A role for altered TLR gene expression in association with increased expression of CD200R in the induction of mucosal tissue CD4(+) Treg in aged mice following gavage with a liver extract along with intramuscular monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) injection.

Previous studies showed a fetal sheep liver extract (FSLE), in association with LPS, injected into aged (>20 months) mice reversed the altered polarization (increased IL-4 and IL-10 with decreased IL-2 and IFN-gamma) in cytokine production seen from ConA stimulated lymphoid cells of those mice. Aged mice show a >60% decline in numbers and suppressive function of both CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)Treg and so-called Tr3 (CD4(+)TGFbeta(+)). Their number/function is restored to levels seen in control (8-week-old) mice by FSLE. We have reported at length on the ability of a novel pair of immunoregulatory molecules, members of the TREM family, namely CD200:CD200R, to control development of dendritic cells (DCs) which themselves regulate production of Foxp3(+) Treg. The latter express a distinct subset of TLRs which control their function. We report that a feature of the altered Treg expression following combined treatment with FSLE and monophosphoryl lipid A, MPLA (a bioactive component of lipid A of LPS) is the altered gene expression both of distinct subsets of TLRs and of CD200Rs. We speculate that this may represent one of the mechanisms by which FSLE and MPLA alter immunity in aged mice.

Mechanism of reduction of virus release and cell-cell fusion in persistent canine distemper virus infection.

Canine distemper virus (CDV), a mobillivirus related to measles virus causes a chronic progressive demyelinating disease, associated with persistence of the virus in the central nervous system (CNS). CNS persistence of morbilliviruses has been associated with cell-to-cell spread, thereby limiting immune detection. The mechanism of cell-to-cell spread remains uncertain. In the present study we studied viral spread comparing a cytolytic (non-persistent) and a persistent CDV strain in cell cultures. Cytolytic CDV spread in a compact concentric manner with extensive cell fusion and destruction of the monolayer. Persistent CDV exhibited a heterogeneous cell-to-cell pattern of spread without cell fusion and 100-fold reduction of infectious viral titers in supernatants as compared to the cytolytic strain. Ultrastructurally, low infectious titers correlated with limited budding of persistent CDV as compared to the cytolytic strain, which shed large numbers of viral particles. The pattern of heterogeneous cell-to-cell viral spread can be explained by low production of infectious viral particles in only few areas of the cell membrane. In this way persistent CDV only spreads to a small proportion of the cells surrounding an infected one. Our studies suggest that both cell-to-cell spread and limited production of infectious virus are related to reduced expression of fusogenic complexes in the cell membrane. Such complexes consist of a synergistic configuration of the attachment (H) and fusion (F) proteins on the cell surface. F und H proteins exhibited a marked degree of colocalization in cytolytic CDV infection but not in persistent CDV as seen by confocal laser microscopy. In addition, analysis of CDV F protein expression using vaccinia constructs of both strains revealed an additional large fraction of uncleaved fusion protein in the persistent strain. This suggests that the paucity of active fusion complexes is due to restricted intracellular processing of the viral fusion protein.

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase as a target in inflammation- related disorders.

NAD(+) biosynthesis through nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) holds potential as a target for the treatment of inflammatory disorders due to NAD(+)'s role in immune cell signaling and metabolism. In addition to its activity as an enzyme, NAMPT is also secreted in the extracellular space where it acts as a pro-inflammatory and proangiogenic cytokine. NAMPT inhibition with FK866 has anti-inflammatory activity in different models of immune disorders and it prevents ischemia-reperfusion-induced heart damage by dampening the production of neutrophil chemoattractants. NAMPT blockade with a neutralizing antibody has beneficial effects in an acute lung injury model. Last, but not least, the anticancer activity of NAMPT inhibitors may also reflect, at least in part, their ability to modify the cancer microenvironment through their anti-inflammatory properties. Overall, NAMPT inhibition holds potential for the treatment of inflammation-related disorders and the development of effective and safe NAMPT inhibitors remains an area of strong interest in pharmaceutical research.

ER stress activates the NLRP3 inflammasome via an UPR-independent pathway.

