970 resultados para energetic constraint


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Contient : 1 Ordonnance de « PHELIPPE » LE BEL, concernant les gages de bataille. 1306 ; 2 Vidimus donné, le 25 octobre 1372, de lettres de « CHARLES » V (« 25 avril 1369 ») et de « MARGUERIETE DE FLANDRES, duchesse de Bourgogne » ( « 27 mars 1368 »), concernant la châtellenie de Lille ; 3 Avis envoyé par le duc de Bourgogne (PHILIPPE LE BON) au roi d'Angleterre (Henri V), sur la conduite à tenir pendant la guerre contre la France ; 4 Avis adressés au duc de Bourgogne (Philippe Le Bon) sur « ce qu'il a à faire pour se maintenir avec le roy et monseigneur le Daulphin ». Trois rédactions différentes ; 5 « Instruction touchant la paix de France et d'Engleterre », datée de Gand, « 10 septembre 1435 » ; 6 Autres Avis sur les précautions à prendre contre les Anglais, après la paix d'Arras ; 7 Autres Avis qui sont la reproduction partielle de ceux déjà indiqués au fol. 16 ; 8 « Advertissemens à correction des choses qui sont necessairement à faire et executer pour le bien du roy et de son royaume de France », écrits en vue du congrès d'Auxerre, en 1432 ; 9 « Advertissement » au duc de Bourgogne, pour le pousser à la guerre contre le roi de France ; 10 Avis au duc de Bourgogne, sur ce qu'il aura « à faire et pourveoir, se Dieux lui donne la grace et volenté de aller à puissance d'armes... sur les desloyaulx incredulles, ou royaulme de Behaigne, que l'en appelle Housses » ; 11 Disposition à prendre pour la bataille à livrer devant « Barsailles » le 17 septembre ; 12 « Instructions des choses que veult qu'on face le roy regent, dont il fault parler à monseigneur le maistre des arbalestriers », suite de questions relatives au service de l'artillerie ; la réponse à chacune de ces questions est en marge ; 13 Compte de fournitures d'artillerie ; 14 Harangue adressée au duc de Bourgogne par un ambassadeur d'Édouard IV, roi d'Angleterre ; 15 Note sur les tailles que le duc de Bourgogne pourrait imposer à ses sujets ; 16 État des secours en hommes et en armes que le duc de Bourgogne peut tirer de ses États de Flandre et d'Artois. — Projet de lettres circulaires pour convoquer les chevaliers, écuyers et hommes d'armes des mêmes pays, et pour demander aux villes des arbalètes et autres engins de guerre ; 17 État des choses nécessaires « pour le secours de la flotte estant presentement à La Rochelle » ; 18 Lettres de sauf-conduit octroyées par PHILIPPE LE BON à Hugues de Launoy, seigneur de Sanctes. « 3 avril 1443 » ; 19 « Lettres de retenue données par le duc JEHAN en faveur de Hugues de Launoy. 15 septembre 1418 » ; 20 Lettres de « PHELIPPE, duc de Bourgoigne », accordant à Antoine, seigneur de Croy, et à Hugues de Launoy, certaines sommes en récompense de leurs services. « 16 avril 1428 » ; 21 Lettres de PHILIPPE, duc de Bourgogne, portant remboursement d'une somme de sept cent nobles, en faveur de Hugues de Launoy. 15 juin 1438. En flamand ; 22 « Mandement par lequel monseigneur le duc JEHAN mande que ung officier soit deporté de son office et constraint à soy mettre avec les hommes de fiefz, ses pers, pour porter bon et loyal tesmoingnage et jugement. 22 mars 1418 » ; 23 « Lettres d'armes » de « JEHAN DE LUXEMBOURG, bastart de St Pol » ; 24 Formule de « Lettres closes envoyées par messeigneurs du conseil, en Flandres, à messeigneurs du grant conseil » ; 25 Formule de requête adressée au duc de Bourgogne par le receveur d'une de ses châtellenies ; 26 Lettres de retenue octroyées par « PHELIPPE, duc de Bourgoigne », à « Regnauldin Loyset, chevaucheur de l'escuirie ». 