The neoliberalisation of the Cathedral Quarter and its contestations

Over time Belfast has been well researched as a site of ethnosectarian conflict, segregation and fear see (Boal et al 1976) and (Gaffiken and Morrisey 2011). The study of socio-spatial patterns of ‘ethnocracy’ is useful, but this article will argue how it is equally important to understand local forms of urban restructuring in terms of global processes that are linked to neoliberalism. To better understand the neoliberal urbanisation of Belfast this article is organised into two parts. The first part will demonstrate how the Northern Ireland State has sought legitimacy in the free market as ‘therapy’ for the production of neutral socio-spatial formations such as the Cathedral Quarter. Secondly it will examine this performance of neoliberal urbanism, as it ‘actually exists’ and demonstrate how market-led renewal has been extended through the clustering and non-sectarian interests, ‘soft’ arrangements of urban governance, cultural re-branding strategies, economic development incentives, and the development of various flagship projects. Critically this place-based grounding of neoliberalism is useful, as it also allows for the contestations of neoliberal urbanism to become real rather than just theoretical. The second part of the article will draw attention to the responses of local, and sometimes marginal, interests that have looked to challenge, adapt and, at times, divert the extension of market-led renewal. To be clear, this article does not want to overstate the performance of such interests. Nor does it want to claim that they significantly impact or obstruct the wider neoliberal urbanisation of Belfast. Instead it is interested in their behaviours and their different methods of working to explore what may be constituted as ‘alternative’, at least in the locality of the Cathedral Quarter. By studying how and why these interests have responded to the extension of neoliberal urbanism over time, it may just be possible to provide a better platform to articulate what more progressive forms of urban resistance might look like.

Acid-labile protein-adducted heterocyclic aromatic amines in human blood are not viable biomarkers of dietary exposure: A systematic study.

Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCA) are carcinogenic mutagens formed during cooking of protein-rich foods. HCA residues adducted to blood proteins have been postulated as biomarkers of HCA exposure. However, the viability of quantifying HCAs following hydrolytic release from adducts in vivo and correlation with dietary intake are unproven. To definitively assess the potential of labile HCA-protein adducts as biomarkers, a highly sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method was validated for four major HCAs: 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (4,8-DiMeIQx) and 2-amino-3,7,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (7,8-DiMeIQx). Limits of detection were 1e5 pg/ml plasma and recoveries 91e115%. Efficacy of hydrolysis was demonstrated by HCA-protein adducts synthesised in vitro. Plasma and 7-day food diaries were collected from 122 fasting adults consuming their habitual diets. Estimated HCA intakes ranged from 0 to 2.5 mg/day. An extensive range of hydrolysis conditions was examined for release of adducted HCAs in plasma. HCA was detected in only one sample (PhIP, 9.7 pg/ml), demonstrating conclusively for the first time that acid-labile HCA adducts do not reflect dietary HCA intake and are present at such low concentrations that they are not feasible biomarkers of exposure. Identification of biomarkers remains important. The search should concentrate on stabilised HCA peptide markers and use of untargeted proteomic and metabolomic approaches.

Investigating the Implications of a Variable RBE on Proton Dose Fractionation Across a Clinical Pencil Beam Scanned Spread-Out Bragg Peak

Purpose: To investigate the clinical implications of a variable relative biological effectiveness (RBE) on proton dose fractionation. Using acute exposures, the current clinical adoption of a generic, constant cell killing RBE has been shown to underestimate the effect of the sharp increase in linear energy transfer (LET) in the distal regions of the spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP). However, experimental data for the impact of dose fractionation in such scenarios are still limited.

Methods and Materials: Human fibroblasts (AG01522) at 4 key depth positions on a clinical SOBP of maximum energy 219.65 MeV were subjected to various fractionation regimens with an interfraction period of 24 hours at Proton Therapy Center in Prague, Czech Republic. Cell killing RBE variations were measured using standard clonogenic assays and were further validated using Monte Carlo simulations and parameterized using a linear quadratic formalism.

