Being impolite while pretending to be polite. The rupture of politeness conventions in electoral debates

This paper is a part of a larger research that pursues a global understanding of impoliteness in face-to-face electoral debates. That research distinguishes three essential axes, three complementary analytical perspectives: functional strategies of impoliteness, linguistic-discursive mechanisms to implement them and social impacts of impolite acts. In this frame, the present work develops an in-depth analysis of a special category of mechanisms, namely the rupture of politeness conventions, a subgroup within postliteral implicit mechanisms. This subgroup acquires its identity by the fact of carrying out a linguistic action that is conventionally associated with a polite attitude, but doing it in a rhetorically insincere way: the consequence is that apparent politeness becomes impoliteness. Relevant aspects in the characterization of ruptures are isolated and, on this basis, it is developed a detailed analysis of three specific kinds of mechanisms in which ruptures take shape: using ironic statements, developing different forms of overpoliteness and adopting a falsely collaborative attitude toward the interlocutor. The analysis of that group of mechanisms takes into account, simultaneously, the other two axes of the main research, strategies and social impacts.

Imperative, subjunctive, and the desiderative-appellative space in Spanish

After defining the “enunciative scheme” (sentence type) as a communicative unit, the imperative is characterized as a morphologized modality of appellative kind used when the following conditions occur: appellative meaning, 2nd person, future tense and absence of negation. In Spanish, any variation of any of these requirements determines that the subjunctive is used. We reject the idea that the imperative is a variant of subjunctive specialized in appellative function and that both modes share a desiderative morpheme. Working in this way means attributing to a morphological category of the verb a property that actually corresponds to the enunciative schemes (sentence types). We propose to integrate the imperative and subjunctive in the framework of what we call the “desiderative-appellative space”. This “space” brings together various grammatical or grammaticalized means based on the imperative and the subjunctive. Semantically, it is organized around a component of desirability (action appears as desirable) that, by varying several factors, configures a route that goes from a center (the imperative) to a periphery (the expression of desire).

Assessment of the EEE-4 oral test: a discourse analysis based on complex networks.

With the development of information technology, the theory and methodology of complex network has been introduced to the language research, which transforms the system of language in a complex networks composed of nodes and edges for the quantitative analysis about the language structure. The development of dependency grammar provides theoretical support for the construction of a treebank corpus, making possible a statistic analysis of complex networks. This paper introduces the theory and methodology of the complex network and builds dependency syntactic networks based on the treebank of speeches from the EEE-4 oral test. According to the analysis of the overall characteristics of the networks, including the number of edges, the number of the nodes, the average degree, the average path length, the network centrality and the degree distribution, it aims to find in the networks potential difference and similarity between various grades of speaking performance. Through clustering analysis, this research intends to prove the network parameters’ discriminating feature and provide potential reference for scoring speaking performance.

Interpretation and typology Spanish indefinite pronoun uno in three discoursive genres

This study investigates the Spanish indefinite pronoun uno (“one”). After a detailed analysis of its occurrences in authentic language, we find that its interpretation varies depending on the linguistic context. Therefore, we examine which elements of the context - we focus on the broader context, beyond the sentence – have an impact on its interpretation and develop a typology of the indefinite pronoun as to its interpretation. The pronoun may be interpreted as completely generic or specific (referring to the speaker, the listener or a third person). Its interpretation can also be located in an intermediate position between these interpretive extremes.In addition, we compare its use in various discursive genres - spontaneous conversations, academic essays and web forum - which are distinguished by the presence or absence of interactivity and of more or less subjectivity / intersubjectivity. The comparison shows that pronoun use depends on these characteristics.

ReaderBench goes Online: A Comprehension-Centered Framework for Educational Purposes

In this paper we introduce the online version of our ReaderBench framework, which includes multi-lingual comprehension-centered web services designed to address a wide range of individual and collaborative learning scenarios, as follows. First, students can be engaged in reading a course material, then eliciting their understanding of it; the reading strategies component provides an in-depth perspective of comprehension processes. Second, students can write an essay or a summary; the automated essay grading component provides them access to more than 200 textual complexity indices covering lexical, syntax, semantics and discourse structure measurements. Third, students can start discussing in a chat or a forum; the Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) component provides indepth conversation analysis in terms of evaluating each member’s involvement in the CSCL environments. Eventually, the sentiment analysis, as well as the semantic models and topic mining components enable a clearer perspective in terms of learner’s points of view and of underlying interests.

