On sonic anemometer measurement theory

In this paper a model for the measuring process of sonic anemometers (ultrasound pulse based) is presented. The differential equations that describe the travel of ultrasound pulses are solved in the general case of non-steady, non-uniform atmospheric flow field. The concepts of instantaneous line-average and travelling pulse-referenced average are established and employed to explain and calculate the differences between the measured turbulent speed (travelling pulse-referenced average) and the line-averaged one. The limit k1l=1 established by Kaimal in 1968, as the maximum value which permits the neglect of the influence of the sonic measuring process on the measurement of turbulent components is reviewed here. Three particular measurement cases are analysed: A non-steady, uniform flow speed field, a steady, non-uniform flow speed field and finally an atmospheric flow speed field. In the first case, for a harmonic time-dependent flow field, Mach number, M (flow speed to sound speed ratio) and time delay between pulses have revealed themselves to be important parameters in the behaviour of sonic anemometers, within the range of operation. The second case demonstrates how the spatial non-uniformity of the flow speed field leads to an influence of the finite transit time of the pulses (M≠0) even in the absence of non-steady behaviour of the wind speed. In the last case, a model of the influence of the sonic anemometer processes on the measurement of wind speed spectral characteristics is presented. The new solution is compared to the line-averaging models existing in the literature. Mach number and time delay significantly distort the measurement in the normal operational range. Classical line averaging solutions are recovered when Mach number and time delay between pulses go to zero in the new proposed model. The results obtained from the mathematical model have been applied to the calculation of errors in different configurations of practical interest, such as an anemometer located on a meteorological mast and the transfer function of a sensor in an atmospheric wind. The expressions obtained can be also applied to determine the quality requirements of the flow in a wind tunnel used for ultrasonic anemometer calibrations.

Generalized flows, intrinsic stochasticity, and turbulent transport

The study of passive scalar transport in a turbulent velocity field leads naturally to the notion of generalized flows, which are families of probability distributions on the space of solutions to the associated ordinary differential equations which no longer satisfy the uniqueness theorem for ordinary differential equations. Two most natural regularizations of this problem, namely the regularization via adding small molecular diffusion and the regularization via smoothing out the velocity field, are considered. White-in-time random velocity fields are used as an example to examine the variety of phenomena that take place when the velocity field is not spatially regular. Three different regimes, characterized by their degrees of compressibility, are isolated in the parameter space. In the regime of intermediate compressibility, the two different regularizations give rise to two different scaling behaviors for the structure functions of the passive scalar. Physically, this means that the scaling depends on Prandtl number. In the other two regimes, the two different regularizations give rise to the same generalized flows even though the sense of convergence can be very different. The “one force, one solution” principle is established for the scalar field in the weakly compressible regime, and for the difference of the scalar in the strongly compressible regime, which is the regime of inverse cascade. Existence and uniqueness of an invariant measure are also proved in these regimes when the transport equation is suitably forced. Finally incomplete self similarity in the sense of Barenblatt and Chorin is established.

Estudo da solidificação equiaxial utilizando o modelo do campo de fases tridimensional.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da solidificação de metais puros utilizando o modelo de campo de fases. O modelo é utilizado para simular a solidificação com o intuito de obter a morfologia da interface sólido-líquido sob diversas condições de transferência de calor. Foram realizados testes de validação comparando as morfologias da interface sólido-líquido obtida com as morfologias apresentadas em trabalhos anteriores para os casos bi e tridimensionais. O modelo do campo de fases adotado consiste principalmente de duas equações diferenciais: uma para calcular a variável de campo de fases e outra para calcular o campo de temperaturas. As equações foram solucionadas numericamente para um oitavo do domínio devido a simetria do problema. Os cálculos do modelo indicam que um sólido esférico com um raio inicial menor que o raio crítico de nucleação refunde. Entretanto uma esfera de raio maior cresce. Quando o sólido inicial cresce em uma malha numérica relativamente grosseira, a forma do sólido desvia da forma esférica devido perturbações na interface sólido-líquido. Quando a malha é refinada, as perturbações não são detectadas; contudo, quando introduzidas artificialmente as perturbações crescem e distorcem o formato esférico.

Overcoming performance and convergence issues of discrete transform based modeling of crosslinking classical and reversible deactivated radical polymerizations

Population balances of polymer species in terms 'of discrete transforms with respect to counts of groups lead to tractable first order partial differential equations when ali rate constants are independent of chain length and loop formation is negligible [l]. Average molecular weights in the absence ofgelation are long known to be readily found through integration of an initial value problem. The extension to size distribution prediction is also feasible, but its performance is often lower to the one provided by methods based upon real chain length domain [2]. Moreover, the absence ofagood starting procedure and a higher numerical sensitivity hás decisively impaired its application to non-linear reversibly deactivated polymerizations, namely NMRP [3].

Effects of acid precipitation on soil leachate quality : computer calculations /

Mode of access: Internet.

Computer cost models for potable water treatment plants /

Mode of access: Internet.

Increased fuel economy in transportation systems by use of energy management. Volume II - digital automotive propulsion simulator programs and description.

Transportation Department, Washington, D.C.

Increased fuel economy in transportation systems by use of energy management. Volume III. Real-time (hybrid computer) simulation program set.

Transportation Department, Washington, D.C.

OPTREG - an interactive computer program for optimization and regression. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Investigation of tire-pavement interaction during maneuvering. Volume II. Tire analysis program package computer program manual. Final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.

A finite element head injury model. Volume II: computer program documentation. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Computer simulation of human thoracic skeletal response - volume II, THORAX programmer's and user's manual. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Revision of Simulation Model of Automobile Collisions (SMAC) computer program: investigation of new integration algorithm. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Operational hybrid computer simulation for vehicle handling studies. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

A user's manual for the CALINE-2 computer program. Interim report.

Mode of access: Internet.