975 resultados para U-Pb and 40Ar-39Ar geochronology


Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

新疆北部地区属于中亚造山带的关键部位,有独特的构造岩浆活动和成矿作用,自二十世纪八十年代早期以来一直是国内外地质研究的热点地区之一。准噶尔盆地两侧大面积出露的A型花岗岩及相关矿床是该区的重要研究对象。尽管已有的研究积累了一定成果,但对一些关键问题,特别是对于A型花岗岩形成时代和成因的认识还存在较大争议。另一方面,传统观点认为锡矿床主要与演化的过铝质S型花岗岩有关,但在东准噶尔卡拉麦里构造带,多个中小型锡矿床产于A型花岗岩体内或岩体与围岩的接触带附近,花岗岩与锡矿的成因联系有待深入研究。 本论文以准噶尔盆地两侧的三条A型花岗岩带(包括东准噶尔的卡拉麦里和乌伦古河A型花岗岩带、西准噶尔的达拉布特A型花岗岩带)为研究对象,对其中的一些A型花岗岩体开展了详细的年代学和地球化学研究,并以这些资料为基础,探讨了A型花岗岩的岩石成因及其构造和成矿意义。概括起来,主要得到以下结论性认识: (1)锆石U-Pb年代学结果显示,卡拉麦里铝质和碱性A型花岗岩都形成于302~310Ma左右;乌伦古河碱性A型花岗岩形成于305~320Ma,而铝质A型花岗岩形成于270~280Ma;西准噶尔达拉布特铝质A型花岗岩形成于295~305Ma。这些高精度的同位素年龄资料进一步确证了准噶尔地区大面积发育的A型花岗岩是该区后碰撞阶段的岩浆作用产物。 (2)三个构造带的碱性花岗岩和碱长花岗岩都具有典型A型花岗岩的矿物学和地球化学特征。在主量元素上它们富硅、富碱、低铝、贫钙镁,在微量元素上它们明显富集Rb、K、Th等大离子亲石元素及Zr、Hf等高场强元素和稀土元素而亏损Ba、Sr、Eu。根据地球化学组成,苏吉泉黑云母碱长花岗岩是典型的铝质A型花岗岩,而不是前人提出的S型花岗岩。 (3)三个构造带的A型花岗岩均有较高的正Nd(T)值和大于成岩年龄的两阶段Nd同位素模式年龄,它们的地质特征和地球化学组成难以用幔源岩浆高度分异的成岩模式解释。这些A型花岗岩的岩浆很可能是花岗闪长质岩浆分异结晶作用的产物,而花岗闪长质岩浆则起源于具亏损地幔同位素组成的玄武质洋壳和少量陆壳物质的部分熔融。 (4)东准噶尔早二叠世A型花岗岩的发育表明该区后碰撞阶段的花岗岩浆作用持续时间较长(约60Ma),这些花岗岩与晚石炭世A型花岗岩在地球化学组成上的差异揭示了东准噶尔乃至新疆北部在早二叠世的陆壳垂向生长。 (5)萨惹什克锡矿石中辉钼矿的Re-Os同位素年龄值(307Ma)与赋矿的萨北碱性花岗岩中锆石的U-Pb年龄值(306Ma)有很好的一致性,而且辉钼矿的Re含量低,表明成矿物质可能主要源于地壳。时间和物源的证据反映该区A型花岗岩与锡矿床具有密切的成因联系。

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

拉拉铜矿床位于扬子地块西缘的康滇隆起中段,赋存于经历变质的古元古代河口群海相火山-沉积岩系中,是我国重要的受变质热液叠加或改造的火山成因块状硫化物矿床(VHMS)之一,也是四川省最大的铜矿生产基地。本论文以该矿床为研究对象,在系统整理前人资料的基础上,进行了深入细致的野外地质考察和系统采样,选取代表性样品,运用电子探针分析技术、元素地球化学、同位素地球化学(Rb-Sr、Sm-Nd、S)、锆石U-Pb定年等方法手段,对矿区新元古代大规模区域变质作用的变质条件、变质原岩、广泛分布于矿区多个赋矿层位的辉长辉绿岩脉、岩石及矿石性质、硫源、成矿时代等主要岩石学及矿床学问题进行了系统研究,并结合前人研究成果,探讨了矿床的成因机制。论文主要取得以下几点认识: (1)矿区变质火山岩的成岩年龄为1695±20Ma,岩浆在上升侵位的过程中捕获了古元古代早期地壳物质,后期变质改造的时代约为700-800Ma。 (2)基于石榴石黑云母片岩中石榴石黑云母矿物对的电子探针分析数据,利用石榴石-黑云母地质温度计和多硅白云母地质压力计确定了矿区新元古代大规模区域变质作用的变质条件:变质温度为530-580℃,变质压力上限为0.66-0.76GPa,对应于高绿片岩相。 (3)矿区出露的岩石类型以云母片岩类和钠长岩类岩石为主,二者共同构成了矿区的围岩及赋矿岩石,通过对代表性样品的元素地球化学、同位素地球化学研究,采用DF函数判别法、(Al/3-K)-(Al/3-Na)图解法、La/Yb-TR图解法,并结合岩矿鉴定及结构构造特征,恢复了矿区的变质原岩。其中,矿区的云母片岩类样品的变质原岩为沉积岩,以页岩为主,主要来自大陆岛弧及上地壳物质的风化;而钠长岩类样品的变质原岩为火山岩,源自富集地幔,包括“右倾型”钠长岩和“平坦型”钠长岩,前者为分离结晶作用早期并经历一定程度地壳混染的产物,后者主要形成于分离结晶作用晚期,Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、P、Ti等达到饱和并以副矿物晶出。 (4)综合矿区变质沉积岩及变质火山岩的构造环境判别结果,确定了二者形成于大陆岛弧的弧后盆地环境。 (5)通过对矿区变质火山岩性质、形成机制及硫同位素研究,讨论了矿床中成矿元素可能的富集机制,即地幔中大量的亲铜元素及硫元素进入母岩浆并随之上升形成区域分布的火山岩,为矿床的形成提供了必要条件。 (6)侵入河口群地层并广泛出露于矿区多个赋矿层位的辉长辉绿岩脉的化学成分与板内碱性玄武岩类似且形成于大陆裂谷环境下的类似OIB源区,是高温地幔柱部分熔融的产物,幔源岩浆在上升侵位过程中受到了地壳物质尤其是上地壳物质较小程度的混染,表明新元古代Rodinia超大陆裂解对拉拉地区的成矿作用有重要影响。 (7)拉拉铜矿床主要存在两个成矿期次,即火山喷气-沉积成矿期(1700 Ma左右)和变质热液成矿期(700-800Ma)。矿区主要存在两种类型矿石,即条纹、条带状矿石和块状、浸染状矿石,前者主要赋存于变质火山岩中,可能形成于火山喷气-沉积成矿期,后者主要赋存于变质沉积岩中,可能为变质热液成矿期的产物。

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Background: Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) has emerged as a leading cause of cirrhosis in the U. S. and across the world. To understand the role of apoptotic pathways in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, we studied the mRNA and protein expression patterns of apoptosis-related genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from patients with HCV infection.Methods: the present study included 50 subjects which plasma samples were positive for HCV, but negative for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV). These cases were divided into four groups according to METAVIR, a score-based analysis which helps to interpret a liver biopsy according to the degree of inflammation and fibrosis. mRNA expression of the studied genes were analyzed by reverse transcription of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and protein levels, analyzed by ELISA, was also conducted. HCV genotyping was also determined.Results: HCV infection increased mRNA expression and protein synthesis of caspase 8 in group 1 by 3 fold and 4 fold, respectively (p < 0.05). in group 4 HCV infection increased mRNA expression and protein synthesis of caspase 9 by 2 fold and 1,5 fold, respectively (p < 0.05). Also, caspase 3 mRNA expression and protein synthesis had level augumented by HCV infection in group 1 by 4 fold and 5 fold, respectively, and in group 4 by 6 fold and 7 fold, respectively (p < 0.05).Conclusions: HCV induces alteration at both genomic and protein levels of apoptosis markers involved with extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Transport and its energetic and environmental impacts affect our daily lives. The transport sector is the backbone