Results: Significant variations in the cell killing RBE for fractionated exposures along the proton dose profile were observed. RBE increased sharply toward the distal position, corresponding to a reduction in cell sparing effectiveness of fractionated proton exposures at higher LET. The effect was more pronounced at smaller doses per fraction. Experimental survival fractions were adequately predicted using a linear quadratic formalism assuming full repair between fractions. Data were also used to validate a parameterized variable RBE model based on linear α parameter response with LET that showed considerable deviations from clinically predicted isoeffective fractionation regimens.

Conclusions: The RBE-weighted absorbed dose calculated using the clinically adopted generic RBE of 1.1 significantly underestimates the biological effective dose from variable RBE, particularly in fractionation regimens with low doses per fraction. Coupled with an increase in effective range in fractionated exposures, our study provides an RBE dataset that can be used by the modeling community for the optimization of fractionated proton therapy.

Multilinear and Integer Programming for Markov Decision Processes with Imprecise Probabilities

Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) are extensively used to encode sequences of decisions with probabilistic effects. Markov Decision Processes with Imprecise Probabilities (MDPIPs) encode sequences of decisions whose effects are modeled using sets of probability distributions. In this paper we examine the computation of Γ-maximin policies for MDPIPs using multilinear and integer programming. We discuss the application of our algorithms to “factored” models and to a recent proposal, Markov Decision Processes with Set-valued Transitions (MDPSTs), that unifies the fields of probabilistic and “nondeterministic” planning in artificial intelligence research. 

PageRank in Malware Categorization

In this paper, we propose a malware categorization method that models malware behavior in terms of instructions using PageRank. PageRank computes ranks of web pages based on structural information and can also compute ranks of instructions that represent the structural information of the instructions in malware analysis methods. Our malware categorization method uses the computed ranks as features in machine learning algorithms. In the evaluation, we compare the effectiveness of different PageRank algorithms and also investigate bagging and boosting algorithms to improve the categorization accuracy.

US Dollar Carry Trades in the Era of 'Cheap Money'

In this paper, we employ a unique dataset of actual US dollar (USD) forward positions against a number of currencies taken by so-called Commodity Trading Advisors (CTAs). We investigate to what extent these positions exhibit a pattern of USD carry trading or other patterns of currency trading over the recent period of the ultra-loose US monetary policy. Our analysis indeed shows that USD positions against emerging market currencies are characterised by a pattern of carry trading. That is, the USD, as the lower yielding currency, is associated with short positions. The payoff distributions of these positions, moreover, are found to have positive Sharpe ratios, negative skewness and high kurtosis. On the other hand, we find that USD positions against other advanced country currencies have a pattern completely opposite to carry trading which is in line with uncovered interest parity trading; that is, the lower (higher) yielding currency is associated with long (short) positions.

Contribuição para a melhoria da qualidade nutricional do sorgo

Este trabalho teve como principal objectivo sugerir uma forma de processamento de sorgo adaptável à escala industrial que, sendo culturalmente aceite e sensível aos hábitos alimentares, aos factores sociais e às limitações económicas e tecnológicas das populações Africanas de consumo, pudesse dar origem a um produto alimentar seguro e enriquecido em termos nutricionais. Numa primeira fase, efectuou-se um estudo comparativo entre os efeitos promovidos por diferentes formas de processamento: cozimento em água, aquecimento em banho-maria, pipocagem, germinação, fermentação e altapressão. Foram ainda determinadas as condições óptimas de aplicação do processo germinativo e da tecnologia de alta-pressão. Verificou-se que a fermentação, a germinação e a alta-pressão permitem uma melhoria significativa da digestibilidade proteica da farinha de sorgo. A pipocagem conduziu a uma redução da extractibilidade das proteínas não promovendo, contudo, alterações na sua digestibilidade. Comparativamente ao cozimento em água, que promove uma diminuição acentuada na digestibilidade proteica, o cozimento em banho-maria promove uma diminuição ténue e significativamente inferior. Deste estudo comparativo, foi possível concluir que a extractibilidade das proteínas não está correlacionada com a sua digestibilidade e que a água exerce um papel fundamental na diminuição da digestibilidade proteica com o aquecimento. Numa segunda fase, pretendeu-se desenvolver um processo fermentativo que conduzisse a um produto de sorgo com características nutricionais incrementadas. Para tal, foram testadas daiferentes espécies de bactérias lácticas isoladas e conjugadas entre si. Foi ainda testada a adição de malte de sorgo previamente à fermentação e a adição de leveduras ao inóculo. Com este estudo, foi possível concluir que a fermentação do sorgo com um inóculo constituído por culturas puras de Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus fermentum e Streptococcus thermophilus permite a obtenção de uma preparação alimentar com características nutricionais melhoradas no que respeita ao balanço em aminoácidos essenciais, à digestibilidade da proteína e do amido e à viscosidade do produto final.