Actitudes hacia la variedad caló y sus hablantes : Un estudio sociolingüístico de las opiniones de adolescentes andaluces

Caló is a language/variety spoken by the Spanish Calé (i.e. the Roma). The variety belongs to a group oflanguages referred to as “Para-Romani”, characterized by Romani vocabulary, but largely non-Romani morphology, phonology and syntax, in the case of Caló deriving from Spanish. Much research has been carried out regarding the vocabulary and the grammar of this variety.The conclusions drawn in those studies indicate that Caló is on its way to extinction. However, thereis an expressed interest in reintroducing the variety, in a form called “Romanó-Caló”. Language attitudes play a decisive role for the destiny of endangered languages. In order for arevitalization project to be successful, the attitudes towards the variety being reintroduced have to bepositive. The aim of this study is to measure the attitudes that both Calé and non-Calé have towards Calóand Caló speakers, a type of study never carried out in the past. The methods applied are both direct andindirect. In part one, 231 informants listened to different recordings of voices acting as either a “Spanishspeaking person” or a “Caló speaking person”, a technique referred to as ‘matched guise’. Firstly,the informants were asked to write down their first three impressions of the speakers. Secondly, nineshort questions related to the voices were asked, to which the subjects expressed their answers on attitudescales. They were also asked to match the voices with photos of people. Furthermore, theinformants have answered questions regarding what variety is spoken at home, as well as if he or she hasany knowledge of, or contact with, any language/variety, apart from Spanish. 182 informants continuedwith part two of the questionnaire, which consisted of 20 items – positive and negative statementstowards Caló and Caló speakers. The informants have rated their agreement or disagreement to thesestatements on a Likert scale. Another exercise measured the willingness of the informants to use Calówords for naming various objects. In addition, the subjects were tested on their knowledge of some Calówords, as well as asked whether they thought it was “useful” to know how to speak Caló. Variousstatistical methods have been used in order to establish whether or not the results are statisticallysignificant. The results of the analysis indicate that the attitudes differ towards Caló and Calóspeakers, depending on the informant’s (a) ethnicity (b) contact with Caló as well as with Calóspeakers, and (c) gender. It is those who – in their own opinion – belong to the ethnic group Calé, as wellas those who claim that they have some contact with the variety and its speakers, who show positiveattitudes in both parts of the study. The women also show more positive attitudes than the men. It is alsopossible to note positive attitudes towards the variety and its speakers among the subjects with a highlevel of knowledge of Caló words, as well as among those with the highest willingness to use Caló. These observations suggest that a revitalization project of the variety Caló has a clear chance ofbeing successful.

Maude Object-Oriented Action Tool

MAIDL, André Murbach; CARVILHE, Claudio; MUSICANTE, Martin A. Maude Object-Oriented Action Tool. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science. [S.l:s.n], 2008.

Processing of hierarchical syntactic strusture in music

Hierarchical structure with nested nonlocal dependencies is a key feature of human language and can be identified theoretically in most pieces of tonal music. However, previous studies have argued against the perception of such structures in music. Here, we show processing of nonlocal dependencies in music. We presented chorales by J. S. Bach and modified versions inwhich the hierarchical structure was rendered irregular whereas the local structure was kept intact. Brain electric responses differed between regular and irregular hierarchical structures, in both musicians and nonmusicians. This finding indicates that, when listening to music, humans apply cognitive processes that are capable of dealing with longdistance dependencies resulting from hierarchically organized syntactic structures. Our results reveal that a brain mechanism fundamental for syntactic processing is engaged during the perception of music, indicating that processing of hierarchical structure with nested nonlocal dependencies is not just a key component of human language, but a multidomain capacity of human cognition.

Causatividad y construcciones con verbo soporte en latín: el ejemplo de "poena afficere"

En este trabajo nos proponemos analizar la colocación latina poena afficere, ‘imponer un castigo’, un tipo de colocación con especificidades tanto sintácticas como semánticas que la distinguen de las construcciones verbo-nominales más prototípicas: el sustantivo predicativo funciona no como Objeto Directo sino como tercer argumento del verbo soporte, un esquema sintáctico que, como intentaremos demostrar, resulta ideal para la expresión de predicados causativos. De los ejemplos documentados de poena afficere en un amplio corpus de textos, intentaremos destacar las principales características de este tipo de colocación. Para su descripción y formalización nos serviremos del marco teórico propuesto por la Teoría Sentido-Texto.

