Qianlabeo striatus, a new genus and species of Labeoninae from Guizhou Province, China (Teleostei : Cyprinidae)

Qianlabeo striatus gen. et sp. nov. is described from a stream tributary to the Beipan Jiang of the upper Zhu Jiang (Pearl River) drainage in Matou, Anshun County, Guizhou Province, China. This monotypic genus is mainly characterized by its oromadibular morphology, namely an upper lip only present in and fully adnate to the side of the upper jaw, not covered by the pendulous rostral fold; the median portion of the upper jaw lacking an upper lip but bearing a thin, flexible and cornified cutting edge that is fully covered by the pendulous rostral fold; a postlabial groove prolonged, extended anteromedially close to the anteromost point of the midline of the lower lip but not to meet with its counterpart. The type species of this genus, Q. striatus has a longitudinal dark stripe along the side of the body.

Observations on two species of phyllodistomes (Trematoda : Gorgoderidae) from fishes of the Hubei Province, central China, with an erection of Neophyllodistomum gen. n.

Two rare trematode species so far reported in the genus Phyllodistomum Braun, 1899, P. pawlovskii (Zmeev, 1936) and P. serrispatula Chin, 1963, were found in the urinary system the yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson) of Bao'an Lake (prevalence 8 %) and the swamp eel Monopterus albus (Zouiev) of Liangzi Lake (prevalence 6 9/6), respectively, from the Hubei Province, central China. In contrast to the original description, P. pawlovskii showed a considerable morphological variability particularly in the shape, size and topography of testes. A unique morphological feature of P. serrispatula is the presence of many conspicuous lateral outgrowths on the hindbody and, principally based on this character, a new genus Neophyl-lodistomum is erected (type species N. serrispatula (Chin, 1963) comb. n.)) to accommodate this species. Both trematode species are briefly redescribed. P. pawlovskii and N. serrispatula are reported for the first time from the Hubei Province and the former from the Yangtze River drainage system.

Efficiency of constructed wetlands in decontamination of water polluted by heavy metals

A twin-shaped constructed wetland (CW) comprising a vertical flow (inflow) chamber with Cyperus alternifolius followed by a reverse-vertical flow (outflow) chamber with Villarsia exaltata was assessed for decontamination of artificial wastewater polluted by heavy metals. After application of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn over 150 days, together with Al and Mn during the final 114 days, no heavy metals with the exception of Mn could be detected in either the drainage zone at the bottom, shared by both chambers, or in the effluent. The inflow chamber was, therefore, seen to be predominantly responsible for the decontamination process of more toxic metal species with final concentrations far below WHO drinking-water standards. About one-third of the applied Cu and Mn was absorbed, predominantly by lateral roots of C. alternifolius. Lower accumulation levels were observed for Zn (5%), Cd (6%), Al (13%). and Pb (14%). Contents of Cd, Cu, Mn, and Zn in soil were highest in top layer, while Al and Pb were evenly distributed through the whole soil column. Metal species accumulating mainly in the top layer can be removed mechanically. A vertical flow CW with C. alternifolius is an effective tool in phytoremediation for treatment of water polluted with heavy metals. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Vertical variations in kinetics of alkaline phosphatase and P species in sediments of a shallow Chinese eutrophic lake (Lake Donghu)

The vertical distribution of the variables relevant to P forms in sediments were studied in a shallow Chinese freshwater lake (Lake Donghu) in 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000, to assess the contribution of enzyme to P availability in sediment cores. Sediment P was fractionationd into iron-bound P, calcium-bound P, acid soluble organic P (ASOP) and hot NaOH extractable residual organic P. The former two species made the largest contribution to the sediment P pool. All P species exhibited significantly higher concentrations in different depths at Station I, compared with those found at Station II, except for ASOP. Coupled with these lower ASOP concentrations, the V-max data of alkaline phosphatase, measured on the same samples, were significantly higher at station I. Taken together, ASOP were probably important in supplying the enzymatic substrate (Phosphatase Hydrolyzable Phosphorus, PHP) into interstitial water. Dissolved orthophosphate and PHP concentrations were highly heterogeneous , but peaked in subsurface, paralleled by higher V-max and lower K-m values of alkaline phosphatase, throughout the sediment core. Sediment in the eutrophic lake is not only enriched in available P (iron-bound P), or stores residual P, but also tends to release PHP, thereby inducing the production of alkaline phosphatase and releasing o-P into water column by enzymatic hydrolysis. The latter process may also occur in relatively deep sediment layers.

