Comparison of life history parameters for landed and discarded fish captured off the southeastern United States

Commercial fisheries that are managed with minimum size limits protect small fish of all ages and may affect size-selective mortality by the differential removal of fast growing fish. This differential removal may decrease the average size at age, maturation, or sexual transition of the exploited population. When fishery-independent data are not available, a comparison of life history parameters of landed with those of discarded fish (by regulation) will indicate if differential mortality is occurring with the capture of young but large fish (fast growing phenotypes). Indications of this differential size-selective mortality would include the following: the discarded portion of the target fish would have similar age ranges but smaller sizes at age, maturation, and sexual transition as that of landed fish. We examined three species with minimum size limits but different exploitation histories. The known heavily exploited species (Rhomboplites aurorubens [vermilion snapper] and Pagrus pagrus [red porgy]) show signs of this differential mortality. Their landed catch includes many young, large fish, whereas discarded fish had a similar age range and mean ages but smaller sizes at age than the landed fish. The unknown exploited species, Mycteroperca phenax (scamp), showed no signs of differential mortality due to size-selective fishing. Landed catch consisted of old, large fish and discarded scamp had little overlap in age ranges, had significantly different mean ages, and only small differences in size at age when compared to comparable data for landed fish.

Age, growth, and spawning season of red bream (Beryx decadactylus) off the southeastern United States

Red bream (Beryx decadactylus) is a commercially important deep-sea benthopelagic fish with a circumglobal distribution on insular and continental slopes and seamounts. In the United States, small numbers are caught incidentally in the wreckfish (Polyprion americanus) fishery which operates off the southeastern coast, but no biological information exists for the management of the U.S. red bream population. For this study, otoliths (n=163) and gonads (n=161) were collected from commercially caught red bream between 2003 and 2008 to determine life history parameters. Specimens ranged in size from 410 to 630 mm fork length and were all determined to be mature by histological examination of the gonads. Females in spawning condition were observed from June through September, and reproductively active males were found year-round. Sectioned otoliths were difficult to interpret, but maximum age estimates were much higher than the 15 years previously reported for this species from the eastern North Atlantic based on whole-otolith analysis. Estimated ages ranged from 8 to 69 years, and a minimum lifespan of 49 years was validated by using bomb radiocarbon dating. Natural mortality was estimated at 0.06/yr. This study shows that red bream are longer lived and more vulnerable to overfishing than previously assumed and should be managed carefully to prevent overexploitation.

Using productivity and susceptibility indices to assess the vulnerability of United States fish stocks to overfishing

Assessing the vulnerability of stocks to fishing practices in U.S. federal waters was recently highlighted by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, as an important factor to consider when 1) identifying stocks that should be managed and protected under a fishery management plan; 2) grouping data-poor stocks into relevant management complexes; and 3) developing precautionary harvest control rules. To assist the regional fishery management councils in determining vulnerability, NMFS elected to use a modified version of a productivity and susceptibility analysis (PSA) because it can be based on qualitative data, has a history of use in other fisheries, and is recommended by several organizations as a reasonable approach for evaluating risk. A number of productivity and susceptibility attributes for a stock are used in a PSA and from these attributes, index scores and measures of uncertainty are computed and graphically displayed. To demonstrate the utility of the resulting vulnerability evaluation, we evaluated six U.S. fisheries targeting 162 stocks that exhibited varying degrees of productivity and susceptibility, and for which data quality varied. Overall, the PSA was capable of differentiating the vulnerability of stocks along the gradient of susceptibility and productivity indices, although fixed thresholds separating low-, moderate-, and highly vulnerable species were not observed. The PSA can be used as a flexible tool that can incorporate regional-specific information on fishery and management activity.

Biomass and reproduction of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) off the Pacific northwestern United States, 2003–2005

The Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) is distributed along the west coast of North America from Baja California to British Columbia. This article presents estimates of biomass, spawning biomass, and related biological parameters based on four trawl-ichthyoplankton surveys conducted during July 2003 –March 2005 off Oregon and Washington. The trawl-based biomass estimates, serving as relative abundance, were 198,600 t (coefficient of variation [CV] = 0.51) in July 2003, 20,100 t (0.8) in March 2004, 77,900 t (0.34) in July 2004, and 30,100 t (0.72) in March 2005 over an area close to 200,000 km2. The biomass estimates, high in July and low in March, are a strong indication of migration in and out of this area. Sardine spawn in July off the Pacific Northwest (PNW) coast and none of the sampled fish had spawned in March. The estimated spawning biomass for July 2003 and July 2004 was 39,184 t (0.57) and 84,120 t (0.93), respectively. The average active female sardine in the PNW spawned every 20–40 days compared to every 6–8 days off California. The spawning habitat was located in the southeastern area off the PNW coast, a shift from the northwest area off the PNW coast in the 1990s. Egg production in off the PNW for 2003–04 was lower than that off California and that in the 1990s. Because the biomass of Pacific sardine off the PNW appears to be supported heavily by migratory fish from California, the sustainability of the local PNW population relies on the stability of the population off California, and on local oceanographic conditions for local residence.

