983 resultados para Advanced Public Transportation Systems
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Dissertao de Natureza Cientfica para obteno do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil
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This dissertation is an attempt to understand how families with an income of up to three minimum wages and living in different Areas of Demographic Expansion (AEDs) of Natal municipality specifically in the districts of Igap and Salinas (North Administrative Zone of the city), Ponta Negra (South Administrative Zone), Santos Reis, Praia do Meio, Areia Preta and Me Luza (East Administrative Zone) and Felipe Camaro (West Administrative Zone) solve their problems of urban mobility. It is, therefore, a reflection upon the mobility needs of poor urban households as expressed in terms of origin-destiny displacements for specific movements (house-work, house-school, house-shopping, house-healthcare and house-leisure), all of which being analyzed within the relationship between public transportation and poverty spaces of the city. In order to develop the study, theoretical aspects and themes related to the production of the urban space, to social and spatial segregation, to urban mobility and to transportation were confronted with the collected data referring to the urban population previously selected. One of the research main findings is the crucial role mobility plays in the social differentiation of such people living in Natal and that any policy for the improvement of their living conditions must take mobility issues into account
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Since the end of the Cold War, recurring civil conflicts have been the dominant form of violent armed conflict in the world, accounting for 70% of conflicts active between 2000-2013. Duration and intensity of episodes within recurring conflicts in Africa exhibit four behaviors characteristic of archetypal dynamic system structures. The overarching questions asked in this study are whether these patterns are robustly correlated with fundamental concepts of resiliency in dynamic systems that scale from micro-to macro levels; are they consistent with theoretical risk factors and causal mechanisms; and what are the policy implications. Econometric analysis and dynamic systems modeling of 36 conflicts in Africa between 1989 -2014 are combined with process tracing in a case study of Somalia to evaluate correlations between state characteristics, peace operations and foreign aid on the likelihood of observed conflict patterns, test hypothesized causal mechanisms across scales, and develop policy recommendations for increasing human security while decreasing resiliency of belligerents. Findings are that observed conflict patterns scale from micro to macro levels; are strongly correlated with state characteristics that proxy a mix of cooperative (e.g., gender equality) and coercive (e.g., security forces) conflict-balancing mechanisms; and are weakly correlated with UN and regional peace operations and humanitarian aid. Interactions between peace operations and aid interventions that effect conflict persistence at micro levels are not seen in macro level analysis, due to interdependent, micro-level feedback mechanisms, sequencing, and lagged effects. This study finds that the dynamic system structures associated with observed conflict patterns contain tipping points between balancing mechanisms at the interface of micro-macro level interactions that are determined as much by factors related to how intervention policies are designed and implemented, as what they are. Policy implications are that reducing risk of conflict persistence requires that peace operations and aid interventions (1) simultaneously increase transparency, promote inclusivity (with emphasis on gender equality), and empower local civilian involvement in accountability measures at the local levels; (2) build bridges to horizontally and vertically integrate across levels; and (3) pave pathways towards conflict transformation mechanisms and justice that scale from the individual, to community, regional, and national levels.
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There is still a lack of an engineering approach for building Web systems, and the field of measuring the Web is not yet mature. In particular, there is an uncertainty in the selection of evaluation methods, and there are risks of standardizing inadequate evaluation practices. It is important to know whether we are evaluating the Web or specific website(s). We need a new categorization system, a different focus on evaluation methods, and an in-depth analysis that reveals the strengths and weaknesses of each method. As a contribution to the field of Web evaluation, this study proposes a novel approach to view and select evaluation methods based on the purpose and platforms of the evaluation. It has been shown that the choice of the appropriate evaluation method(s) depends greatly on the purpose of the evaluation.
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Knowledge on human behaviour in emergency is crucial to increase the safety of buildings and transportation systems. Decision making during evacuations implies different choices, of which one of the most important concerns the escape route. The choice of a route may involve local decisions between alternative exits from an enclosed environment. This work investigates the influence of environmental (presence of smoke, emergency lighting and distance of exit) and social factors (interaction with evacuees close to the exits and with those near the decision-maker) on local exit choice. This goal is pursued using an online stated preference survey carried out making use of non-immersive virtual reality. A sample of 1,503 participants is obtained and a Mixed Logit Model is calibrated using these data. The model shows that presence of smoke, emergency lighting, distance of exit, number of evacuees near the exits and the decision-maker, and flow of evacuees through the exits significantly affect local exit choice. Moreover, the model points out that decision making is affected by a high degree of behavioural uncertainty. Our findings support the improvement of evacuation models and the accuracy of their results, which can assist in designing and managing building and transportation systems. The main contribution of this work is to enrich the understanding of how local exit choices are made and how behavioural uncertainty affects these choices.