Uncontrolled endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses are proposed to contribute to the pathology of chronic inflammatory diseases such as type 2 diabetes or atherosclerosis. However, the connection between ER stress and inflammation remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that ER stress causes activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, with subsequent release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β. This ER-triggered proinflammatory signal shares the same requirement for reactive oxygen species production and potassium efflux compared with other known NLRP3 inflammasome activators, but is independent of the classical unfolded protein response (UPR). We thus propose that the NLRP3 inflammasome senses and responds to ER stress downstream of a previously uncharacterized ER stress response signaling pathway distinct from the UPR, thus providing mechanistic insight to the link between ER stress and chronic inflammatory diseases.

Temperature-responsive sensing regulates biocontrol factor expression in Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0.

In the plant-beneficial, root-colonizing strain Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0, the Gac/Rsm signal transduction pathway positively regulates the synthesis of biocontrol factors (mostly antifungal secondary metabolites) and contributes to oxidative stress response via the stress sigma factor RpoS. The backbone of this pathway consists of the GacS/GacA two-component system, which activates the expression of three small regulatory RNAs (RsmX, RsmY, RsmZ) and thereby counters translational repression exerted by the RsmA and RsmE proteins on target mRNAs encoding biocontrol factors. We found that the expression of typical biocontrol factors, that is, antibiotic compounds and hydrogen cyanide (involving the phlA and hcnA genes), was significantly lower at 35 degrees C than at 30 degrees C. The expression of the rpoS gene was affected in parallel. This temperature control depended on RetS, a sensor kinase acting as an antagonist of the GacS/GacA system. An additional sensor kinase, LadS, which activated the GacS/GacA system, apparently did not contribute to thermosensitivity. Mutations in gacS or gacA were epistatic to (that is, they overruled) mutations in retS or ladS for expression of the small RNAs RsmXYZ. These data are consistent with a model according to which RetS-GacS and LadS-GacS interactions shape the output of the Gac/Rsm pathway and the environmental temperature influences the RetS-GacS interaction in P. fluorescens CHA0.

Tn5-directed cloning of pqq genes from Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0: mutational inactivation of the genes results in overproduction of the antibiotic pyoluteorin.

Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 produces several secondary metabolites, e.g., the antibiotics pyoluteorin (Plt) and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl), which are important for the suppression of root diseases caused by soil-borne fungal pathogens. A Tn5 insertion mutant of strain CHA0, CHA625, does not produce Phl, shows enhanced Plt production on malt agar, and has lost part of the ability to suppress black root rot in tobacco plants and take-all in wheat. We used a rapid, two-step cloning-out procedure for isolating the wild-type genes corresponding to those inactivated by the Tn5 insertion in strain CHA625. This cloning method should be widely applicable to bacterial genes tagged with Tn5. The region cloned from P. fluorescens contained three complete open reading frames. The deduced gene products, designated PqqFAB, showed extensive similarities to proteins involved in the biosynthesis of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) in Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and Methylobacterium extorquens. PQQ-negative mutants of strain CHA0 were constructed by gene replacement. They lacked glucose dehydrogenase activity, could not utilize ethanol as a carbon source, and showed a strongly enhanced production of Plt on malt agar. These effects were all reversed by complementation with pqq+ recombinant plasmids. The growth of a pqqF mutant on ethanol and normal Plt production were restored by the addition of 16 nM PQQ. However, the Phl- phenotype of strain CHA625 was due not to the pqq defect but presumably to a secondary mutation. In conclusion, a lack of PQQ markedly stimulates the production of Plt in P. fluorescens.

gp100(209-2M) peptide immunization of human lymphocyte antigen-A2+ stage I-III melanoma patients induces significant increase in antigen-specific effector and long-term memory CD8+ T cells.