Caracterização e transformação de Lenhosulfonatos de Eucalyptus globulus

Os lenhosulfonatos representam um sub-produto formado durante o cozimento ao sulfito ácido, sendo queimados para a regeneração da base e recuperação de energia. No entanto, os lenhosulfonatos são também considerados uma importante matéria-prima para a produção de vários produtos de valor acrescentado. Os objectivos principais deste trabalho foram contribuir para uma melhor compreensão sobre a caracterização química e estrutural dos lenhosulfonatos do Eucalyptus globulus, assim como, para complementar a informação disponível sobre a síntese e a caracterização estrutural e térmica de materiais poliméricos obtidos a partir de compostos modelo dos produtos de oxidação dos lenhosulfonatos. O licor de cozimento ao sulfito foi analisado em termos do teor de cinzas, extractáveis, compostos voláteis, açúcares e lenhosulfonatos. O teor de cinzas e açúcares no licor de cozimento é muito elevado, tendo sido necessário purificar o mesmo (2,8-13,8 % e 3,2-9,1 %, respectivamente). A análise dos açúcares mostrou uma quantidade considerável de pentoses, sendo o açúcar predominante a xilose. Os lenhosulfonatos foram purificados, isolados e caracterizados por química molhada (titulação potenciométrica e oxidação com permanganato), análise elementar, espectroscopia de ultravioleta/visível (UV/Vis), espectroscopia de infravermelho de transformada de Fourier (FTIR), espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear de protão (RMN de 1H) e carbono (RMN de 13C), espectrometria de massa de ionização por electrospray (ESI-MS), cromatografia de permeação em gel (GPC), termogavimetria (TGA) e calorimetria diferencial de varrimento (DSC). Os lenhosulfonatos são constituídos principalmente por unidades S, são parcialmente sulfonados e possuem um peso molecular relativamente baixo (Mw = 1250-2400 Da). A ruptura das ligações β-O-4 e α-O-4 da lenhina do Eucalyptus globulus após cozimento ao sulfito ácido originam olígomeros de baixo peso molecular cuja estrutura foi elucidada por RMN 1D/2D e ESI-MS. A degradação térmica dos lenhosulfonatos apresentou dois máximos de degradação a 188-190ºC e a 315-380ºC. As curvas de DSC mostraram um pico endotérmico para temperaturas inferiores a 130ºC e um pico exotérmico a 300-500ºC. Os lenhosulfonatos foram despolimerizados na presença de oxigénio molecular em meio alcalino. Os produtos de oxidação principais foram o aldeído siríngico, a vanilina, o ácido vanílico e o ácido siríngico. A adição do catalisador (sal de cobre) promoveu a oxidação dos lenhosulfonatos aumentando o rendimento dos aldeídos aromáticos (< 50%). A presença de açúcares nos lenhosulfonatos teve um efeito negativo no rendimento dos produtos de oxidação principais. Alguns compostos modelo dos produtos de oxidação dos lenhosulfonatos foram polimerizados por poliadição (catiónica e radicalar) e