2 juillet 1430 ; 27 Mandement du même au même. 31 juillet 1430 ; 28 « L'Ordonnance de l'ayde de Zeellande, pour monseigneur de Santes et autres, en flameng ». 27 avril 1439 ; 29 « Mandement par lequel monseigneur le duc a renouvellé les gaiges de monseigneur de Santes comme chief du conseil de Hollande, Zeellande et Frise ». 10 juin 1434 ; 30 Quittance donnée par « ANTOINE DE CROY » à Hugues de Launoy. 26 décembre 1430 ; 31 Lettres de sauf-conduit données par « JAQUES DE HARECOURT,... lieutenant general pour le roy monseigneur le regent ou pays de Picardie », à « Jehan de Harecourt, evesque d'Amiens ». 14 juin 1422 ; 32 Lettres de créance données par JACQUELINE, « comtesse DE HAYNNAUT, HOLLANDE », à Collart Haymin, pour le seigneur de Santes. 20 juillet ; 33 Traité pour la reddition de Melun. 18 novembre 1408 ; 34 Traité pour la reddition de Meaux. 2 mai 1422 ; 35 « Lettres de PHILIPPE, fils du duc de Bourgogne, touchant le nombre des maistres de ses comptes à Lille... 20 février 1414 » ; 36 « Lettres de provision de l'office de maistre des comptes à Toussains Bajart ». 1er septembre 1417 ; 37 Fragment de chronique traitant principalement des faits et gestes du duc de Bourgogne, Jean sans Peur, du 29 avril 1417 au mois d'octobre de la même année ; 38 « Lettres de paix entre monseigneur le Daulphin et le duc Jean de Bourgogne, au Ponceau pres Melun, 11 juillet 1419 » ; 39 « Traictié fait par les commis et deputés de tres haulx... princes le roy de France, et son beau filz, le roy d'Engleterre, heritier et regent de France, avec les commis et deputés de par... les habitans de la ville de Compigne ». 16 mai 1422 ; 40 « Lettres du roy HENRY d'Angleterre sur la plainte à luy faicte par le duc de Bourgogne de quelques navires arrestés... 17 mars 1435 » ; 41 « Plaincte des officiers du duc de Bourgogne pour le retranchement de leurs gages en Hollande... 2 mars 1437 » ; 42 « Du Secours que le duc de Bourgogne envoya à l'empereur de Constantinople à Rhodes. 1440 » ; 43 Lettre de « BERTHELEMY DE JENNES », ministre général de l'ordre des Frères Mineurs « es parties d'Orient », au prieur de St-Jean de Jérusalem, sur les « maulx que les Turcs font aulx chrestiens, et des moyens d'y remedier... Constantinoble, le IIIe de frevier, l'an.MCCCC. et.XLII » ; 44 « Lettres du duc DE BOURGOGNE, par lesquelles il exempte de la loy de justice de l'Escluse, les capitaines et soldats du chasteau. 27 janvier 1439 » ; 45 « Nouvelles de Constantinople et des victoires du blanc vayvode de Hongrie contre les Turcs. 7 déc. 1448 » ; 46 « Narration pour encommenchier et faire unes lettres d'armes. 1449 » ; 47 « Lettres de Frere JEAN DE CAPISTRANO, Cordelier, au duc de Bourgogne », pour l'engager à reconquérir la Terre sainte. « 19 mars 1453 » ; 48 « Instruction de HUE DE LAUNOY, seigneur DE SANTES, sur le mariage d'Adolf de Cleves à la damoyselle de Coymbre, touchant la terre de Ziericxée en Zelande » ; 49 « Instruction pour entreprendre la guerre contre les Hons » ; 50 « Instruction pour combattre les Turs » ; 51 « Instruction pour entreprendre la guerre contre les hereticques de Behaigne » ; 52 Récit des préliminaires du traité de paix entre le duc Philippe de Bourgogne et les Gantois à Gavre; suivi dudit traité. Août 1453 ; 53 « Proposition de l'empereur pour une armée contre les Turcs, avec la response du duc de Bourgogne. 