Thirty-five HLA-A2(+) patients with completely resected stage I-III melanoma were vaccinated multiple times over 6 months with a modified melanoma peptide, gp100(209-2M), emulsified in Montanide adjuvant. Direct ex vivo gp100(209-2M) tetramer analysis of pre- and postvaccine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) demonstrated significant increases in the frequency of tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells after immunization for 33 of 35 evaluable patients (median, 0.36%; range, 0.05-8.9%). Ex vivo IFN-gamma cytokine flow cytometry analysis of postvaccine PBMCs after brief gp100(209-2M) in vitro activation showed that for all of the patients studied tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells produced IFN-gamma; however, some patients had significant numbers of tetramer(+) IFN-gamma(-) CD8(+)T cells suggesting functional anergy. Additionally, 8 day gp100(209-2M) in vitro stimulation (IVS) of pre- and postvaccine PBMCs resulted in significant expansion of tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells from postvaccine cells for 34 patients, and these IVS tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells were functionally responsive by IFN-gamma cytokine flow cytometry analysis after restimulation with either native or modified gp100 peptide. However, correlated functional and phenotype analysis of IVS-expanded postvaccine CD8(+) T cells demonstrated the proliferation of functionally anergic gp100(209-2M)- tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells in several patients and also indicated interpatient variability of gp100(209-2M) stimulated T-cell proliferation. Flow cytometry analysis of cryopreserved postvaccine PBMCs from representative patients showed that the majority of tetramer(+) CD8+ T cells (78.1 +/- 4.2%) had either an "effector" (CD45 RA(+)/CCR7(-)) or an "effector-memory" phenotype (CD45RA(-)/CCR7(-)). Notably, analysis of PBMCs collected 12-24 months after vaccine therapy demonstrated the durable presence of gp100(209-2M)-specific memory CD8(+) T cells with high proliferation potential. Overall, this report demonstrates that after vaccination with a MHC class I-restricted melanoma peptide, resected nonmetastatic melanoma patients can mount a significant antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell immune response with a functionally intact memory component. The data further support the combined use of tetramer binding and functional assays in correlated ex vivo and IVS settings as a standard for immunomonitoring of cancer vaccine patients.

Expression of genes encoding cytotoxic cell-associated serine proteases in thymocytes.

A family of homologous serine esterases designated granzyme A-H and the pore-forming protein perforin are present in cytoplasmic granules of mature peripheral cytolytic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. In vivo, the majority of cytotoxic T cells containing these granule-associated proteins are of the CD4-CD8+ phenotype. It is generally assumed that these cells are derived from immature CD4-CD8- thymocytes. However, the precise intrathymic differentiation steps leading to functionally mature cytotoxic T cells are unclear. Thus we decided to analyze the expression of genes in the thymus which are preferentially expressed in mature cytotoxic cells, i.e. granzyme A, granzyme B, and perforin. In situ hybridization on tissue sections revealed the expression of genes coding for granzyme A and granzyme B in the thymus. No evidence was found, however, for thymocytes expressing the perforin gene. Granzyme A and granzyme B mRNA positive cells in the thymus are almost exclusively CD4-CD8- thymocytes, particularly of the CD3- IL2R- phenotype.

Phosphatidic acid mediates demyelination in Lpin1 mutant mice

Lipids play crucial roles in many aspects of glial cell biology, affecting processes ranging from myelin membrane biosynthesis to axo-glial interactions. In order to study the role of lipid metabolism in myelinating glial cells, we specifically deleted in Schwann cells the Lpin1 gene, which encodes the Mg2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphatase (PAP1) enzyme necessary for normal triacylglycerol biosynthesis. The affected animals developed pronounced peripheral neuropathy characterized by myelin degradation, Schwann cell dedifferentiation and proliferation, and a reduction in nerve conduction velocity. The observed demyelination is mediated by endoneurial accumulation of the substrate of the PAP1 enzyme, phosphatidic acid (PA). In addition, we show that PA is a potent activator of the MEK-Erk pathway in Schwann cells, and that this activation is required for PA-induced demyelination. Our results therefore reveal a surprising role for PA in Schwann cell fate determination and provide evidence of a direct link between diseases affecting lipid metabolism and abnormal Schwann cell function

Application of metabolic engineering to the production of scopolamine

Scopolamine is an alkaloid widely used in medicine for its anticholinergic activity. The aim of this review is to show that metabolic engineering techniques constitute a suitable tool to improve the production of tropane alkaloids, focusing in particular on scopolamine. We present an overview of results obtained by various research groups, including our own, who have studied the overexpression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of scopolamine in different plant species that produce tropane alkaloids. Experiments carried out to improve production in hairy root cultures will also be described, as well as those attempting to biotransform hyoscyamine into scopolamine in roots and transgenic tobacco cells.

In vivo effects of a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing a mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen.