of the United Kingdom’s economy with 2.3 million people being employed in this sector. With a high dependency on transport for passengers and freight and with the knowledge that oil reserves are rapidly decreasing a solution has to be identified for conserving fuel. Passenger vehicles account for 61% of the transport fuel consumed in the U.K. and should be seen as a key area to tackle. Despite the introduction and development of electric powered cars, the widespread infrastructure that is required is not in place and has attributed to their slow uptake, as well as the fact that the electric car’s performance is not yet comparable with the conventional internal combustion engine. The benefits of the introduction of kinetic energy recovery systems to be used in conjunction with internal combustion engines and designed such that the system could easily be fitted into future passenger vehicles are examined. In this article, a review of automobile kinetic energy recovery system is presented. It has been argued that the ultracapacitor technology offers a sustainable solution. An optimum design for the urban driving cycle experienced in the city of Edinburgh has been introduced. The potential for fuel savings is also presented

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Murphy, L., Lewandowski, G., McCauley, R., Simon, B., Thomas, L., and Zander, C. 2008. Debugging: the good, the bad, and the quirky -- a qualitative analysis of novices' strategies. SIGCSE Bull. 40, 1 (Feb. 2008), 163-167

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Following international trends victims of crime in Ireland have increasingly become a source of political, policy and to a lesser extent academic concern. Although it is assumed that the Irish victims’ rights movement is having a profound impact on the criminal justice system there are very few studies addressing this assumption or the genesis of the Irish movement. At the time a victims’ rights movement was established in Ireland there were movements already established in the U.S. and Britain. To determine which model Ireland followed, if any, in establishing its movement a comparative analysis of the emergence of the victims’ rights movements in these three common law jurisdictions was undertaken. This research examines possible victim policy transfer to test the transfer route perception that the victims’ movement began in the U.S., was transferred into Britain and then onto Ireland. At the same time that the victims’ rights movements were emerging in the U.S., Britain and Ireland, and asserting pressure on their national governments for beneficial changes for victims of crime, international organisations such as the U.N. and Council of Europe were being pressured by victims’ rights groups into introducing victim centered instruments of guidance and best practice for member states. Eventually the E.U. became involved and enacted a binding instrument in 2001. These victim centered instruments provide legal and service provision rights to Irish victims of crime, but they do not generate much academic interest. This research, in addition to providing a detailed account of the victim centered instruments, analyses the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, and identifies and analyses the primary victim centered statutory modifications and case law in Ireland over the past three decades. Lastly, the current law and practices in Ireland are evaluated against Ireland’s obligations under international and E.U. law.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Due to the increasing incidence of antibiotic resistant strains, the use of novel antimicrobials, such as bacteriocins, has become an ever more likely prospect. Lacticin 3147 (of which there are two components, Ltnα and Ltnβ) and nisin belong to the subgroup of bacteriocins called the lantibiotics, which has attracted much attention in recent years. The lantibiotics are antimicrobial peptides that contain unusual amino acids resulting from a series of enzyme-mediated post translational modifications. Given that there have been relatively few examples of lantibiotic-specific resistance; these antimicrobials appear to represent valid alternatives to classical antibiotics. However, the fact that lantibiotics are naturally only produced in small amounts often hinders their commercialisation. In