Importance of shoreface sand ridges as habitat for fishes off the northeast coast of the United States

To determine if shoreface sand ridges provide unique habitats for fish on the inner continental shelf, two cross-shelf trawl surveys (23 km in length) were conducted in southern New Jersey (July and September 1991−95 with a beam trawl and July and September 1997−06 with an otter trawl) to assess whether species abundance, richness, and assemblages differed on and away from the ridge. The dominant species collected with both gears were from the families Paralichthyidae, Triglidae, Gobiidae, Serranidae, Engraulidae, Stromateidae, and Sciaenidae. Overall abundance (n=41,451 individuals) and species richness (n=61 species) were distributed bimodally across the nearshore to offshore transect, and the highest values were found on either side of the sand ridge regardless of gear type. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed three species assemblages: inshore (<5 meters depth), near-ridge (9−14 meters depth), and offshore (>14 meters depth), and variation in species composition between gear types. Environmental factors that corresponded with the assemblage changes included depth, temperature, distance from the top of the ridge, and habitat complexity. The most abundant near-ridge assemblages were distinct and included economically important species. Sand ridges of the inner continental shelf appear to be important habitat for a number of fish species and therefore may not be a suitable area for sand and gravel mining.

Avaliação de Potencialidade de Implantação de Sistema de Gestão Ambiental Dirigido às Empresas do Setor Farmacêutico Localizadas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro

A indústria farmacêutica, de um modo geral, manipula substâncias tóxicas, desenvolve atividades utilizando como matéria-prima um dos maiores bens da natureza, que é a água. Enfim, para produzir o medicamento em benefício do homem deixa como conseqüências, impactos ambientais consideráveis. Pretende-se mostrar que o segmento em questão, apesar de buscar se adequar às normas legais, como as da vigilância sanitária, ele é muito centrado na qualidade do produto, em detrimento dos aspectos ambientais, ainda que tendo disponível uma importante ferramenta para tal: A certificação de Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF) dos produtos farmacêuticos. A escolha do local da pesquisa foi o estado do Rio de Janeiro, por ser este, entre outros aspectos, um sítio onde historicamente se localizam empresas deste setor. O Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo são estados que congregam o maior número de fabricantes de medicamentos do país. Identificadas as indústrias foi realizado um levantamento para selecionar um grupo de empresas com características semelhantes. Como as grandes empresas deste segmento são dotadas de estrutura adequada à implantação de sistema de gestão ambiental, elas ficaram fora deste escopo. Também ficou fora da pesquisa o grupo formado por empresas que importam, embalam, comercializam, mas não fabricam os medicamentos e os produtores de fitoterápicos e veterinários. O resultado da pesquisa foi que as empresas privadas com número de empregados entre 50 e 500 e todas as públicas têm deficiência para atender aos requisitos ambientais legais, em outras palavras, as questões ambientais ficam restritas a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA / RDC-306) e aos processos de obtenção de licenças junto a Fundação Estadual de Engenharia do Meio Ambiente (FEEMA). Apenas uma dentre às vinte e oito pesquisadas tem Sistema de Gestão Ambiental SGA implantado. Como todos os fabricantes de medicamentos têm que cumprir as exigências da RDC-210, para obterem o Certificado de BPF e os registros dos medicamentos, assim eles já possuem a cultura, parte dos requisitos e a ferramenta necessária à implantação de um SGA de acordo com padrões voluntários como a NBR ISO 14001 (2004). Para comprovar tal evidência, o estudo apresentou o caso de uma empresa pública dotada de características inovadoras e cultura diferenciada, porque agrega colaboradores advindos de laboratórios privados. Tal empresa fabrica exclusivamente vacinas, biofármacos e reativos, sendo uma grande exportadora, sujeita à fiscalização internacional, como por exemplo, a da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Conclui-se que as empresas priorizam as questões da ANVISA e as ambientais precisam ser monitoradas e mitigadas. Um Plano de Ação para melhorias ambientais, visando à implantação de um SGA e a obtenção de um diferencial competitivo pode ser adotado, através da estrutura existente por força das exigências da ANVISA a qualquer empresa do setor farmacêutico

Multiple environmental states affecting penaeid shrimp production in Peru

A modification of the Schaefer surplus-production model was used to account for environmental induced variations of shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) catch in northern Peru. Based on time series of catch, effort, river discharge and sea surface temperature, fluctuations in catch of shrimps are explained and discussed with respect to multiple level of carrying capacity and hence different maximum sustainable yields.