watsonin käsittelemistä teemoista, kuten Raamatun feministinen kritiikki ja VT:n ja UT:n suhde. Tutkimuksen päälähteinä ovat Watsonin kirjat Text, Church and World ja Text and Truth, joissa hän analysoi modernia historiallis-kriittistä raamatuntutkimusta, postmodernismia ja kirjallista lähestymistapaa Raamattuun. Watson kritisoi niissä näkemiään ongelmia ja kritiikkinsä pohjalta rakentaa omaa teologista hermeneutiikkaansa. Toissijaisina lähteinä tutkimuksessa on useita Watsonin artikkeleja, jotka tuovat lisävalaistusta Watsonin hermeneuttiseen ajatteluun. Päälähteiksi valitut teokset ja toissijaisiksi lähteiksi valitut artikkelit kattavat laajasti Watsonin hermeneutiikkaa käsittelevät kirjoitukset. Johdannon ja loppukatsauksen lisäksi tutkimus on jaettu neljään päälukuun. Tutkielman toisessa luvussa selvitetään Watsonin näkemys tieteellisen raamatuntutkimuksen ja Raamatun teologisen tulkinnan suhteesta ja havaitaan, että Watsonin mukaan raamatuntutkimuksen tulisi palvella teologista tulkintaa. Watson näkee ongelmallisena modernin raamatuntutkimuksen taipumuksen pitää erillään raamatuntutkimus ja -tulkinta ja luoda vastakkainasetteluja yliopiston ja kirkon, eksegetiikan ja systemaattisen teologian sekä neutraalin ja teologisen tulkinnan välille. Kolmannessa luvussa tarkastellaan Watsonin kritiikkiä historiallis-kriittistä tutkimusta kohtaan ja hänen perustelujaan päätökselle käyttää raamatuntulkinnassa ensisijaisesti tekstien lopullista, kanonista muotoa. Watson tukeutuu perusteluissaan Brevard Childsin kanoniseen lukutapaan ja tekstien yhteisölliseen käyttöön. Havaitaan, että Watson kuitenkin kritisoi kanonista lukutapaa sekä formalismista että sen teologisista sidonnaisuuksista. Watson hakee tukea myös Hans Frein narratiivisesta lähestymistavasta, jota Watson samalla kritisoi totuuskysymyksen ohittamisesta. Lopuksi käsitellään Watsonin yritystä liittää tekstin maailma ja sen taustalla oleva sosio-poliittinen todellisuus toisiinsa. Neljännessä luvussa käsitellään Watsonin yritystä yhdistää historiallinen ja kirjallisuustieteellinen lähestymistapa Raamatun teksteihin. Havaitaan, että Watsonin mielestä historiallis-kriittinen tutkimus polkee paikallaan ja siksi tarvitaan kirjallinen lähestymistapa, joka painottaa tekstin lopullista muotoa. Luvussa osoitetaan, ettei Watson kuitenkaan halua korvata puhtaasti historiallista lähestymistapaa puhtaasti kirjallisuustieteellisellä lähestymistavalla, sillä hän näkee ongelmallisena myös narratiivisen kritiikin taipumuksen käsitellä raamatunkertomuksia fiktiivisinä narratiiveina. Watson pyrkii ratkaisemaan ongelman yhdistämällä historiallisen ja kirjallisuustieteellisen lähestymistavan toisiinsa käsittelemällä evankeliumeja kerrottuna historiana. Viidennessä luvussa selvitetään miten Watson suhtautuu postmodernismiin teologisessa hermeneutiikassaan. Siinä havaitaan, että Watson näkee postmodernismin tarjoavan hyödyllisiä näkökulmia useissa hermeneuttisissa kysymyksissä. Samalla Watson vastustaa postmodernismin näkemystä, ettei teksteillä ole yhtä määrättyä merkitystä ja postmodernin teologian taipumusta viedä Raamatun kertomukselta sen universaali merkitys. Luvussa kuitenkin osoitetaan, että Watsonin antama kuva George Lindbeckin ja Stanley Hauerwasin postmodernista teologiasta on yksipuolinen ja osittain virheellinen.