Evaluation of Community-led Complementary Feeding and Learning Sessions

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Nicht-standardisierte Erweiterungen von SKOS-Thesauri und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Kompatibilität

Vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Auswirkungen von selbst-definierten Extensions auf Kompatibilität von SKOS-Thesauri untereinander. Zu diesem Zweck werden als Grundlage zunächst die Funktionsweisen von RDF, SKOS, SKOS-XL und Dublin Core Metadaten erläutert und die verwendete Syntax geklärt. Es folgt eine Beschreibung des Aufbaus von konventionellen Thesauri inkl. der für sie geltenden Normen. Danach wird der Vorgang der Konvertierung eines konventionellen Thesaurus in SKOS dargestellt. Um dann die selbst-definierten Erweiterungen und ihre Folgen betrachten zu können, werden fünf SKOS-Thesauri beispielhaft beschrieben. Dazu gehören allgemeine Informationen, ihre Struktur, die verwendeten Erweiterungen und ein Schaubild, das die Struktur als Übersicht darstellt. Anhand dieser Thesauri wird dann beschrieben wie Mappings zwischen den Thesauri erstellt werden und welche Herausforderungen dabei bestehen.

Teoria da mente e competências sociais em crianças em idade escolar

A Teoria da Mente (TM) é uma competência cognitiva que permite ao individuo reconhecer os seus próprios estados mentais bem como o das outras pessoas. Trata-se de uma capacidade que se desenvolve desde os primeiros meses de vida até à idade escolar e que faz com que sejamos capazes de compreender e antecipar o comportamento do outro: compreender os sentimentos, pensamentos, crenças, desejos e intenções (ver glossário). É a TM que permite ao indivíduo compreender o contexto social em que está inserido, demonstrando comportamentos sociais adequados. A linguagem está intimamente relacionada com a TM, nomeadamente com a capacidade de compreender falsas crenças, expressões idiomáticas, duplos sentidos e ironias (marcadores ao nível do seu desenvolvimento). A semântica e a sintaxe (sob ponto de vista expressivo e recetivo) têm um papel fulcral na compreensão dos estados mentais. É nesta relação entre TM, Competências Sociais (CS) e linguagem que se enquadra a presente investigação. Esta teve como objetivos analisar a relação existente entre TM e CS em crianças com desenvolvimento neurotípico, bem como a sua relação existente entre fatores sociais e demográficos, comparar a perceção dos pais e professores sobre as CS e analisar algumas variáveis preditoras da TM. Para isso, constituiu-se uma amostra de 103 crianças de ambos os sexos (54 do sexo feminino e 49 do sexo masculino) com idades compreendidas entre os 6 e os 9 anos com desenvolvimento neurotípico que frequentassem o 1º ciclo do ensino básico. Para a recolha de dados, os encarregados de educação preencheram um questionário sobre dados socio – demográficos e o questionário de CS (também preenchidos pelo professores). As competências de TM foram avaliadas através duas sequências do Teste Doctor Martin – Brune. Esta investigação encontrou correlações efetivas entre competências de TM e CS, nomeadamente nos domínios do altruísmo, iniciação e orientação pró – social bem como na reciprocidade. Tal como se esperava após a revisão bibliográfica, encontraram-se correlações entre alguns fatores sociais e demográficos, TM e CS ainda que alguns resultados tenham sido inconclusivos. De qualquer forma, verificou-se a existência de relações com a idade, escolaridade, número de irmãos, idade dos irmãos, escolaridade e idade dos pais. Os resultados acerca da perceção de pais e professores acerca das CS da criança foram igualmente curiosos e passiveis de nova investigação: as CS nos diferentes contextos em que a criança se insere e a avaliação que diferentes interlocutores fazem das suas competências. Foram encontradas correlações positivas entre CS e alguns fatores socio – demográficos anteriormente referidos pela investigação (escolaridade da mãe, número de irmãos, idade, anos de escolaridade). No entanto, outros fatores surgiram como estando relacionados (fatores relacionados com o pai) sem que exista mais informação acerca destes dados. Os resultados demonstraram também que os pais avaliam as CS dos filhos de modo superior aos professores no que se refere à orientação pró – social e iniciação social, mas inferior no domínio do altruísmo. De acordo com o Teste de Pearson, existem correlações positivas entre a avaliação realizada pelos pais e professores no que diz respeito à orientação pró – social, iniciação social e altruísmo bem como no total do Questionário. Todavia, é fundamental continuar a desenvolver estudos nesta área de investigação tendo em consideração a pouca informação existente acerca de algumas variáveis, nomeadamente, em relação ao papel do pai no desenvolvimento da TM.