CONTRIBUTION OF BACTERIOPLANKTON, PHYTOPLANKTON, ZOOPLANKTON AND DETRITUS TO ORGANIC SESTON CARBON LOAD IN A CHANGJIANG FLOODPLAIN LAKE (CHINA)

The relative compositions of bacterioplankton, phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus of seston were studied during the course of inundation in a floodplain lake of central Changjiang (China). Peaks in bacterial biomass developed shortly after flooding, coinciding with the initial leaching of organic nutrients from vegetation submerged under floodwater, and again at high water, shortly before the climax of phytoplankton biomass. Rods predominated the bacterial carbon biomass. Phytoplankton developed a postflood bloom at initial falling, corresponding to the drainage of the lake water into the river. While minimal biomass occurred during the advent of flooding, most likely due to disturbance and dilution. Algal biomass was usually dominated by Chlorophyta. Highest biomass of zooplankton was recorded at the end of the flooding in connection with the decline in turbidity, and once again at early drainage, closely associated with high phytoplankton biomass. Copepods (mainly nauplii) always constituted the majority of zooplankton carbon biomass. Peaks in detrital carbon concentrations were recorded at rising and falling water phases, corresponding respectively to the riverine discharge and decomposition of macrophyte mats. At rising water phase, CPOC was abundant. While during other water phases, this predominance was shifted to FPOC alone. Taken together, average contribution of bacterioplankton, phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus to total seston carbon was 3.29, 21.21, 6.83 and 68.67 %, respectively.

Carbon film deposited by mass-selected low energy ion beam technique and ion bombardment effect

By mass-selected low energy ion beam deposition, amorphous carbon film was obtained. X-ray diffraction, Raman and Auger electron spectroscopy depth line shape measurements showed that such carbon films contained diamond particles. The main growth mechanism is subsurface implantation. Furthermore, it was indicated in a different way that ion bombardment played a decisive role in bias enhanced nucleation of chemical vapor deposition diamond.

大型制冷机组的冲洗与调试

大型制冷机组部件众多，管路比较复杂，又是必须承受高压的容器，安装、调试都有严格的要求。以30HXC165A制冷机组的现场冲洗、调试为例，详细介绍了大型制冷机组在试运行之前标准的准备工作。这些工作包括吹扫、试压、排污、充注制冷剂和冲洗调试等全部过程及注意事项。本文为大型螺杆式制冷机组这种压力容器设备的运行和维护管理提供了工程实践经验。结果表明：在施工调试过程中，只有各方互相协调，并且严格按照相关文件和规范要求才能顺利完成制冷机组的安装调试，为以后的正常运行打下基础。

水文条件对紫色土坡面土壤侵蚀及养分流失的影响

采用人工模拟降雨试验,研究水文条件对紫色土坡面土壤侵蚀及氮和磷养分流失的影响。试验处理包括2个施肥水平(低肥和高肥水平),4个水文条件(自由下渗、土壤水分饱和、壤中流、壤中流+降雨)和一个降雨强度(60 mm/h,历时60 min)。结果表明:壤中流+降雨和土壤水分饱和条件下的土壤侵蚀量分别是自由下渗条件下的3.1和1.7倍,同自由下渗相比,壤中流、壤中流+降雨和土壤水分饱和条件下,地表径流中NO3-N、HPO4-P的浓度和流失量有显著增加;低肥水平条件下,自由下渗、土壤水分饱和、壤中流和壤中流+降雨地表径流中,NO3-N的浓度分别是0.88、58.90、698.41和87.80 mg/L,对应水文条件下地表径流中,HPO4-P的浓度分别是0.252、0.322、0.811和0.383 mg/L,高肥水平条件下,径流中的NO3-N和HPO4-P的浓度也有相同的趋势;土壤水分饱和条件下,地表径流中NO3-N和HPO4-P的流失量分别是自由下渗条件下的27~39和1.3倍,壤中流+降雨条件下,地表径流中NO3-N和HPO4-P的流失量分别是自由下渗条件下的100~114和1.5~1.7倍,同时,壤中流+降雨和土壤...

称重式蒸渗仪系统改进及在农田蒸散研究中的应用

水分是制约黄土丘陵区农作物正常生长和农业生产的关键因子。该区年平均降水量少且季节多变,研究农田土壤水分平衡对该区旱地农业生产具有重要意义。土壤蒸渗仪(Lysimeter)可测量总蒸散量、渗漏量等有关水量平衡的各个分量,具有其它装置和方法不可比拟的优越性。它为田间蒸散和降水入渗实验研究提供了一种较先进的量测方法和技术手段。它对推动我国实验水文学的发展具有重要作用,并为相关领域的科学研究提供了一种较先进的技术设备和实验环境。中国科学院安塞试验站对原建造的用于测定农田蒸腾蒸发转化的称重式蒸渗仪在2005年对称重感应系统、电源进行改造,主要对主机、采集软件进行了重新更新,使其可直接在Windows界面下工作,数据采集更加方便,将测量出来的模拟量信号转换为数字信号,经处理显示并记录在数据采集器内。改进后蒸渗仪主要有以下特点:(1)土柱重19~26t,蒸渗仪精度为152 g(0.05 mm),可测量蒸腾蒸发量和地下水对土壤水的补给量与入渗量;(2)蒸渗仪面积3 m2(1.5 m×2 m),深度3 m,可充分允许农作物根系发育与吸水,土壤水和地下水转化,地下水位变化等过程进行,蒸渗仪的供排水系统能够在蒸渗仪内模拟实际地下水...