Early after infection, the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) expresses a superantigen (SAg) at the surface of B lymphocytes. Interaction with the T-cell receptor Vbeta domain induces a polyclonal proliferative response of the SAg-reactive T cells. Stimulated T cells become anergic and are deleted from the T-cell repertoire. We have used a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding the MMTV(GR) SAg to dissect the effects of the retroviral SAg during an unrelated viral infection. Subcutaneous infection with this recombinant vaccinia virus induces a very rapid increase of Vbeta14 T cells in the draining lymph node. This stimulation does not require a large Plumber of infectious particles and is not strictly dependent on the expression of the major histocompatibility complex class II I-E molecule, as it is required after MMTV(GR) infection. In contrast to MMTV infection during which B cells are infected, we do not observe any clonal deletion of the reactive T cells following the initial stimulation phase. Our data show that contrary to the case with MMTV, macrophages but not B cells are the targets of infection by vaccinia virus in the lymph node, indicating the ability of these cells to present a retroviral SAg. The altered SAg expression in a different target cell observed during recombinant vaccinia virus infection therefore results in significant changes in the SAg response.

Concordance among digital gene expression, microarrays, and qPCR when measuring differential expression of microRNAs.

Profiling microRNA (miRNA) expression is of widespread interest given the critical role of miRNAs in many cellular functions. Profiling can be achieved via hybridization-based (microarrays), sequencing-based, or amplification-based (quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, qPCR) technologies. Among these, microarrays face the significant challenge of accurately distinguishing between mature and immature miRNA forms, and different vendors have developed different methods to meet this challenge. Here we measure differential miRNA expression using the Affymetrix, Agilent, and Illumina microarray platforms, as well as qPCR (Applied Biosystems) and ultra high-throughput sequencing (Illumina). We show that the differential expression measurements are more divergent when the three types of microarrays are compared than when the Agilent microarray, qPCR, and sequencing technology measurements are compared, which exhibit a good overall concordance.

Initiation de l'adhésion leucocytaire : rôle des fucosyltransférases et des ligands des sélectines