1454 » ; 54 « Lettre du voyage du duc de Bourgogne en Allemagne. 6 juin 1454 » ; 55 « Arrest contre le duc d'Alençon. Octobre 1458 » ; 56 Traduction d'une bulle de PIE II, qui appelle les princes chrétiens à la croisade contre les Turcs. 22 octobre 1463 ; 57 Lettre de « CHARLES DE BOURBON » au duc de Bourgogne sur la guerre du Bien Public. « 15 mars 1465 » ; 58 Lettre du roi « LOYS » XI au duc de Bourbon, pour le prier de venir auprès de lui ; 59 Réponse du duc « DE BOURBON. 24 mars 1464, avant Pasques » ; 60 Récit de la bataille de Montlhéry. 16 juillet 1465 ; 61 « Accors et appointemens faiz par le roy [Louis XI] aux princes. 2 octobre 1465 » ; 62 Lettre du roi « LOYS » XI aux Liégeois, par laquelle il leur fait part dudit accord. 21 octobre 1465 ; 63 « Lettre de deffiance » envoyée par « le gouverneur de Liege au duc de Bourgogne. 28 août 1465 » ; 64 Lettre du « comte DE CHAROLOIS » contre le seigneur de Groy. « 19 mars 1464 » ; 65 Ambassade du roi Louis XI vers le duc de Bourgogne, pour se faire rendre des prisonniers. 6 novembre 1464 ; 66 Lettres déjà citées aux nos 57, 58, 59 ; 67 Traité entre le roi Louis XI et les princes, à St-Maur des Fossés. 28 octobre 1465 ; 68 Autre Traité avec le comte de Charolais, à la suite de la guerre du Bien Public. 5 octobre 1465 ; 69 Déclaration du roi « LOYS » XI, qui adjoint trois prévôtés au bailliage d'Amiens, en faveur du duc de Bourgogne. 13 octobre 1465 ; 70 « Nouvelles du pays de Levant et des Turcs » ; 71 Lettre d'« ANTHOINE DU PAIAGE » sur les Turcs et sur le tribut de quatre mille ducats qu'ils demandent par an au grand maître de Rhodes. « 9 février 1466 » ; 72 Accord entre le duc de Bourgogne et les habitants de Saint-Trond. 2 novembre 1467 ; 73 Récit de ce qui se passa à Péronne entre le roi Louis XI et Charles, duc de Bourgogne. 9 octobre 1468 ; 74 « Prenosticacions pour l'an mil quatre cens soixante neuf » ; 75 « Comment le... roy de Portingal prist et assault la ville de Arzille au paiis d'Aufrique, l'an mil.IIII. C. LXXI » ; 76 Autre pièce relative au même sujet ; 77 Déclaration du duc « CHARLES » DE BOURGOGNE, envoyée à toutes les bonnes villes de France, sur la guerre qu'il entreprend contre le roi Louis XI, pour venger la mort du duc de Guyenne. Juillet 1472 ; 78 Trève entre le roi Louis XI et le duc de Bourgogne. 1472 ; 79 Institution de parlement à Malines par le duc « CHARLES » DE BOURGOGNE. Décembre 1473 ; 80 « La Maniere du siege de la ville de Nuys » par le duc Charles de Bourgogne. Mai 1475 ; 81 Trêve pour neuf ans entre le roi Louis XI et le duc « Charles » de Bourgogne. 13 septembre 1475 ; 82 Manifeste et supplication du « conte DE LINEY » au duc de Bourgogne ; 83 « Relation du seigneur DE GRIBOVAL au roy, de ce qu'il a faict et negotié vers le duc de Bourgogne pour le faict dudict comte de Ligny,... 25 dec » ; 84 « Traicté d'abolition accordé par le comte de Nassau, lieutenant du roy des Romains, aux habitants de la ville de Bruges. 6 dec. 1490 » ; 85 « Protestations contre les ennemis d'enfer, compilées par J. AUBERT » ; 86 « Le Fachon des figures du livre... de Teaudelet » ; 87 Ordonnance de la ville de Lille « sur le fait des sayettes » ; 88 Lettre d'« ANTHONNE DE LA SALLE » à un nouveau religieux ; 89 Autre de « PHILIPPE POT » au même

