Super structures.

Se repasan las grandes construcciones del mundo desde la antigüedad hasta la actualidad, desde las siete maravillas del mundo antiguo, castillos, palacios y puentes hasta las Torres Petronas, el Metro de Moscú, los rascacielos, los edificios actuales y futuros más extraños y los puertos espaciales.

National Curriculum Mathematics 7A.

Este libro cumple las expectativas de los alumnos de matemáticas en relación a los exámenes de secundaria (KS3) para obtener el General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). Los temas del libro son: suma y resta de números enteros, multiplicación y división con números enteros, recolección y visualización de datos, números primos, el significado de las fracciones, suma y resta de fracciones y decimales, más sobre decimales, unidades métricas (unidades de longitud, unidades de dinero), introducción a la geometría, simetría, triángulos y cuadriláteros, probabilidad, líneas paralelas, coordenadas positivas y negativas, fórmulas, gráficos, resumiendo y comparando datos, ecuaciones, agrupando datos.

Las actividades en la clase de Filosofía.

Se reflexiona en torno a las actividades que se pueden desarrollar en la clase de Filosofía. La Didáctica activa y personalizada exige, entre otras cosas, acercar el método heurístico al alumno de forma que sea él quien consiga esclarecer y descubrir, sacar de sí mismo, educarse, reflexionar. Se afirma que si esto es válido para toda asignatura, con mayor motivo lo es para la enseñanza de la Filosofía. Como señala el Dr. Pacios, Catedrático de didáctica de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, la verdadera formación del alumno depende de modo principal de la correcta actividad que él mismo realiza. Pero para crear un hábito correcto, hay actividades diarias e individuales que pueden realizarse en torno a la Filosofía, y que contribuyen a la mejor inteligencia y fijación de los contenidos: como los resúmenes, esquemas, cuadros sinópticos; los ejercicios de vocabulario; las comparaciones y ejemplos; los análisis de frases o de noticias breves para descubrir su trasfondo psicólogo, lógico, moral y relacionar la Filosofía con la vida; ejercicios y problemas de cálculo lógico; redacciones breves sobre un determinado punto; notas del profesor; y preguntas de control al final de cada tema. También hay otro tipo de actividades que pueden hacerse a nivel individual o de grupo y que no pueden ser diarias por llevar más tiempo su ejecución. Se destacan: las exposiciones orales o trabajos escritos, la lectura comprensiva, el diálogo-debate, el estudio de casos morales, y el comentario de textos. Se analizan pormenorizadamente estos cinco tipos de actividades. Finalmente se destaca que hay que tener en cuenta, por una parte, la circularidad acto-hábito-carácter, que permite situar los hechos en el bíos de cada hombre y, por otra, el horizonte dialéctico de la totalidad en que está inmersa la acción y en el que cobra sentido. En ambos pasos se complementan la razón analítica y la razón dialéctica.

TIMSS, PISA, IGLU y dem??s : raz??n y sinraz??n de los estudios internacionales de rendimiento escolar

Monogr??fico con el t??tulo: 'La experiencia del PISA en Alemania'. Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Palabras huérfanas.

Título del encuentro: 'Léxico en el aula de ELE', organizado por el Instituto Cervantes de Nápoles

Ense??ando cultura y lengua espa??ola a trav??s del relato 'La asesina de insectos' de Rosa Montero

Se pretende demostrar que la literatura contempor??nea puede ser una herramienta para la ense??anza de la cultura y la lengua espa??olas; para ello se toma como ejemplo el relato 'La asesina de insectos', perteneciente al libro 'Relatos para un fin de milenio' (Barcelona, Plaza y Jan??s, 1998). Por una parte se analiza el aspecto sociol??gico del relato y por otro su explotaci??n did??ctica. Como base te??rica se usa el trabajo de la soci??loga In??s Alberdi 'La nueva familia espa??ola' (Taurus, Madrid, 1999).

Kipus: revista andina de letras. 21 (Reseñas)

Presenta las reseñas de los siguientes libros: JAVIER VÁSCONEZ, JARDÍN CAPELO, Quito, Orogenia, 2007. APUESTA. LOS JUEGOS DE VÁSCONEZ, FRANCISCO ESTRELLA, COMP., Quito, Taurus, 2007, 194 pp. -- HUMBERTO E. ROBLES, LA NOCIÓN DE VANGURDIA EN EL ECUADOR (RECEPCIÓN, TRAYECTORIA Y DOCUMENTOS 1918-1934), Quito, Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar / Corporación Editora Nacional, 2006, 2a. ed., 198 pp. -- ABDÓN UBIDIA, CELEBRACIÓN DE LOS LIBROS, Quito, El Conejo / Eskeletra, 2007, 174 pp. -- CARLOS ARCOS, EL INVITADO, Quito, El Conejo, 2007, 334 pp. -- VICENTE ROBALINO, CUANDO EL CUERPO SE DESPRENDE DEL ALBA, Quito, Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, 2006, 73, pp.

