Enhanced antibiotic multi-resistance in nasal and faecal bacteria after agricultural use of streptomycin

Streptomycin is used in arboriculture to control fire blight. Using sheep as a model, multidrug-resistant bacteria in mammals were found to be selected after the intentional release of streptomycin into the environment. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from the faeces and nasal cavities, respectively, of sheep grazing on a field sprayed with streptomycin at concentrations used in orchards (test group) and on a field without streptomycin (control group). Before the application of streptomycin, the percentage of streptomycin-resistant E. coli isolates in faeces was 15.8% in the control group and 14.7% in the test group. After the application of streptomycin, the overall number of streptomycin-resistant E. coli isolates was significantly higher in the test group (39.9%) than in the control group (22.3%). Streptomycin-resistant Staphylococcus isolates were only detected after the application of streptomycin. Streptomycin resistance was frequently associated with resistance to sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol and less frequently to cefotaxime in E. coli, and to tetracycline, fusidic acid and tiamulin in Staphylococcus spp. This study shows that the application of low concentrations of streptomycin on grass, as occurs during the spraying of orchards, selects for multidrug-resistant nasal and enteric bacterial flora, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli.

Adapting agricultural land management to climate change: a regional multi-objective optimization approach

In several regions of the world, climate change is expected to have severe impacts on agricultural systems. Changes in land management are one way to adapt to future climatic conditions, including land-use changes and local adjustments of agricultural practices. In previous studies, options for adaptation have mostly been explored by testing alternative scenarios. Systematic explorations of land management possibilities using optimization approaches were so far mainly restricted to studies of land and resource management under constant climatic conditions. In this study, we bridge this gap and exploit the benefits of multi-objective regional optimization for identifying optimum land management adaptations to climate change. We design a multi-objective optimization routine that integrates a generic crop model and considers two climate scenarios for 2050 in a meso-scale catchment on the Swiss Central Plateau with already limited water resources. The results indicate that adaptation will be necessary in the study area to cope with a decrease in productivity by 0–10 %, an increase in soil loss by 25–35 %, and an increase in N-leaching by 30–45 %. Adaptation options identified here exhibit conflicts between productivity and environmental goals, but compromises are possible. Necessary management changes include (i) adjustments of crop shares, i.e. increasing the proportion of early harvested winter cereals at the expense of irrigated spring crops, (ii) widespread use of reduced tillage, (iii) allocation of irrigated areas to soils with low water-retention capacity at lower elevations, and (iv) conversion of some pre-alpine grasslands to croplands.

Land deals intensify competition for scarce resources

Since the worldwide food price crisis of 2008, foreign investors have rushed to acquire large amounts of agricultural land in poorer countries. Some observers welcome this, claiming that outside investment in ostensibly underused land will jump-start local development. Others regard such investments as land grabs, stressing that the areas are rarely empty and that local people have little say. This brief identifies the types of land targeted by investors and reveals key socio-ecological patterns of such deals. The evidence indicates that foreign investments are intensifying competition for the best land. Ensuring that such deals instead contribute to sustainable, inclusive use of land requires strong public guidance and oversight.

Kissingen, its sources and resources : with observations on their use and efficacy in the treatment of disease

by A. B. Granville

Assessing the impact of electronic health record technology adoption on hospital labor efficiency

Information technology (IT) in the hospital organization is fast becoming a key asset, particularly in light of recent reform legislation in the United States calling for expanding the role of IT in our health care system. Future payment reductions to hospitals included in current health reform are based on expected improvements in hospital operating efficiency. Since over half of hospital expenses are for labor, improved efficiency in use of labor resources can be critical in meeting this challenge. Policy makers have touted the value of IT investments to improve efficiency in response to payment reductions. ^ This study was the first to directly examine the relationship between electronic health record (EHR) technology and staffing efficiency in hospitals. As the hospital has a myriad of outputs for inpatient and outpatient care, efficiency was measured using an industry standard performance metric – full time equivalent employees per adjusted occupied bed (FTE/AOB). Three hypotheses were tested in this study.^ To operationalize EHR technology adoption, we developed three constructs to model adoption, each of which was tested by separate hypotheses. The first hypothesis that a larger number of EHR applications used by a hospital would be associated with greater staffing efficiency (or lower values of FTE/AOB) was not accepted. Association between staffing efficiency and specific EHR applications was the second hypothesis tested and accepted with some applications showing significant impacts on observed values for FTE/AOB. Finally, the hypothesis that the longer an EHR application was used in a hospital would be associated with greater labor efficiency was not accepted as the model showed few statistically significant relationships to FTE/AOB performance. Generally, there does not appear a strong relationship between EHR usage and improved labor efficiency in hospitals.^ While returns on investment from EHR usage may not come from labor efficiencies, they may be better sought using measures of quality, contribution to an efficient and effective local health care system, and improved customer satisfaction through greater patient throughput.^

Sistematización de suelos : eficiencia en la ejecución del proyecto en suelos complejos