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The parental behaviour of male and female Common Terns (Sterna hirundo) was documented throughout two breeding seasons at a colony near Port Colborne , Ontario. Thirteen and fourteen pairs of terns were chosen for intensive study in 1982 and 1983, respectively. The delivery of fish by males to their mates ("courtship feeding") occurred prior-to, during, and following the egg-laying period. Following the laying of the second egg, courtship feeding rates declined significantly. There was a significant, positive correlation bebween courtship feeding rates and subsequent chick feeding rates by males. The incubation rates of females were significantly higher than those of males, especially during the first ten days of incubation. Territorial attendance rates during the incubation stage were similar for males and females. During the chick stage, territorial attendance rates of females were significantly higher than those of males. The size of fish fed to chicks by males increased as the chicks grew older and chick feeding rates of males were approximately three times higher than female rates. Based on these quantitative differences in parental care activities, the cumulative parental time investment by the two sexes was very similar. However, the energetic investment by males was likely greater than that by females, since male parental contributions (e.g. courtship feeding and chick feeding) often entailed extensive foraging behaviour.

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Herodotus' logos represents many examples ofthe relationship between political and paradigmatic authority, and the synthesis ofthese examples in a community characterized by free and equal speech. Herodotus' walkabout narrator sets forth an inquiry into knowledge-seeking he extends the isegoria principle from Athenian politics to the broader world. The History demonstrates (a) various modes of constructing meaning, (b) interacting notions ofhow people have lived and living questions as to how we ought to live, and (c) an investigation ofthe nature and limits ofhuman knowledge. Representing diverse wisdom, publicly and privately discovered and presented, Herodotus sets forth Solon's wise advice and law-making, the capital punishment of the learned Anacharsis, the investigative outrages of Cambyses and Psammetichus' more pious experiments. Their stories challenge and complement their communities' characters - the relative constraint under which the Egyptians and Persians make their investigations, the Scythians' qualified openness and the relative fearlessness and freedom in which the Greeks set forth their inquiries. Setting forth the investigator-storykeeper as a poetic historian, Herodotus shows that history as poetry thwarts natural decay by allowing custom to be reformed in an open milieu, and thus win through and survive. Despite the potential dangers that openness shares with tyranny, Herodotus' inquiry sets up a contest ofworld-views in which it is mutability that openness affords a community that ensures its survival.

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The operational sex ratio has long been considered an important constraint on the structure of mating systems. The effects of an experimentally manipulated sex ratio on mating behavior and selection were investigated in a polygynous species, Gryllus pennsylvanicus, where the potential exists for spatial/temporal fluctuations in sex ratio of field populations. Four different sex ratios (males: females, 5:0, 5:2, 5:5, 5:10) were investigated. Observations were conducted in late summer over two field seasons, from 2400 h , to 1000 h EST. Several male characters thought to be associated with male reproduc.tive success were studied: calling duration, searching distance, weight, fighting behavior, courtship frequency, and mating success. Variance in male mating success was used as the indicator for the opportunity for sexual selection. Total selection was estimated as the univariate regression coefficient between relative fitness and the character of interest, while direct selection was estimated as standardized partial regression coefficients generated from a multiple regression of relative fitness on each character. The opportunity for sexual selection was highest at 5:2 and lowest at 5:10. The frequency of fighting behavior was highest at 5:2 and 5:5. Fighting ability (% wins) was determined to be an important correlate of male body weight. Direct selection for increased male body weight was detected at 5:2, while total selection for body weight was seen at 5:5. Selection on male body weight was not detected at 5: 10. Calling duration decreased as sex ratio became more female-biased. Total and direct selection were detected for increased calling at 5:2, only total selection for calling was seen at 5:5, whereas direct selection against calling was detected at 5: 10. Searching distance also decreased as sex ratio became more female-biased, however no form of selection was detected for searching at any of the sex ratios. Data are discussed in terms of sexual selection on male reproductive tactics, the mating system and maintenance of genetic variation in male reproductive behavior.