Foro: revista de derecho. 4 (Recensiones)

Presenta las reseñas de los siguientes libros: Robert Cooter y Thomas Ulen, DERECHO Y ECONOMÍA, México, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2002, segunda reimpresión, 686 pp. -- Robert Cooter, Ugo Mattei, Pier Giuseppe Monateri, Roberto Pardolesi, Thomas Ulen, Il. MERCATO DELLE REGOLE, ANALISI ECONÓMICA DEL DIRITTO CIVILE, Bologna, II Mulino, 2001, 488 pp. -- Diego Valadés, PROBLEMAS CONSTITUCIONALES DEL ESTADO DE DERECHO, Buenos Aires, Astrea, 2004, segunda edición, 157 pp. -- Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos / Centro para la Justicia y el Derecho Internacional, Los DERECHOS HUMANOS DE LAS MUJERES: FORTALECIENDO SU PROMOCIÓN Y PROTECCIÓN INTERNACIONAL, San José, IIDH, 2004, 203 pp. -- Carlo Guamieri y Patrizia Pederzoli, LOS JUECES y LA POLÍTICA. PODER JUDICIAL y DEMOCRACIA, trad. Miguel Ángel Ruis de Azua, Madrid, Taurus, 1999, 209 pp.

Comentario Internacional: revista del Centro Andino de Estudios Internacionales. 5 (Reseñas)

Presenta las reseñas de los siguientes libros: Perú: entre la realidad y la utopía. 180 años de Política Exterior. José Miguel Bákula. Fundación Academia Diplomática del Perú / Fondo de Cultura Económica. Lima, 2002, 2 tomos. -- Elementos para el debate de la seguridad nacional: política de la defensa nacional del Ecuador. Ministerio de Defensa del Ecuador, Quito, 2002, 271 pp. -- El malestar en la globalización. Joseph Stiglitz. Taurus, Buenos Aires, 348 pp. -- Apocalipsis perpetuo. Eduardo Moreano. Editorial Planeta del Ecuador. Noviembre 2002. 478 pp.

Correlating Bayesian date estimates with climatic events and domestication using a bovine case study

The tribe Bovini contains a number of commercially and culturally important species, such as cattle. Understanding their evolutionary time scale is important for distinguishing between post-glacial and domestication-associated population expansions, but estimates of bovine divergence times have been hindered by a lack of reliable calibration points. We present a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 481 mitochondrial D-loop sequences, including 228 radiocarbon-dated ancient DNA sequences, using a multi-demographic coalescent model. By employing the radiocarbon dates as internal calibrations, we co-estimate the bovine phylogeny and divergence times in a relaxed-clock framework. The analysis yields evidence for significant population expansions in both taurine and zebu cattle, European aurochs and yak clades. The divergence age estimates support domestication-associated expansion times (less than 12 kyr) for the major haplogroups of cattle. We compare the molecular and palaeontological estimates for the Bison-Bos divergence.

Differential effects of thyroid hormone manipulation and ß adrenoceptor agonist administration on uncoupling protein mRNA abundance in adipose tissue and thermoregulation in neonatal pigs

We have shown that there is significant disparity in the expression of uncoupling proteins (UCP) 2 and 3 between modern-commercial and ancient-Meishan porcine genotypes, commercial pigs also have higher plasma triiodothyronine (T(3)) in on the first day of life. T(3) and the sympathetic nervous system are both known to regulate UCPs in rodents and humans; their role in regulating these proteins in the pig is unknown. This study examined whether thyroid hormone manipulation or administration of a selective beta3 adrenoceptor agonist (ZD) influenced plasma hormones, colonic temperature and UCP expression in adipose tissue of two breeds of pig. To mimic the differences observed in thyroid hormone status, piglets from Meishan and commercial litters were randomly assigned to control (1 ml/kg water), T(3) (10 mg/kg) (Meishan only), methimazole (a commonly used antithyroid drug) (50 mg/kg) (commercial only) or ZD (10 mg/kg) oral administration for the first 4 days of postnatal life. Adipose tissue UCP2/3 mRNA abundance was measured on day 4 using PCR. T(3) administration raised plasma T(3) concentrations and increased colonic temperature on day 4. UCP3 mRNA abundance was higher in Meishan, than commercial piglets (p = 0.042) and was downregulated following T(3) administration (p = 0.014). Irrespective of genotype, ZD increased UCP2 mRNA abundance (Meishan p = 0.05, commercial p = 0.03). Expression of neither UCP2 nor 3 was related to colonic temperature, regardless of treatment. In conclusion, we have demonstrated a dissociation between thyroid hormones and the sympathetic nervous system in the regulation of UCPs in porcine adipose tissue. We have also suggested that expression of adipose tissue UCP2 and 3 are not related to body temperature in piglets.