RESUME La dissémination extramédullaire des cellules blastiques est une complication majeure des leucémies myéloïdes (LMA) ou lymphoïdes aiguës (LLA). La migration des cellules blastiques dépend de mécanismes semblables à ceux qui régulent la migration des leucocytes dans un site d'inflammation. Parmi ceux-ci, les oligosaccharides fucosylés décorant les ligands des sélectines jouent un rôle clé en interagissant avec les sélectines. PSGL-1 (P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1) est une protéine de 240 kD, exprimée à la surface des leucocytes, permettant de soutenir le roulement leucocytaire sur les sélectines, le long de la paroi vasculaire. L'interaction de PSGL-1 avec les sélectines nécessite des modifications post-traductionnelles de type sialylation, sulfatation , N et 0-glycosylation. Parmi les enzymes impliqués, les α1,3-fucosyltransférases jouent un rôle important dans la biosynthèse d'oligosaccharides fucosylés, ligands des sélectines (sLex, Lex, VIM-2, CLA). Comme l'expression des α1,3-fucosyltransférases par les cellules blastiques leucémiques n'a pas été étudiée précédemment, nous l'avons recherchée dans 120 cas de leucémies aiguës. Les ARNm des FucT-IV et -VII ont été détectés, par RT-PCR, dans tous les cas testés. L'ARNm de la FucT-IX n'a été observé que dans 40% des leucémies aiguës (48/120). L'ARNm de la FucT-IX est détecté dans 65% des LMA (47/72) et, moins fréquemment, dans 26% des LLA (11/42). A noter que les cas de LLA exprimant la FucT-IX correspondent essentiellement à des LLA secondaires à la transformation d'une leucémie myéloïde chronique ou des LLA de la lignée B de type leucémie/lymphome de Burkitt. L'expression de PSGL-1 et des oligosaccharides fucosylés par les blastes varie significativement parmi les LMA et les LLA : Lex, VIM-2 et sLex étant exprimés plus fréquemment par les myéloblastes que par les lymphoblastes. Le rôle des FucT-IV, -VII et -IX dans la synthèse des Lex, VIM-2, CLA et sLex a été examiné en exprimant l'ADNc de chaque FucT dans des cellules CHO. L'immunophénotypisation des transfectants indique que la FucT-VII synthétise sLex et CLA, mais pas Lex et VIM-2. Lex et VIM-2 sont générés par la FucT-IV. La FucT-IX ne participe qu'à la synthèse de Lex, sa capacité de synthèse de VIM-2 dans les cellules CHO est très faible. Le rôle de la FucT-IX dans la régulation du roulement cellulaire dépendant des sélectines a été testé dans des conditions de flux. Les vitesses de roulement des cellules CHO co-exprimant la FucT-LX, la core-2 01,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase et PSGL-1 sont très élevées sur la P-sélectine (médiane : 497.95 µm/s, n=96) alors qu'elles sont beaucoup plus lentes sur la E-sélectine (médiane 7 µm/s, n=64). Les recrutements sur la E-sélectine des cellules CHO-C2F9PSGL¬1 et des CHO-C2F7PSGL-1 sont similaires (moyenne ± SEM : 127.44 ± 4.38 vs. 151.16 ± 3.16 cellules/min/mm2, n=5). Celui des cellules CHO-C2F4PSGL-1 est par contre plus faible (54.20 ± 2.13 cellules/min/mm2, n=5). Ces résultats indiquent que la FucT-IX est impliquée dans la biosynthèse de Lex, VIM-2 et CLA et qu'elle régule l'interaction des cellules CHO avec la E-sélectine. Contrairement aux FucT-IV et -VII, la FucT-IX ne joue qu'un rôle mineur dans la régulation du roulement cellulaire sur la L- et la P-sélectine. L'expression fréquente de la FucT-IX par les myéloblastes suggère qu'elle pourrait participer avec les FucT-IV et -VII à la régulation de la migration cellulaire dépendant de la E-sélectine. Finalement, ce travail de thèse a été étendu à l'identification des protéines cytoplasmiques qui interagissent avec le domaine cytoplasmique de PSGL-1 et qui pourraient être impliquées dans la transmission de signaux intracellulaires. Les ligands intracellulaires de PSGL-1 seront identifiés par la technique du double hybride qui nous a déjà permis de confirmer que syk et la N-moésine se lient au domaine cytoplasmique de PSGL-1. Des ligands supplémentaires seront identifiés employant une librairie provenant des cellules souches hématopoïétiques comme proie. ABSTRACT Blast cell dissemination is a major complication of acute myeloblastic (AML) and lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Blast cell migration is dependent on mechanisms that are similar to those which regulate leukocyte migration into inflammatory lesions. Among them, fticosylated oligosaccharides that decorate selectin ligands play a key role by interacting with selectins. PSGL-1 (P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1) is a 240 kD glycoprotein constitutively expressed on leucocytes and which supports leukocyte rolling on selectins. PSGL-1 interaction with selectins is dependent on post-translational modifications such as sialylation, sulfation, N- and 0-glycosylation. Among the involved enzymes, the α1,3-fucosyltransferases (FucT) play a major role in generating cell surface glycoconjugates carrying fucosylated oligosaccharides which interact with selectins (sLex, Lex, VIM-2, CLA). Since no information is available on the expression of α1,3-fucosyltransferases by leukemic