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The interaction of biological molecules with water is an important determinant of structural properties both in molecular assemblies, and in conformation of individual macromolecules. By observing the effects of manipulating the activity of water (which can be accomplished by limiting its concentration or by adding additional solutes, "osmotic stress"), one can learn something about intrinsic physical properties of biological molecules as well as measure an energetic contribution of closely associated water molecules to overall equilibria in biological reactions. Here two such studies are reported. The first of these examines several species of lysolipid which, while present in relatively low concentrations in biomembranes, have been shown to affect many cellular processes involving membrane-protein or membrane-membrane interactions. Monolayer elastic constants were determined by combining X-ray diffraction and the osmotic stress technique. Spontaneous radii of curvature of lysophosphatidylcholines were determined to be positive and in the range +30A to +70A, while lysophosphatidylethanolamines proved to be essentially flat. Neither lysolipid significantly affected the bending modulus of the monolayer in which it was incorporated. The second study examines the role of water in theprocess of polymerization of actin into filaments. Water activity was manipulated by adding osmolytes and the effect on the equilibrium dissociation constant (measured as the criticalmonomer concentration) was determined. As water activity was decreased, the critical concentration was reduced for Ca-actin but not for Mg-actin, suggesting that 10-12 fewer water molecules are associated with Ca-actin in the polymerized state. Thisunexpectedly small amount of water is discussed in the context of the common structural motif of a nucleotide binding cleft.

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The design of a large and reliable DNA codeword library is a key problem in DNA based computing. DNA codes, namely sets of fixed length edit metric codewords over the alphabet {A, C, G, T}, satisfy certain combinatorial constraints with respect to biological and chemical restrictions of DNA strands. The primary constraints that we consider are the reverse--complement constraint and the fixed GC--content constraint, as well as the basic edit distance constraint between codewords. We focus on exploring the theory underlying DNA codes and discuss several approaches to searching for optimal DNA codes. We use Conway's lexicode algorithm and an exhaustive search algorithm to produce provably optimal DNA codes for codes with small parameter values. And a genetic algorithm is proposed to search for some sub--optimal DNA codes with relatively large parameter values, where we can consider their sizes as reasonable lower bounds of DNA codes. Furthermore, we provide tables of bounds on sizes of DNA codes with length from 1 to 9 and minimum distance from 1 to 9.

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This thesis investigated the modulation of dynamic contractile function and energetics of work by posttetanic potentiation (PTP). Mechanical experiments were conducted in vitro using software-controlled protocols to stimulate/determine contractile function during ramp shortening, and muscles were frozen during parallel incubations for biochemical analysis. The central feature of this research was the comparison of fast hindlimb muscles from wildtype and skeletal myosin light chain kinase knockout (skMLCK-/-) mice that does not express the primary mechanism for PTP: myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation. In contrast to smooth/cardiac muscles where RLC phosphorylation is indispensable, its precise physiological role in skeletal muscle is unclear. It was initially determined that tetanic potentiation was shortening speed dependent, and this sensitivity of the PTP mechanism to muscle shortening extended the stimulation frequency domain over which PTP was manifest. Thus, the physiological utility of RLC phosphorylation to augment contractile function in vivo may be more extensive than previously considered. Subsequent experiments studied the contraction-type dependence for PTP and demonstrated that the enhancement of contractile function was dependent on force level. Surprisingly, in the absence of RLC phosphorylation, skMLCK-/- muscles exhibited significant concentric PTP; consequently, up to ~50% of the dynamic PTP response in wildtype muscle may be attributed to an alternate mechanism. When the interaction of PTP and the catchlike property (CLP) was examined, we determined that unlike the acute augmentation of peak force by the CLP, RLC phosphorylation produced a longer-lasting enhancement of force and work in the potentiated state. Nevertheless, despite the apparent interference between these mechanisms, both offer physiological utility and may be complementary in achieving optimal contractile function in vivo. Finally, when the energetic implications of PTP were explored, we determined that during a brief period of repetitive concentric activation, total work performed was ~60% greater in wildtype vs. skMLCK-/- muscles but there was no genotype difference in High-Energy Phosphate Consumption or Economy (i.e. HEPC: work). In summary, this thesis provides novel insight into the modulatory effects of PTP and RLC phosphorylation, and through the observation of alternative mechanisms for PTP we further develop our understanding of the history-dependence of fast skeletal muscle function.