order to overcome this bottleneck, several approaches can be employed. For example, we can create a situation that reduces the quantity of a lantibiotic required to inhibit a target by combining it with other antimicrobials. Here, following an initial screen involving lacticin 3147 and several classical antibiotics, it was observed between lacticin 3147 and the commercial antibiotics polymyxin B/E function synergistically. This reduced the amounts of the individual antimicrobials required for kill and broadened the spectrum of inhibition of both agents. Upon combination with polymyxins, lacticin 3147, which has been associated with Gram positive targets only, actively targeted Gram negative species such as Escherichia coli and Cronobacter sp. An alternative means of addressing problems associated with lantibiotic yield is to better understand how production is regulated, and ultimately use this information to enhance peptide levels. With this in mind the regulation of lacticin 3147 production from the promoter Pbac was investigated using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression reporter system. This revealed that elements within both of the divergent operons of the lacticin 3147 gene cluster are involved in Pbac regulation. That is, LtnR, already established as a negative regulator of itself and the lacticin 3147 associated immunity genes, also acts as an activator of Pbac transcription. In contrast, an enhanced level of expression is observed in the absence of the lacticin 3147 structural genes, ltnA1 and ltnA2, indicating that these genes/gene products are involved in Pbac repression. In fact, through complementation of the ltnA2 gene, it was revealed that this regulation is more likely to be dependent on the presence of the gene transcript rather that the corresponding prepropeptide or modified Ltnβ. It may be that if lacticin 3147 production is successfully enhanced, the ability of the producing cell to protect itself may become an issue. To prepare for such a possibility a bioengineered derivative of the lacticin 3147 immunity protein LtnI (LtnI I81V) which provides enhanced protection was discovered through an in depth investigation involving the site and saturation mutagenesis of this protein. In addition, the creation of truncated forms of LtnI allowed the identification of important and essential regions of this immunity protein. Finally, as mentioned, self-immunity is essential to prevent self-killing. However the discovery of nisin U immunity and regulatory gene homologues (spiFEGRR’K) within the pathogenic strain S. infantarius subsp. infantarius is a cause for concern as it represents an example of immune mimicry, a form of lantibiotic-specific resistance. The ability of spiFEG to confer protection was apparent when they successfully provided protection to nisin A, F, Z, Q and U when expressed heterologously in the nisin sensitive L. lactis HP host. As a consequence of the studies presented in this thesis, it is likely that strategies will emerge that will facilitate the production of greater levels of lacticin 3147 production and lead to enhanced immunity in lactococcal backgrounds. Alternatively the need for enhanced production could be avoided through the use of antimicrobial combinations. In addition, providing awareness of the threats of the emergence of resistance through immune mimicry can allow researchers to develop strategies to prevent this phenomenon from leading to the dissemination of lantibiotic resistance.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The role of configuration mixing in the Pt region is investigated. For this chain of isotopes, the nature of the ground state changes smoothly, being spherical around mass A~174 and A~192 and deformed around the midshell N=104 region. This has a dramatic effect on the systematics of the energy spectra as compared to the systematics in the Pb and Hg nuclei. Interacting boson model with configuration mixing calculations are presented for gyromagnetic factors, α-decay hindrance factors, and isotope shifts. The necessity of incorporating intruder configurations to obtain an accurate description of the latter properties becomes evident. © 2011 American Physical Society.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