El manejo sustentable de los recursos naturales relacionados con proyectos de utilización de los recursos hídricos (entre otros), requiere en muchos casos de la modificación del relieve existente. Esto conlleva la necesidad de adecuación de la capa homogénea superior del suelo, operación que suele denominarse "sistematización", la cual facilita una distribución más uniforme de las lluvias y del agua de riego. Esta modificación de la capa superior del suelo es realizada en base a un proyecto, cuya inclinación responda a las pendientes naturales o a las establecidas por el diseñador. En la ejecución del diseño proyectado, en superficies superiores a una hectárea, el movimiento de tierra se realiza con equipos pesados, que no aseguran un alto porcentaje de eficiencia en lo que al movimiento de tierra se refiere, ya que parte del material se pierde en el acarreo, pero muy especialmente, por la compactación desuniforme del mismo, asociada con las texturas complejas del suelo a trabajar. El presente trabajo determinó el índice de precisión en la ejecución del proyecto de sistematización a partir de un índice estadístico internacionalmente aceptado, el "Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)", comparando los valores altimétricos proyectados y los realmente obtenidos luego de la ejecución del proyecto, en tres parcelas con distinta secuencia de labores y maquinaria utilizadas, pero con el mismo tipo de suelo en el área del eje Pilar - La Plata (Argentina). Los resultados obtenidos, que varían de un RMSE de 4 a 6 cm, permiten concluir, para los sitios y las condiciones estudiadas, que no pueden asegurarse en la sistematización índices de precisión en la ejecución de la obra, inferiores a los 4 cm.

Sistemas de información geográfica aplicados al inventario y gestion de información rural

El objetivo del trabajo es explorar las ventajas de los SIG como herramienta para el inventario y gestión de información agropecuaria de pequeñas explotaciones. En el área de estudio, la planificación de la actividad rural muchas veces se realiza de manera intuitiva, lo que genera una deficiente utilización de la información y los recursos. Actualmente, los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) son una herramienta que posibilita el fácil almacenaje, acceso y gestión de datos. Los establecimientos ejemplo se seleccionaron por la disponibilidad de información registrada y porque las actividades realizadas son representativas del área. Se inventarió y relacionó la información, lo que generó cartografía que permitió visualizar diferentes escenarios productivos. Quedó demostrada la eficiencia de los SIG como una herramienta que mejora la gestión de la información inventariada y posibilita la planificación de la actividad futura

Sistemas de información geográfica aplicados al inventario y gestion de información rural

El objetivo del trabajo es explorar las ventajas de los SIG como herramienta para el inventario y gestión de información agropecuaria de pequeñas explotaciones. En el área de estudio, la planificación de la actividad rural muchas veces se realiza de manera intuitiva, lo que genera una deficiente utilización de la información y los recursos. Actualmente, los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) son una herramienta que posibilita el fácil almacenaje, acceso y gestión de datos. Los establecimientos ejemplo se seleccionaron por la disponibilidad de información registrada y porque las actividades realizadas son representativas del área. Se inventarió y relacionó la información, lo que generó cartografía que permitió visualizar diferentes escenarios productivos. Quedó demostrada la eficiencia de los SIG como una herramienta que mejora la gestión de la información inventariada y posibilita la planificación de la actividad futura

Sistemas de información geográfica aplicados al inventario y gestion de información rural

El objetivo del trabajo es explorar las ventajas de los SIG como herramienta para el inventario y gestión de información agropecuaria de pequeñas explotaciones. En el área de estudio, la planificación de la actividad rural muchas veces se realiza de manera intuitiva, lo que genera una deficiente utilización de la información y los recursos. Actualmente, los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) son una herramienta que posibilita el fácil almacenaje, acceso y gestión de datos. Los establecimientos ejemplo se seleccionaron por la disponibilidad de información registrada y porque las actividades realizadas son representativas del área. Se inventarió y relacionó la información, lo que generó cartografía que permitió visualizar diferentes escenarios productivos. Quedó demostrada la eficiencia de los SIG como una herramienta que mejora la gestión de la información inventariada y posibilita la planificación de la actividad futura

Use of echocardiography reveals reestablishment of ventricular pumping efficiency and partial ventricular wall motion recovery upon ventricular cryoinjury in the zebrafish

AIMS While zebrafish embryos are amenable to in vivo imaging, allowing the study of morphogenetic processes during development, intravital imaging of adults is hampered by their small size and loss of transparency. The use of adult zebrafish as a vertebrate model of cardiac disease and regeneration is increasing at high speed. It is therefore of great importance to establish appropriate and robust methods to measure cardiac function parameters. METHODS AND RESULTS Here we describe the use of 2D-echocardiography to study the fractional volume shortening and segmental wall motion of the ventricle. Our data show that 2D-echocardiography can be used to evaluate cardiac injury and also to study recovery of cardiac function. Interestingly, our results show that while global systolic function recovered following cardiac cryoinjury, ventricular wall motion was only partially restored. CONCLUSION Cryoinjury leads to long-lasting impairment of cardiac contraction, partially mimicking the consequences of myocardial infarction in humans. Functional assessment of heart regeneration by echocardiography allows a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of cardiac regeneration and has the advantage of being easily transferable to other cardiovascular zebrafish disease models.

Development of land rental market and its effect on household farming in rural China : an empirical study in Zhejiang Province

This paper investigates the impact of land rental market development on the efficiency of labor allocation and land utilization in rural China. To test the hypothesis that the shadow wage of a rent-in household with limited off-farm opportunities will increase with the development of a land rental market for households, a statistical comparison between the shadow wage and the estimated market wage was conducted. The results showed that the shadow wage for both rent-in households and non-rent-in households was significantly lower than the market wage, but that the wage for the rent-in households was statistically higher than that for non-rent-in households in Fenghua and Deqing, the two counties surveyed in this study. In addition, the estimated marginal product of farmland for rent-in households was statistically higher than the actual land rent that those households paid, while a null hypothesis that the actual rental fee accepted by rent-out households is equivalent to the marginal product of farmland for those households was not rejected in Fenghua county where land transactions by mutual agreement were more prevalent. These results indicate that the development of the land rental market facilitates the efficiency of labor allocation and farmland utilization in rural China.