policondensação. Os monómeros e os polímeros foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de infravermelho de transformada de Fourier e reflectância total atenuada (FTIR-ATR), RMN em solução e no estado sólido, UV/Vis no estado sólido, GPC, difracção de raios-X (XRD), TGA e DSC. Os compostos modelo estudados foram os estirenos metoxi-substituídos (p-metoxiestireno e 3,4-dimetoxiestireno) e os ácidos hidroxi aromáticos metoxi-substituídos (ácido vanílico e ácido siríngico). O 3,4-dimetoxiestireno foi ainda copolimerizado com o éter isobutil vinílico e os seus copolímeros foram desmetilados, assim como, o poli(p-metoxiestireno) e o poli(3,4-dimetoxiestireno). A polimerização catiónica do p-metoxiestireno e 3,4-dimetoxiestireno é mais rápida e mais completa do que a polimerização radicalar produzindo polímeros com pesos moleculares elevados. O poli(p-metoxiestireno) (Mw = 235000 Da) possui um peso molecular maior do que o poli(3,4-dimetoxiestireno) (Mw = 18800 Da). A estabilidade térmica e a temperatura de transição vítrea diminuiram com a presença do segundo grupo metoxilo. A desmetilação dos homopolímeros foi bem sucedida, tendo sido corroborada por FTIR-ATR e RMN. A policondensação do ácido siríngico foi dificultada pela presença do segundo grupo metoxilo, tendo sido necessário adicionar uma maior quantidade do agente de condensação devido a factores estéricos. O poli(ácido vanílico) e poli(ácido siríngico) são insolúveis na maior parte dos solventes orgânicos, sendo parcialmente solúveis em clorofórmio, ácido triflúoracético, 1,1,2,2- tetracloroetano, dimetilsulfóxido, tetrahidrofurano, N,N’-dimetilformamida e 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexaflúor-2-propanol. A estabilidade térmica diminuiu com a presença do segundo grupo metoxilo e os dois polímeros não exibiram temperatura de transição vítrea. O poli(ácido vanílico) e poli(ácido siríngico) apresentaram uma estrutura muito cristalina (grau de cristalinidade 70% e 50%, respectivamente). O segundo grupo metoxilo aumentou o valor da absorvância, mas a forma do espectro de UV/Vis foi similar. A polimerização catiónica do éter isobutil vinílico resultou na produção de um polímero muito viscoso com peso molecular elevado (Mw = 20400 Da). A degradação térmica do polímero ocorreu em várias gamas de temperatura e foi completa (0% de resíduo a 800ºC). A copolimerização catiónica do 3,4-dimetoxiestireno com o éter isobutil vinílico foi realizada com proporções diferentes 80:20, 50:50 e 20:80. Os copolímeros apresentaram uma viscosidade elevada e um peso molecular baixo (Mw = 2000-4000 Da) que aumentou com a quantidade de éter isobutil vinílico. A degradação térmica dos copolímeros ocorreu também em várias gamas de temperatura, sendo a sua degradação completa (0,9-1,5% de resíduo a 800ºC). A desmetilação dos copolímeros não foi bem sucedida, tendo sido confirmada por FTIR-ATR e RMN.