OBJECT: Chordoma cells can generate solid-like tumors in xenograft models that express some molecular characteristics of the parent tumor, including positivity for brachyury and cytokeratins. However, there is a dearth of molecular markers that relate to chordoma tumor growth, as well as the cell lines needed to advance treatment. The objective in this study was to isolate a novel primary chordoma cell source and analyze the characteristics of tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model for comparison with the established U-CH1 and U-CH2b cell lines. METHODS: Primary cells from a sacral chordoma, called "DVC-4," were cultured alongside U-CH1 and U-CH2b cells for more than 20 passages and characterized for expression of CD24 and brachyury. While brachyury is believed essential for driving tumor formation, CD24 is associated with healthy nucleus pulposus cells. Each cell type was subcutaneously implanted in NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ(null) mice. The percentage of solid tumors formed, time to maximum tumor size, and immunostaining scores for CD24 and brachyury (intensity scores of 0-3, heterogeneity scores of 0-1) were reported and evaluated to test differences across groups. RESULTS: The DVC-4 cells retained chordoma-like morphology in culture and exhibited CD24 and brachyury expression profiles in vitro that were similar to those for U-CH1 and U-CH2b. Both U-CH1 and DVC-4 cells grew tumors at rates that were faster than those for U-CH2b cells. Gross tumor developed at nearly every site (95%) injected with U-CH1 and at most sites (75%) injected with DVC-4. In contrast, U-CH2b cells produced grossly visible tumors in less than 50% of injected sites. Brachyury staining was similar among tumors derived from all 3 cell types and was intensely positive (scores of 2-3) in a majority of tissue sections. In contrast, differences in the pattern and intensity of staining for CD24 were noted among the 3 types of cell-derived tumors (p < 0.05, chi-square test), with evidence of intense and uniform staining in a majority of U-CH1 tumor sections (score of 3) and more than half of the DVC-4 tumor sections (scores of 2-3). In contrast, a majority of sections from U-CH2b cells stained modestly for CD24 (scores of 1-2) with a predominantly heterogeneous staining pattern. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report on xenografts generated from U-CH2b cells in which a low tumorigenicity was discovered despite evidence of chordoma-like characteristics in vitro. For tumors derived from a primary chordoma cell and U-CH1 cell line, similarly intense staining for CD24 was observed, which may correspond to their similar potential to grow tumors. In contrast, U-CH2b tumors stained less intensely for CD24. These results emphasize that many markers, including CD24, may be useful in distinguishing among chordoma cell types and their tumorigenicity in vivo.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The effectiveness of corporate governance mechanisms has been a subject of academic research for many decades. Although the large majority of corporate governance studies prior to mid 1990s were based on data from developed market economies such as the U.S., U.K. and Japan, in recent years researchers have begun examining corporate governance in transition economies. A comparison of China and India offers a unique environment for analyzing the effectiveness of corporate governance. First, both countries state-owned enterprise (SOE) reform strategies hinges on the Modern Enterprise System characterized by the separation of ownership and control. Ownership of an SOE’s assets is distributed among the government, institutional investors, managers, employees, and private investors. Effective control rights are assigned to management, which generally has a very small, or even nonexistent ownership stake. This distinctive shareholding structure creates conflict of interest not only between management (insiders) and outside investors but also between large shareholders and minority investors. Moreover, because both governments desire to retain some control—in part through partial retained ownership of commercialized SOEs, further conflicts arise between politicians and firms. Second, directors in publicly listed firms in both countries are predominantly drawn from institutions with significant non-market objectives: the government and other state enterprises, particularly