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Objectif : Examiner la relation entre laccs aux ressources alimentaires et le degr de linscurit alimentaire du mnage parmi les nouveaux utilisateurs des organismes communautaires dintervention en scurit alimentaire de Montral. Mthode : tude observationnelle transversale. Elle consiste en une analyse secondaire de donnes (n=785) qui proviennent du premier temps de mesure de lenqute sur les effets des interventions en scurit alimentaire Montral mene entre 2011 et 2012. La variable dpendante a t linscurit alimentaire. Les variables indpendantes ont t le mode de transport utilis pour transporter les aliments, lemplacement de lpicerie la plus frquente par le participant, la distance entre lorganisme communautaire frquent par le participant et son domicile, la proximit de lpicerie la plus frquente, la satisfaction quant lacceptabilit et le caractre abordable des aliments dans lpicerie la plus frquente, et les difficults daccs aux aliments. Des rgressions logistiques furent effectues afin dvaluer la relation entre les variables indpendantes et le degr de linscurit alimentaire, en utilisant linscurit svre comme catgorie de rfrence. Rsultats : Nos donnes suggrent que la svrit de linscurit alimentaire est associe la difficult daccs aux aliments cause de la chert des aliments (pour la scurit alimentaire, OR=0.13; CI : 0.07-0.25 et pour linscurit alimentaire modre, OR=0.42; CI : 0.28-0.63), au fait de faire lpicerie lextrieur du quartier ou de faire rarement lpicerie (pour linscurit alimentaire modre, OR=0.50, CI : 0.30-0.84), au fait davoir accs au transport collectif (pour linscurit alimentaire modre, OR=1.73; CI : 1.09-2.73), au fait de rsider une distance moyenne (soit entre 1000 et 2000 mtres) dun organisme communautaire en scurit alimentaire (pour linscurit alimentaire modre, OR=1.83; CI : 1.14-2.92), et la difficult daccs aux aliments cause de contraintes de transport (pour la scurit alimentaire, OR=0.18, CI : 0.06-0.52). Conclusion : Laccs aux ressources alimentaires est associ au degr de linscurit alimentaire des nouveaux mnages participant aux interventions en scurit alimentaire Montral.
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Segun la teoria economica el mecanismo de precios es una herramienta adecuada para solucionar el problema de congestion vehicular. El objetivo de este articulo es diagnosticar el grado de congestion vehicular de la ciudad de Medellin (Colombia) y proponer alternativas que den solucion a dicho problema desde la optica de la teoria economica. A diferencia de otros estudios, esta investigacion analizo la relacion entre el gasto de las familias en transporte y la eleccion de transporte (publico o privado) a traves la metodologia de elasticidades. Se encontro evidencia a favor de la hipotesis de los precios como mecanismos para desincentivar el uso del automovil privado, pues a medida que aumenta el nivel de gasto en transporte (asociado a un supuesto peaje urbano), la probabilidad de usar transporte privado disminuye, mientras que la probabilidad de utilizar transporte publico aumenta.
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Noise mapping has been used as an instrument for assessment of environmental noise, helping to support decision making on urban planning. In Brazil, urban noise is not yet recognized as a major environmental problem by the government. Besides, cities that have databases to drive acoustic simulations, making use of advanced noise mapping systems, are rare. This study sought an alternative method of noise mapping through the use of geoprocessing, which is feasible for the Brazilian reality and for other developing countries. The area chosen for the study was the central zone of the city of Sorocaba, located in So Paulo State, Brazil. The proposed method was effective in the spatial evaluation of equivalent sound pressure level. The results showed an urban area with high noise levels that exceed the legal standard, posing a threat to the welfare of the population.
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The utility of knowledge has always been assumed to be one of the essential and structural questions in any educational and curriculum narrative. In fact, the utility of knowledge frames different designs for educational systems. Knowledge, as presented in public education systems, originates in the mainstream culture as an accumulated capital for a future time or cultural ornament (Beane, 2002, p.19). It is shaped and sequentially arranged in a compartmentalized way that often is far removed from everyday context of students. Moreover, knowledge is frequently framed as being needed for a certain or eventual future requirement. Historically there has always been a hierarchical relation within the formal structure of learning, involving contents (what), time (when), and utility (what for). The traditional difference in social status of the different kinds of knowledge and their utilities is connected with the way education emerges institutionally, as well as the demands of the economy. The concept of competence was born at the center of this tension and has been developing there, and there is must be rebuilt.
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El vertiginoso crecimiento de los centros urbanos, las tecnologas emergentes y la demanda de nuevos servicios por parte de la poblacin plantea encaminar esfuerzos hacia el desarrollo de las ciudades inteligentes. ste concepto ha tomado fuerza entre los sectores poltico, econmico, social, acadmico, ambiental y civil; de forma paralela, se han generado iniciativas que conducen hacia la integracin de la infraestructura, la tecnologa y los servicios para los ciudadanos. En ste contexto, una de las problemticas con mayor impacto en la sociedad es la seguridad vial. Es necesario contar con mecanismos que disminuyan la accidentalidad, mejoren la atencin a incidentes, optimicen la movilidad urbana y planeacin municipal, ayuden a reducir el consumo de combustible y la emisin de gases de efecto de invernadero, as como ofrecer informacin dinmica y efectiva a los viajeros. En este artculo se describen dos (2) enfoques que contribuyen de manera eficiente dicho problema: los videojuegos como juegos serios y los sistemas de transporte inteligente. Ambos enfoques estn encaminados a evitar colisiones y su diseo e implementacin requieren componentes altamente tecnolgicos (e.g. sistemas telemticos e informticos, inteligencia artificial, procesamiento de imgenes y modelado 3D).