In vitro evaluation of the prebiotic activity of a pectic oligosaccharide-rich extract enzymatically derived from bergamot peel

The prebiotic effect of a pectic oligosaccharide-rich extract enzymatically derived from bergamot peel was studied using pure and mixed cultures of human faecal bacteria. This was compared to the prebiotic effect of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS). Individual species of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli responded positively to the addition of the bergamot extract, which contained oligosaccharides in the range of three to seven. Fermentation studies were also carried out in controlled pH batch mixed human faecal cultures and changes in gut bacterial groups were monitored over 24 h by fluorescent in situ hybridisation, a culture-independent microbial assessment. Addition of the bergamot oligosaccharides (BOS) resulted in a high increase in the number of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, whereas the clostridial population decreased. A prebiotic index (PI) was calculated for both FOS and BOS after 10 and 24 h incubation. Generally, higher PI scores were obtained after 10 h incubation, with BOS showing a greater value (6.90) than FOS (6.12).

Indian summer monsoon variations could have affected the early Holocene woodland expansion in the Near East

Postglacial expansion of deciduous oak woodlands of the Zagros—Anti-Taurus Mountains, a major biome of the Near East, was delayed until the middle Holocene at ~6300 cal. yr BP. The current hypotheses explain this delay as a consequence of a regional aridity during the early Holocene, slow migration rates of forest trees, and/or a long history of land use and agro-pastoralism in this region. In the present paper, support is given to a hypothesis that suggests different precipitation seasonalities during the early Holocene compared with the late Holocene. The oak species of the Zagros—Anti-Taurus Mts, particularly Quercus brantii Lindl., are strongly dependent on spring precipitation for regeneration and are sensitive to a long dry season. Detailed analysis of modern atmospheric circulation patterns in SW Asia during the late spring suggests that the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) intensification can modify the amount of late spring and/or early summer rainfall in western/northwestern Iran and eastern Anatolia, which could in turn have controlled the development of the Zagros—Anti-Taurus deciduous oak woodlands. During the early Holocene, the northwestward shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) could have displaced the subtropical anticyclonic belt or associated high pressure ridges to the northwest. The latter could, in turn, have prevented the southeastward penetration of low pressure systems originating from the North Atlantic and Black Sea regions. Such atmospheric configuration could have reduced or eliminated the spring precipitation creating a typical Mediterranean continental climate characterized by winter-dominated precipitation. This scenario highlights the complexity of biome response to climate system interactions in transitional climatic and biogeographical regions.

Testing projected wild bee distributions in agricultural habitats: predictive power depends on species traits and habitat type

Species distribution models (SDM) are increasingly used to understand the factors that regulate variation in biodiversity patterns and to help plan conservation strategies. However, these models are rarely validated with independently collected data and it is unclear whether SDM performance is maintained across distinct habitats and for species with different functional traits. Highly mobile species, such as bees, can be particularly challenging to model. Here, we use independent sets of occurrence data collected systematically in several agricultural habitats to test how the predictive performance of SDMs for wild bee species depends on species traits, habitat type, and sampling technique. We used a species distribution modeling approach parametrized for the Netherlands, with presence records from 1990 to 2010 for 193 Dutch wild bees. For each species, we built a Maxent model based on 13 climate and landscape variables. We tested the predictive performance of the SDMs with independent datasets collected from orchards and arable fields across the Netherlands from 2010 to 2013, using transect surveys or pan traps. Model predictive performance depended on species traits and habitat type. Occurrence of bee species specialized in habitat and diet was better predicted than generalist bees. Predictions of habitat suitability were also more precise for habitats that are temporally more stable (orchards) than for habitats that suffer regular alterations (arable), particularly for small, solitary bees. As a conservation tool, SDMs are best suited to modeling rarer, specialist species than more generalist and will work best in long-term stable habitats. The variability of complex, short-term habitats is difficult to capture in such models and historical land use generally has low thematic resolution. To improve SDMs’ usefulness, models require explanatory variables and collection data that include detailed landscape characteristics, for example, variability of crops and flower availability. Additionally, testing SDMs with field surveys should involve multiple collection techniques.