in China, and extended families, particularly in India. As a result, the effectiveness of internal governance mechanisms, such as the number of independent directors on the board and the number of independent supervisors on the supervisory committee, are likely to be quiet limited, although this has yet to be fully evaluated. Third, because of the political nature of the privatization process itself, typical external governance mechanisms, such as debt (in conjunction with appropriate bankruptcy procedures), takeover threats, legal protection of investors, product market competition, etc., have not been effective. Bank loans have traditionally been viewed as grants from the state designed to bail out failing firms. State-owned banks retain monopoly or quasi-monopoly positions in the banking sector and profit is not their overriding objective. If political favor is deemed appropriate, subsidized loans, rescheduling of overdue debt or even outright transfer of funds can be arranged with SOEs (soft budget constraints). In addition, a market for private, non-bank debt is limited in India and has yet to be established China. There is no active merger or takeover activity in Chinese stock markets to discipline management. Information available in the capital markets is insufficient to keep at arm’s length of the corporate decisions. In light of the above peculiarities, China and India share many of the typical institutional characteristics as a transition economy, including poor legal protection of creditors and investors, the absence of an effective takeover market, an underdeveloped capital market, a relative inefficient banking system and significant interference of politicians in firm management. Su (2005) finds that the extent of political interference, managerial entrenchment and institutional control can help explain corporate dividend policies and post-IPO financing choices in this situation. Allen et al. (2005) demonstrate that standard corporate governance mechanisms are weak and ineffective for publicly listed firms while alternative governance mechanisms based on reputation and relationship have been remarkably effective in the private sector. Because the peculiarities are significant in this context, the differences in the political-economies of the two countries are likely to be evident in such relational terms. In this paper we explore the peculiarities of corporate governance in this transitional environment through a systematic examination of certain aspects of these reputational and relationship dimensions. Utilising the methods of social network analysis we identify the inter-organisational relationships at board level formed by equity holdings and by shared directors. Using data drawn from the Orbis database we map these relations among the 3700 largest firms in India and China respectively and identify the roles played in these relational networks by the particularly characteristic institutions in each case. We find greatly different social network structures in each case with some support in these relational dimensions for their distinctive features of governance. Further, the social network metrics allow us to considerably refine proxies for political interference, managerial entrenchment and institutional control used in earlier econometric analysis.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Xanthoria parietina, common foliose lichen, growing in its natural habitat, was analysed for the concentration of five heavy metals (Fe, Cr, Zn, Pb and Cu) from different forest sites of North East of Morocco (Kenitra, Sidi Boughaba, Mkhinza, Ceinture Verte near Temara city, Skhirate, Bouznika and Mohammedia). The quantification was carried out by inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Results were highly significant p<0,001. The concentration of metals is correlated with the vehicular activity and urbanization. The total metal concentration is highest at the Kenitra area, followed by Ceinture Verte site near Temara city, which experience heavy traffic throughout the year. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of particulate matter on lichen of Xanthoria parietina was assessed as a complementary technique to wet chemical analysis for source apportionment of airborne contaminant. Analysis revealed high level of Cu, Cr, Zn and Pb in samples near roads.  