Contribution of biomass combustion to air pollutant emissions

In Portugal, it was estimated that around 1.95 Mton/year of wood is used in residential wood burning for heating and cooking. Additionally, in the last decades, burnt forest area has also been increasing. These combustions result in high levels of toxic air pollutants and a large perturbation of atmospheric chemistry, interfere with climate and have adverse effects on health. Accurate quantification of the amounts of trace gases and particulate matter emitted from residential wood burning, agriculture and garden waste burning and forest fires on a regional and global basis is essential for various purposes, including: the investigation of several atmospheric processes, the reporting of greenhouse gas emissions, and quantification of the air pollution sources that affect human health at regional scales. In Southern Europe, data on detailed emission factors from biomass burning are rather inexistent. Emission inventories and source apportionment, photochemical and climate change models use default values obtained for US and Northern Europe biofuels. Thus, it is desirable to use more specific locally available data. The objective of this study is to characterise and quantify the contribution of biomass combustion sources to atmospheric trace gases and aerosol concentrations more representative of the national reality. Laboratory (residential wood combustion) and field (agriculture/garden waste burning and experimental wildland fires) sampling experiments were carried out. In the laboratory, after the selection of the most representative wood species and combustion equipment in Portugal, a sampling program to determine gaseous and particulate matter emission rates was set up, including organic and inorganic aerosol composition. In the field, the smoke plumes from agriculture/garden waste and experimental wildland fires were sampled. The results of this study show that the combustion equipment and biofuel type used have an important role in the emission levels and composition. Significant differences between the use of traditional combustion equipment versus modern equipments were also observed. These differences are due to higher combustion efficiency of modern equipment, reflecting the smallest amount of particulate matter, organic carbon and carbon monoxide released. With regard to experimental wildland fires in shrub dominated areas, it was observed that the largest organic fraction in the samples studied was mainly composed by vegetation pyrolysis products. The major organic components in the smoke samples were pyrolysates of vegetation cuticles, mainly comprising steradienes and sterol derivatives, carbohydrates from the breakdown of cellulose, aliphatic lipids from vegetation waxes and methoxyphenols from the lignin thermal degradation. Despite being a banned practice in our country, agriculture/garden waste burning is actually quite common. To assess the particulate matter composition, the smoke from three different agriculture/garden residues have been sampled into 3 different size fractions (PM2.5, PM2.5-10 and PM>10). Despite distribution patterns of organic compounds in particulate matter varied among residues, the amounts of phenolics (polyphenol and guaiacyl derivatives) and organic acids were always predominant over other organic compounds in the organosoluble fraction of smoke. Among biomarkers, levoglucosan, β-sitosterol and phytol were detected in appreciable amounts in the smoke of all agriculture/garden residues. In addition, inositol may be considered as an eventual tracer for the smoke from potato haulm burning. It was shown that the prevailing ambient conditions (such as high humidity in the atmosphere) likely contributed to atmospheric processes (e.g. coagulation and hygroscopic growth), which influenced the particle size characteristics of the smoke tracers, shifting their distribution to larger diameters. An assessment of household biomass consumption was also made through a national scale survey. The information obtained with the survey combined with the databases on emission factors from the laboratory and field tests allowed us to estimate the pollutant amounts emitted in each Portuguese district. In addition to a likely contribution to the improvement of emission inventories, emission factors obtained for tracer compounds in this study can be applied in receptor models to assess the contribution of biomass burning to the levels of atmospheric aerosols and their constituents obtained in monitoring campaigns in Mediterranean Europe.

Chromatic Aberration

Chromatic Aberration is a film installation which explores the early technologies of colour filmmaking drawn from the archives of George Eastman House, Rochester, New York. Featuring vibrant close-ups of eyes from fledgling archival experiments in colour film, Chromatic Aberration turns the cinematic lens in on itself: from the prosthetic recording eye of the camera, to an evocation of the abstract inner screen of one's eyelids. Early 1920s colour film footage - mainly tests shots featuring members of George Eastman's family as well as Hollywood stars of the time - is shot in such a way so as to reveal the inherent chromatic fringing, distortion and misalignment. Using specialist equipment at the BFI National Archive, London, the footage is reworked through the use of extreme close-up and magnification, honing in on the eyes. The installation evokes an imagined abstract colour world, a flickering eyelid trapped in a mechanical peephole. Exhibitions: Solo exhibition as film installation at Tyneside Cinema (Newcastle, Oct-Nov 2014); Solo exhibition at George Eastman Museum (Rochester, New York, Jan-April 2015), including a second work on display. Film festivals nominations for competitions: Winner of Best Vanguard Film Competition in Lima Independiente International Film Festival (Peru). Nominations: Filmadrid festival (Spain); Curtas Vila do Conde film festival (Portugal); Festival du Nouveau Cinema (Canada); Jihlava International Documentary Film Festival (Czech Republic ); International Film Festival Bratislava (Slovenia). Additional screenings at International Rotterdam Film Festival (Netherlands); European Media Art Festival (Germany); BFI London Film Festival (UK); Mini-retrospective screening at DIM CINEMA, The Cinematheque (Vancouver May 2015). Reviews and interviews in Artforum, The Wire Magazine, After Image, Studio International. Public lectures: with Prof. Sarah Street at Tyneside Cinema (Nov 2014); Royal Academy visiting public lecture (Nov 2014); ‘The Laughter of Things’ symposium, International Film Festival Rotterdam and Piet Zwart Institute (Jan 2015); George Eastman Museum and Rochester University (April 2015). Acquired by the George Eastman Museum for their collection.