blast cells, we examined it in 120 cases of acute leukemia. FucT-IV and -VII mRNAs were detected, by RT-PCR, in all tested cases. In contrast, the presence of FucT-IX mRNA was shown in only 40% of patients with acute leukemia (48/120). FucT-IX mRNA was detected in 65% of AML (47/72) and, less frequently, in 26% of ALL (11/42). Importantly, all ALL cases expressing FucT-IX were either secondary leukemia resulting from the transformation of chronic myelocytic leukemia in acute lymphoblastic leukemia or mature B-ALL (FAB L3 subtype or Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia according to WHO classification). FucT-IX was not detected in precursor B or T-ALL. The expression of PSGL-1 and fucosylated epitopes was significantly different among AML and ALL, Lex, VIM-2 and sLex being more frequently expressed by myeloblasts than by lymphoblasts. The role of FucT-IV, -VII and -IX in the biosynthesis of Lex, VIM-2, CLA and sLex was examined by expressing the cDNA of each α1,3-FucT in CHO cells. Immunophenotypic analysis of CHO transfectants indicated that FucT-VII synthesizes sLex and CLA but not Lex or VIM-2. Lex and CLA were generated by both FucT-IV and -IX. FucT-IV and FucT-IX differed in their ability to synthesize VIM-2, FucT-IX being less efficient than FucT-IV. The role of FucT-IX in regulating selectin-dependent rolling was assessed under hydrodynamic flow conditions. P-selectin-dependent interactions were transient and occurred at high velocities (median: 497.95 1,µm/s, n=96). In contrast, much slower rolling velocities were observed on E-selectin (median: 7 µm/s, n=64). The recruitment of CHO-C2F9PSGL-1 and CHO-C2F7PSGL-1 cells was similar on E-selectin (mean ± SEM: 127.44 ± 4.38, n=5 vs 151.16 ± 3.16 cells/min/mm2, n=5). In the other hand, CHO-C2F4PSGL-1 cells were less efficiently recruited on E-selectin (54.20 ± 2.13 cells/min/mm2, n=5). This results indicate that FucT-IX is involved in the biosynthesis of Lex, VIM-2 and CLA and that it confers E-selectin binding activity to CHO cells. By contrast to FucT-IV and -VII, FucT-IX had a minor role in regulating P- and L-selectin-dependent rolling on CHO transfectants. The frequent expression of FucT-IX in myeloblasts suggests that it may participate with FucT-IV and -VII in regulating E-selectin-dependent cell migration into tissues. Finally, this thesis work was extended to the identification of the cytoplasmic proteins interacting with cytoplasmic domain of PSGL-1 that may be involved in transducing intracellular signals. We planned to identify these intracellular ligands of PSGL-1 by using the double hybrid technique and already confirmed that syk and N-moesin bind to the cytoplasmic domain of PSGL-1. Additional PSGL-1 ligands will be sought by the same technique using a CD34+ stem cell library as pray. RESUME DESTINE A UN LARGE PUBLIC : L'adhésion et la migration leucocytaire sont nécessaires à de nombreux processus cellulaires comme la régulation de l'hématopoïèse, mais aussi dans la pathogenèse de l'artériosclérose, des maladies inflammatoires et de la métastatisation des cellules cancéreuses. Les molécules impliquées constituent depuis peu des cibles pour la thérapie du cancer. La migration leucocytaire vers un site d'inflammation dépend de mécanismes complexes, se déroulant en plusieurs étapes, nécessitant l'interaction séquentielle de molécules d'adhésion leucocytaires et endothéliales. Ainsi, chronologiquement, suite à un stimulus inflammatoire, les leucocytes « roulent » sur les cellules endothéliales, sont activées, s'arrêtent et traversent la paroi endothéliale (diapédèse) pour migrer dans les tissus environnants inflammés selon un gradient chimiotactique. La première étape de roulement met en jeu deux molécules principales : PSGL-1 (P-Sélectine Glycoprotéine Ligand-1) du coté des leucocytes et les sélectines du coté de l'endothélium de la paroi vasculaire. L'interaction entre ces deux molécules nécessite des décorations de ces protéines par des sucres, des résidus sulfates et des acides sialiques. Le sucre essentiel à la liaison demeure le fucose qui est attaché aux protéines grâce à des enzymes de la famille des fucosyltransferases. Actuellement, neuf fucosyltransférases humaines ont été identifiées et désignées sous FucT-I à IX. La FucT-IX, dernière fucosyltransférase clonée, a un faible degré d'homologie avec les autres fucosyltransférases mais sa séquence est extrêmement conservée entre les espèces. Ceci traduit son importance par une forte résistance à la pression évolutive. L'examen de son expression au sein de 120 cas de leucémies aiguës a mis en évidence son comportement atypique. En effet, alors que les autres FucTs sont toujours présentes, la FucT¬IX ne s'exprime que dans un cas sur deux en moyenne avec une préférence plus importante pour les leucémies myéloïdes. Ainsi, une étude plus approfondie de cet enzyme à mis en évidence sa capacité à induire une interaction cellulaire plus spécifique de la E-sélectine. Elle décore non seulement des protéines de surface, mais aussi certainement les glycolipides constituant la membrane cellulaire.