Étude des stratégies favorisant le transfert des apprentissages chez les adultes ayant suivi une formation intensive

Certaines sources affirment que les apprenants adultes ne retiennent que 10% des apprentissages faits lors d'une session de formation. Le but visé par cette recherche est donc d'identifier les stratégies favorisant le transfert des apprentissages chez les adultes. Pour ce faire, le chercheur a d'abord consulté les auteurs Malcolm Knowles, Alan B. Knox, Patricia K. Cross et Claudette Montpetit entre autres, pour établir les caractéristiques des adultes. Ces derniers ont une expérience de vie et de travail, des attentes et des connaissances qui les distinguent des jeunes étudiants, ce qui exige des stratégies d'enseignement différentes, qui tiennent compte de ces éléments. Ceci étant posé, les recherches effectuées par Jean-Marc Pilon et R. R. Haccoun, C. Jeanrie, A. Bernard, D. Desjardins et N. Murtada du groupe GRAFT ont été déterminantes pour le chercheur. Ces derniers ont recommandé l'application de certaines stratégies avant, pendant et après la formation, dans le but d'augmenter le transfert des apprentissages chez les adultes. Le devis de recherche montre que cette étude de cas s'est faite en appliquant ces stratégies auprès de trois groupes d'apprenants adultes s'inscrivant à une session intensive de perfectionnement suite à un changement technologique survenant dans leur milieu de travail. Les résultats de la recherche ont démontré par ailleurs que ces stratégies pouvaient effectivement favoriser le transfert des apprentissages surtout celles mises en place après la formation et qui, dans certains cas peuvent même être l'ultime élément déclencheur dans la décision de transférer les apprentis sages. En conclusion, le lecteur pourra constater que la phase « pendant l'activité de formation » est la seule sur laquelle le formateur a une emprise. Pour les autres, soit celles avant et après le perfectionnement, il revient au conseiller pédagogique de convaincre les gestionnaires de l'importance de ces activités. Mais en-a-t-il le pouvoir, le loisir et surtout est-il lui-même conscient de l'importance de cette démarche?

A forma do privilégio: renda, acessibilidade e densidade em Natal-RN

The aim of this work is to understand the morphological expression of ground occupation by the higher income population, by focusing on population distribution in accordance with income layers and demographical density, as well as topological accessibility (HILLIER and HANSON, 1984) resulting from the urban grid structure. It endeavors to identify a functional organizing principle regarding the intra-urban space of Natal capital city of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, the research focus. In order to achieve this, census data as well as syntactic data were utilized for mapping and spatial analysis of income patterns, topological accessibility and demographical density using Geographical Information System GIS. The organizing principle was named as the Form of Privilege, a pattern that concentrates or tends to concentrate wealth, topological accessibility and low demographical density. Attempting to assess its extent, beyond Natal, this principle was applied to other Brazilian northeastern capitals such as: Fortaleza, CE; Teresina, PI; Aracaju, SE; Recife, PE; and João Pessoa, PB. Findings point out that although the urban structures of these cities are not immune to the Form of Privilege, Natal is emblematic of this phenomenon, a fact that demonstrates the perverse character of its spatial process, which historically creates privileged areas within the city, by means of the appropriation of accessibility as well as of the many urban benesses that are related to it by higher income groups at the expense of the major part of the population, which though being the people mostly in need of the benefits originating from the urban form are excluded from them

Saudosa Maloca, Maloca querida: um estudo morfológico da relação forma/usos do espaço em moradias autoconstruídas e construídas pelo poder público após um ano de ocupação

This study intends to enhance the existing knowledge concerning the patterns of the uses of space for low cost housing in Parnamirim, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, by way of comparative morphological studies in spatial arrangements and articulations regarding three distinct, however inter-related, sets of social housing: (1) a development comprising 21 self-built houses erected on public routes and illegal plots within a tract of land originally designed to be an industrial development: (2) architect-designed houses built by the public authority in order to accommodate the previous 21 (plus a few additions) families occupying the self-built dwellings, and (3) modifications performed by dwellers on a total of those 24 houses built by the public authority after an occupation period of one year. The predominant uses of each room within the self-built and modified houses were represented in ground plan, based on empirical observation, surveys with dwellers and the use of analytical procedures of morphologic analysis of nature predominantly geometric (specific) and topology (space syntax analysis). A scale of priorities was identified in relation to the uses of each room, its geometrical arrangement (adjacency, front/back relations etc), and underlying structures (connectivity, depth and spatial integration) in order to establish congruencies and non-congruencies between a social-cultural order embedded in the self-built domestic space and the design logic contained in the houses offered by official agencies. The comparative analysis points towards the convivial existence of two tendencies: one that seems to reinforce a design logic inasmuch as the additions and modifications performed by the dwellers do not alter but even emphasize the original configuration of the designed houses, and another one in which those patterns are subverted in accordance with a logic which, to a lesser or greater degree, coincides with that of the self-built dwellings