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Chronic administration of thiazolidinediones might predispose to cardiac hypertrophy. The aim was to investigate direct effects of rosiglitazone in rat ventricular cardiomyocytes maintained in vitro (24 h). Rosiglitazone (=10-5 M) did not increase protein synthesis and produced small inconsistent increases in cellular protein. In the presence of serum (10% v/v), but not insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1, 10-8 M) or insulin (1 U/ml), an interaction with rosiglitazone to stimulate protein synthesis was observed. The hypertrophic responses to noradrenaline (5×10-6 M), PMA (10-7 M) and ET-1 (10-7 M) were not attenuated by rosiglitazone. Rosiglitazone (10-7 M) did not influence protein synthesis in response to insulin (1 U/ml) and elevated glucose (2.5×10-2 M) alone or in combination, but attenuated the increase in protein mass observed in response to elevated glucose alone. In re-differentiated cardiomyocytes, a model of established hypertrophy, rosiglitazone (10-8 M–10-6 M) increased protein synthesis. Together, these data indicate that rosiglitazone does not initiate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy directly in vitro. However, during chronic administration, the interaction of rosiglitazone with locally-derived growth-regulating factors may make a modest contribution to cardiac remodelling and influence the extent of compensatory hypertrophy of the compromised rat heart.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

A voluminous literature exists on the analysis of water-soluble ions extracted from gypsum crusts and patinas formed on building surfaces. However, less data is available on the intermediate dust layer and the important role its complex matrix and constituents play in crust/patina formation. To address this issue, surface dust samples were collected from two buildings in the city of Budapest. Substrate properties, different pollution levels and environmental variations were considered by collecting samples from a city centre granite building exposed to intense traffic conditions and from an oolitic limestone church situated in a pedestrian area outside and high above the main pollution zone. Selective extraction examines both water-soluble ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, NO3- SO42-) and selected elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni) from the water-soluble, exchangeable/carbonate, amorphous Mn, amorphous Fe/Mn, crystalline Fe/Mn, organic and residual phases, their mobility and potential to catalyse heterogeneous surface reactions. Salt weathering processes are highlighted by high concentrations of water-soluble Ca2+, Na+, Cl- and SO42-- at both sites. Manganese, Zn and Cu and to a lesser extent Pb and Ni, are very mobile in the city centre dust, where 30%, 54%, 38%, 11% and 11% of their totals are bound by the water-soluble phase, respectively. Church dust shows a sharp contrast for Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb with only 3%, 1%, 12% and 3% of their totals being bound by the water-soluble phase respectively. This may be due to (a) different environmental conditions at the church e.g. lower humidity (b) continuous replenishment of salts under intensive city centre traffic conditions (c) enrichment in oxidisable organic carbon by a factor of 4.5 and a tenfold increase in acidity in the city centre dust.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The speeds of sound u, densities ? and refractive indices nD of homologous series of mono-, di-, and tri-alkylamines were measured in the temperature range from 298.15 to 328.15 K. Isentropic and isothermal compressibilities ?S and ?T, molar refraction Rm, Eykman’s constant Cm, Rao’s molar sound function R, thermal expansion coefficient a, thermal pressure coefficient ?, and reduction parameters P*, V*, and T* in frameworks of the ERAS model for associated amines and Flory model for tertiary amines have been calculated from the measured experimental data. Applicability of the Rao theory and the ERAS and Flory models have been examined and discussed for the alkyl amines.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The properties of the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium salt of the dinuclear mu(4)-(O,O,O',O'-ethane-1,2-dioato)bis[bis-(nitrato-O,O)dioxouranate(VI)] anion have been investigated using electrochemistry, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, and extended X-ray absorbance fine structure spectroscopy: the anion structures from these last two techniques are in excellent agreement with each other. Electrochemical reduction of the complex leads to the a two-electron metal-centered reduction of U(VI) to U(IV), and the production Of UO2, or a complex containing UO2. Under normal conditions, this leads to the coating of the electrode with a passivating film. The presence of volatile organic compounds in the ionic liquids 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate (where the 1-alkyl chain was methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, dodecyl, hexadecyl, or octadecyl) during the oxidative dissolution of uranium(IV) oxide led to the formation of a yellow precipitate. To understand the effect of the cation upon the composition and structure of the precipitates, 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium salts of a number of nitratodioxouranate(VI) complexes were synthesized and then analyzed using X-ray crystallography. It was demonstrated that the length of the 1-alkyl chain played an important role, not only in the composition of the complex salt, but also in the synthesis of dinuclear anions containing the bridging mu(4)-(O,O,O',O'-ethane-1,2-dioato), or oxalato, ligand, by protecting it from further oxidation.