Levantamento e descrição de procedimentos e elaboração de registos na empresa Aquateste

A Aquateste é uma empresa dinâmica e tem como principais vertentes a consultoria, a recolha de amostras e análise de parâmetros de campo na área da Hotelaria e é intermediária entre os seus clientes e laboratórios estrangeiros (Lacoal, SGS Institut Fresenius e ALS Czech Republic - apenas Dioxinas). Diante de um mercado cada vez mais exigente requer portanto, uma maior estruturação da empresa de forma a cumprir com os prazos e qualidade dos serviços esperados pelos seus clientes. Deste modo torna-se obrigatório a implementação de um sistema da qualidade com o objectivo de confirmar o bom funcionamento da empresa, a qualidade no atendimento, a satisfação total e fidelização dos clientes. Embora a Aquateste seja uma empresa que faça algum trabalho de laboratório, ela executa sobretudo trabalho de escritório, por isso, não faria sentido aplicar-se a norma ISO 17025 que é a norma específica para laboratórios mas sim a familia de normas ISO 9000. Este trabalho baseia-se sobretudo na norma ISO 9001:2008 que especifica requisitos para um sistema de gestão da qualidade e tem como objectivo promover a implementação de um sistema documental que se enquadre num sistema de qualidade a implementar na empresa Aquateste. A elaboração dos procedimentos e registos elaborados foram desenvolvidos na empresa Aquateste e foram efectuados com base no estudo e pesquisa de hábitos de trabalho dos funcionários da empresa. Com todas as vantagens verificadas depois da implementação dos procedimentos e registos na empresa, neste momento, são os próprios colaboradores da empresa Aquateste que “exigem” a implementação da ISO 9001:2008.

Gastronomia Algarvia/Dieta Mediterrânica?

The Mediterranean Diet concept was formulated during the sixties, in association with the food consumption pattern of Mediterranean areas that produced olive oil and shared common health styles. These areas, besides their own cultural and religious differences, share common food habits, such as: - The use of olive oil (supplier of monounsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants); - The abundant use of cereals, mainly under the form of excellent quality bread, flour and pasta (providing fibre and energy); - Large and variegate consumption of fruit (fresh and dried), nuts and vegetables (colourful, rich in fibre, antioxidants and other protective materials); - Abundant use of herbs and spices (rich in antioxidants and other protective materials); - Simple culinary methods, using short cooking times and low temperatures (which enhance the preservation of food nutritional and sensorial characteristics). The Mediterranean Diet reflects a set of characteristics that make it internationally recognized as a health promoter eating pattern, where the relation between monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids is highly advantageous for the former, fibre, vitamins and natural antioxidants intake is high, together with a low consumption of animal protein and salt. The obtained results show contents in protein, lipid and carbohydrates very adequate to the “DRI”; The relation between mono and saturated fatty acids (40:9) should be emphasised, together with the high fibre content. Protective nutrients show remarkable results, with a wide variety of vitamins and minerals, in particular Vitamin A, complex B vitamins, biotin, vit. E, folic acid, iron, manganese and selenium, that are widely recognised as important antioxidants and responsible for the good function of the immune system. In conclusion, tomato soup, consumed traditionally as a poor meal, shows to be a health promoter nutritionally complete recipe.