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The KCube interconnection network was first introduced in 2010 in order to exploit the good characteristics of two well-known interconnection networks, the hypercube and the Kautz graph. KCube links up multiple processors in a communication network with high density for a fixed degree. Since the KCube network is newly proposed, much study is required to demonstrate its potential properties and algorithms that can be designed to solve parallel computation problems. In this thesis we introduce a new methodology to construct the KCube graph. Also, with regard to this new approach, we will prove its Hamiltonicity in the general KC(m; k). Moreover, we will find its connectivity followed by an optimal broadcasting scheme in which a source node containing a message is to communicate it with all other processors. In addition to KCube networks, we have studied a version of the routing problem in the traditional hypercube, investigating this problem: whether there exists a shortest path in a Qn between two nodes 0n and 1n, when the network is experiencing failed components. We first conditionally discuss this problem when there is a constraint on the number of faulty nodes, and subsequently introduce an algorithm to tackle the problem without restrictions on the number of nodes.

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In an economy where cash can be stored costlessly (in nominal terms), the nominal interest rate is bounded below by zero. This paper derives the implications of this nonnegativity constraint for the term structure and shows that it induces a nonlinear and convex relation between short- and long-term interest rates. As a result, the long-term rate responds asymmetrically to changes in the short-term rate, and by less than predicted by a benchmark linear model. In particular, a decrease in the short-term rate leads to a decrease in the long-term rate that is smaller in magnitude than the increase in the long-term rate associated with an increase in the short-term rate of the same size. Up to the extent that monetary policy acts by affecting long-term rates through the term structure, its power is considerably reduced at low interest rates. The empirical predictions of the model are examined using data from Japan.

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The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that, even if Marx's solution to the transformation problem can be modified, his basic conclusions remain valid. the proposed alternative solution which is presented hare is based on the constraint of a common general profit rate in both spaces and a money wage level which will be determined simultaneously with prices.

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This paper uses a standard two-period overlapping generation model to examine the behavior of an economy where both intergenerational transfers of time and bequests are available. While bequests have been examined extensively, time transfers have received little or no attention in the literature. Assuming a log-linear utility function and a Cobb-Douglas production function, we derive an explicit solution for the dynamics and show that altruistic intergenerational time transfers can take place in presence of a binding non-negativity constraint on bequests. We also show that with either type of transfers capital is an increasing function of the intergenerational degree of altruism. However, while with time transfers the labor supply of the young increases with the degree of altruism, with bequests it may decrease

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The purpose of this paper is to characterize the optimal time paths of production and water usage by an agricultural and an oil sector that have to share a limited water resource. We show that for any given water stock, if the oil stock is sufficiently large, it will become optimal to have a phase during which the agricultural sector is inactive. This may mean having an initial phase during which the two sectors are active, then a phase during which the water is reserved for the oil sector and the agricultural sector is inactive, followed by a phase during which both sectors are active again. The agricultural sector will always be active in the end as the oil stock is depleted and the demand for water from the oil sector decreases. In the case where agriculture is not constrained by the given natural inflow of water once there is no more oil, we show that oil extraction will always end with a phase during which oil production follows a pure Hotelling path, with the implicit price of oil net of extraction cost growing at the rate of interest. If the natural inflow of water does constitute a constraint for agriculture, then oil production never follows a pure Hotelling path, because its full marginal cost must always reflect not only the imputed rent on the finite oil stock, but also the positive opportunity cost of water.

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Affiliation: Claudia Kleinman, Nicolas Rodrigue & Hervé Philippe : Département de biochimie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal

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The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that, even if Marx's solution to the transformation problem can be modified, his basic conclusions remain valid. the proposed alternative solution which is presented hare is based on the constraint of a common general profit rate in both spaces and a money wage level which will be determined simultaneously with prices.

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Consider a general equilibrium framework where the marginal cost of extraction from several deposits of an exhaustible resource is constant in terms of an inexhaustible perfect substitute and differs between deposits. the instantaneous rate of production form the inexhaustible resource is subject to a capacity constraint.