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This dissertation is an attempt to understand how families with an income of up to three minimum wages and living in different Areas of Demographic Expansion (AEDs) of Natal municipality specifically in the districts of Igap and Salinas (North Administrative Zone of the city), Ponta Negra (South Administrative Zone), Santos Reis, Praia do Meio, Areia Preta and Me Luza (East Administrative Zone) and Felipe Camaro (West Administrative Zone) solve their problems of urban mobility. It is, therefore, a reflection upon the mobility needs of poor urban households as expressed in terms of origin-destiny displacements for specific movements (house-work, house-school, house-shopping, house-healthcare and house-leisure), all of which being analyzed within the relationship between public transportation and poverty spaces of the city. In order to develop the study, theoretical aspects and themes related to the production of the urban space, to social and spatial segregation, to urban mobility and to transportation were confronted with the collected data referring to the urban population previously selected. One of the research main findings is the crucial role mobility plays in the social differentiation of such people living in Natal and that any policy for the improvement of their living conditions must take mobility issues into account
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Dissertao para obteno do grau de Mestre em Arquitectura com Especializao em Urbanismo, apresentada na Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Arquitectura.
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Property taxes serve as a vital revenue source for local governments. The revenues derived from the property tax function as the primary funding source for a variety of critical local public service systems. Property tax appeal systems serve as quasi-administrative-judicial mechanisms intended to assure the public that property tax assessments are correct, fair, and equitable. Despite these important functions, there is a paucity of empirical research related to property tax appeal systems. This study contributes to property tax literature by identifying who participates in the property tax appeal process and examining their motivations for participation. In addition, the study sought to determine whether patterns of use and success in appeal systems affected the distribution of the tax burden. Data were collected by means of a survey distributed to single-family property owners from two Florida counties. In addition, state and county documents were analyzed to determine appeal patterns and examine the impact on assessment uniformity, over a three-year period. The survey data provided contextual evidence that single-family property owners are not as troubled by property taxes as they are by the conduct of local government officials. The analyses of the decision to appeal indicated that more expensive properties and properties excluded from initial uniformity analyses were more likely to be appealed, while properties with homestead exemptions were less likely to be appealed. The value change analyses indicated that appeals are clustered in certain geographical areas; however, these areas do not always experience a greater percentage of the value changes. Interestingly, professional representation did not increase the probability of obtaining a reduction in value. Other relationships between the variables were discovered, but often with weak predictive ability. Findings from the assessment uniformity analyses were also interesting. The results indicated that the appeals mechanisms in both counties improved assessment uniformity. On average, appealed properties exhibited greater horizontal and vertical inequities, as compared to non-appealed properties, prior to the appeals process. After, the appeal process was completed; the indicators of horizontal and vertical equity were largely improved. However, there were some indications of regressivity in the final year of the study.
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Introduccin. Los conductores de transporte terrestre de pasajeros estn expuestos a factores de riesgo inherentes a su labor, por lo que la intervencin sobre estos factores es un aspecto relevante en las empresas de transporte pblico dado que dicha actividad afecta la calidad de vida de los mismos. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de estrs en el lugar de trabajo y los factores de riesgo biomecnicos asociados en trabajadores de una empresa de transporte terrestre de pasajeros. Materiales y mtodos: Estudio de corte transversal con datos secundarios procedentes de una poblacin de 219 empleados, de los cuales 13 eran administrativos y 206 laboraban en la operacin de una empresa de transporte terrestre de pasajeros. Las variables incluidas fueron socio demogrficas, laborales, variables relacionadas con la medicin de estrs y sntomas osteomusculares. El anlisis estadstico incluy medidas de tendencia central y dispersin y para identificar los factores asociados con el estrs se utilizaron pruebas de asociacin Chi2 y prueba exacta de Fisher. Resultados: La edad promedio de los participantes fue de 43 aos (DS 10 aos), siendo en su mayora trabajadores de sexo masculino (96,3%). Se presentaron sntomas y factores de riesgo biomecnicos en cuello y espalda en un 55.5%. Se encontr asociacin significativa entre estrs con los sntomas en pies (p=0,009), con los factores de riesgo biomecnicos, se encontr relacin significativa con el tiempo que permanece adoptando las posturas de inclinacin hacia delante (p=0,000) y hacia atrs (p=0,001) de espalda/tronco y las posturas en muecas, (p=0,000), y a la exposicin de los conductores a superficies vibrantes (asientos de vehculo) (p=0,021). No se encontr asociacin significativa entre estrs y la postura de sedente. Conclusiones: Con este estudio se encontr una prevalencia de estrs de 78% en el lugar de trabajo y de los factores de riesgo biomecnicos asociados a antigedad, postura y repetitividad de movimientos, con repercusiones en cuello y espalda lumbar, por lo tanto, se requiere de un seguimiento a las condiciones de salud y trabajo para los empleados del sector transporte.
