白河林业局森林火险预报与林火蔓延模拟

本文收集白河林业局的林火历史纪录、二类清查数据、遥感影像以及数字高程模型等数据，利用空间信息技术与多种统计方法对森林火险预报和林火蔓延模拟进行了研究。该研究对于林火的预防及扑救可以提供理论指导和技术支持，对于实现林业的可持续发展具有重要意义。主要结论如下。 （1）白河林业局自1974到2001年28年中共发生火灾153次，高发年代为70年代末80年代初；主要火源为烧荒，约占全部火灾次数的37.25%；高发区为两江林场，占总次数的37%；高发月份为3-5月和9-11月。（2）利用二类清查数据、1987年及2000年的遥感影像、数字高程模型等数据，采用地理信息系统和遥感技术及主成分分析法得出白河林业局的可燃物、地形、人为活动以及综合所有因素的森林火险区划，得到了相应的高火险等级小班的分布。并利用相关分析方法进行检验，结果证明这种方法与实际林火发生数据相关系数达到92.46%，说明具有很高的可信度。（3）利用非参数的最近邻法和有参数的最近邻法分别对森林火险气象预报进行了分析，非参数的最近邻法的森林火险气象总体预报准确率为78.57%，无林火发生的预报准确率为80%，而林火发生的预报准确率为77.78%。应用有参数的最近邻法进行森林火险气象预报时，利用相关分析确定的权重进行预报的总体准确率为78.57%，无林火发生的预报准确率为60%，林火发生的预报准确率为88.89%。利用逻辑斯蒂回归确定权重的最近邻法进行预报得到的结果最好，尽管这种方法预报的未发生林火的预报准确率仅为60%，但总体预报正确率达到了85.71%，特别是林火发生预报的准确率达到了100%。（4）通过对林火在不同情况下蔓延模拟发现，无风、地形条件相同时的林火蔓延呈现圆形；无风、地形条件不同时的林火蔓延呈现出不规则的多边形；有风、地形条件不同时的林火蔓延呈现出不规则的多边形，但有一个主蔓延方向。

磁控溅射阴极靶磁场分布的定量评价

针对磁控溅射阴极靶磁场分布难以进行定量评价的问题,提出以磁场水平分量Bx的平行率Rk为量化指标,对磁场分布状态进行评价的新方法;采用有限元方法,模拟分析了磁控溅射阴极靶结构参数对磁场分布的影响规律,并利用Rk对结构参数的合理性进行了验证.结果表明,量化指标Rk可以有效地评价磁场分布的优劣,能够为磁场模拟及分析提供基础的科学判据

钻井废水可生化性研究及处理技术探索

钻井废水是油气井开采钻探过程中产生的废水，钻井废水成分复杂，有机物浓度高、色度高、悬浮物浓度高，水质变化大，排放点分散，不经处理排放会污染环境，破坏生态。随着石油工业的不断发展和国家环保法律法规的日益严格，钻井废水的治理也越来越受到重视。如何采用经济有效的方法处理废弃钻井液，对油气井开采业的可持续发展具有重要意义。本论文以遂宁磨153 井的钻井废水为主要研究对象，在对废水进行絮凝沉降预处理和生物法处理探索的基础上，针对钻井废水可生化性差的特点，采用水解酸化和Fenton 试剂改善钻井废水的可生化性，对反应过程进行了比较详细的考察，对可生化性改善的机理进行了探索。主要研究结论如下：1 用PFS 和PAC 配制的混合混凝剂对钻井废水COD 的去除效果比较显著，在最佳条件下COD 的去除率可达75%，且絮体沉降速度较快，出水pH 保持中性；2 水解酸化法处理钻井废水可显著改善废水的可生化性。经48 小时水解酸化处理，钻井废水的理论BOD5可提高约22 倍，表观BOD5/COD值由0.004 提高到0.034。用接触氧化反应器处理经水解酸化处理后的废水，处理效果比较稳定，COD平均去除率达35.5%；3 研究了Fenton反应中各影响因子对废水COD去除率、BOD5/COD的影响并分析其作用机制，确定了最佳条件：初始pH为4.0，H2O2/Fe2+(摩尔浓度比)为20，H2O2/COD（质量浓度比）为1，反应时间为2 个小时。此条件下，废水的COD去除率约为40%，BOD5/COD值从0.002～0.003 提高至0.15～0.2，可生化性得到很大提高。本论文的主要创新点在于：1 以成分复杂、水质变化大的气井钻井废水为研究对象，从理论BOD 和表观BOD 两方面对水解酸化过程中废水可生化性的变化进行了分析；2 对Fenton 试剂改善钻井废水可生化性的过程、主要影响因素进行了比较详细的考察。本论文的研究成果，可为生物法处理钻井废水的深入研究提供理论依据。Drilling wastewater is produced in the process of oil-gas well drilling,because of its complicated composition, high concentrate of organic compound andsuspended solid, high chroma, levity of water quality and decentralization ofdischarge point, it pollutes environment seriously if discharged without treatment.With the development of petroleum industry and the issuing of more strict laws forenvironmental protection, it has been paid more and more attention on drillingwastewater treatment. It is of great importance for the sustainable development ofoil-gas well drilling to treat drilling wastewater by economical and effective methods.In this paper, drilling wastewater of Mo No.153 well in Suining was studied asthe main object. On the basis of research on pre-treatment with flocculant andbiological treatment, and according to the character of poor biodegradability, thedrilling wastewater was treated by hydrolytic acidification and Fenton’s reagent toimprove its biodegradability. The process and mechanism of biodegradabilitychanging were investigated. The primary conclusions are:1 It is effective to treat drilling wastewater with mixing PFS and PAC asflocculant. The removal rates of COD came up to 75% under optimal conditions, thesedimentation rate of flocculation is rapid, and the pH value of treated water remainedneutral;2 The biodegradability of drilling wastewater was highly improved afterhydrolytic acidification process. The theoretic BOD5 of drilling wastewater increasedby 22 times and its detected BOD5/COD ratio increased from 0.004 to 0.034 afterhydrolytic acidification for 48 hours. The wastewater after hydrolytic acidificationwas treated by biological contact oxidation reactor. Stable treatment performance was achieved, and the average removal rates of COD came up to 35.5%;3 The effects of various affection factors on the removal efficiency of COD andBOD5/COD radio in treating drilling wastewater by Fenton’s reagent wereinvestigated and the mechanism was analyzed. The optimal conditions were: initialpH of solution was 4.0, the molar ratio of H2O2 and Fe2+ was 20, the concentrationratio of H2O2 and COD was 1 and the reaction time was 120 min. Under the aboveconditions, the removal efficiency was about 40% and the ratio of BOD5 and CODincreased from 0.002 ¡« 0.003 to 0.15 ¡« 0.2. The biodegradability of drillingwastewater was greatly improved.The innovations of this thesis are:1 The drilling wastewater was taken as the research object which hascomplicated composition and variational water quality, and the changes ofbiodegradability were analyzed from theoretic BOD and detected BOD aspects duringhydrolytic acidification process;2 The biodegradability changing process and primary affection factors of drillingwastewater treating by Fenton’s reagent were investigated.The results of this study could provide theoretic foundation for further researchon biological treatment of drilling wastewater.