瑞丽江流域鱼类组成、区系及生活史特点研究

于2003年9月、2006年4月和11月,分别对瑞丽江流域鱼类资源进行了3次实地调查,共采集到鱼类49种,其中包含1个鱼类属级新纪录及新种——小眼小波鱼(Microrasbora microphthalma)。结合历史资料及文献整理,瑞丽江共有鱼类60种,隶属8目、19科、44属;其中,伊洛瓦底江水系特有鱼类16种,外来引入种9种。鱼类组成上,以鲤科鱼类最多,有26种,占总种数的43.3%;其次为鮡科,有11种,占总种数的18.3%。瑞丽江鱼类区系以喜温的"第三纪类群"中的山区鱼类为主要成分,上游杂有耐高寒的"青藏高原类群"成分,下游杂有热带江河平原鱼类。从生境、生活水层及食性探讨了瑞丽江鱼类生活史特点,并简要分析了鱼类的受危因素并提出了相应的保护建议。

Diamond growth by carbon ion implantation of diamond

Medium energy (5-25 keV) C-13(+) ion implantation into diamond (100) to a fluence ranging from 10(16) cm(-2) to 10(18) cm(-2) was performed for the study of diamond growth via the approach of ion beam implantation. The samples were characterized with Rutherford backscattering/channelling spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. Extended defects are formed in the cascade collision volume during bombardment at high temperatures. Carbon incorporation indeed induces a volume growth but the diamond (100) samples receiving a fluence of 4 x 10(17) to 2 x 10(18) at. cm(-2) (with a dose rate of 5 x 10(15) at. cm(-2) s(-1) at 5 to 25 keV and 800 degrees C) showed no He-ion channelling. Common to these samples is that the top surface layer of a few nanometers has a substantial amount of graphite which can be removed by chemical etching. The rest of the grown layer is polycrystalline diamond with a very high density of extended defects.

日光温室地下滴灌土壤水分运动数值模拟

依据土壤水分动力学理论和地下滴灌土壤水分运动特征，在测定地下滴灌滴头出流特性、土壤水分运动参数、地表蒸发强度的基础上，引入作物根系吸水模型，建立了地下滴灌土壤水分运动数值模型，用有限单元法中的Galerkin法对模型进行数值求解，田间验证结果表明模型具有较高的精度。 研究发现，地下滴灌滴头流速随供水压力的增大而增加，呈幂函数关系；不同埋深对滴头流速基本无影响；而土壤初始含水量只在灌水开始时对滴头流速有一定影响，最终滴头流速趋于相同且稳定；地下滴灌滴头流速主要受供水压力和滴头孔径的影响。 运用matlab数值分析软件对土壤持水曲线的van Genuchten模型进行求参，所求VG模型计算的不同水势下土壤含水量计算值与田间实测值之间偏差较小，曲线回归模型相关指数高达0.95，能很好地表征土壤水分特征曲线。 建立了地下滴灌土壤水分运动数值模型，确定地下滴灌条件下具体模型应用的边界和初始条件，利用HYDRUS-2D软件进行有限元求解。运行结果表明所建立的数学模型和所采用的数值方法能够较好地模拟地下滴灌条件下土壤水分运动过程。 采用量纲分析法推导了日光温室地下滴灌条件下的土壤湿润模式模型，建立了湿润宽度和湿润深度的经验公式，与实际监测结果对比，土壤湿润宽度和湿润深度模型估计值与实测之间偏差较小，能准确的模拟地下滴灌条件下土壤湿润体的宽度和深度。

森林流域单元水文模型的构建与应用

目前全球缺水、水污染、洪涝灾害以及水土流失仍然非常严重，尤其在我国北方地区。流域水文模型可用来进行不同需水管理的情景分析，为解决我国水问题提供科学依据。分布式水文模型是流域水文模型的发展方向，具有显著特点：1）应用前景广泛，不仅可以模拟流域水文过程，还可以协助模拟泥沙或污染物的运移过程，为水利工程设计、水土保持、环境保护等领域提供技术支持；2）能够预测流域土地利用或气候变化下的流域水文响应过程变化，为管理部门提供决策支持；3）模型所需要的参数全部具有物理意义，可通过实际测量确定，适合模拟实测系列较短或是无观测流域的水文过程；4）对于目前国际水文界的前沿问题—水文尺度转换提供了一种有效的解决途径。 然而分布式水文模型还不完善，如1)真实性问题。对一些水文过程和边界条件还不确定。2)尺度转换问题。目前很少考虑尺度对参数有效性的影响。3)检验问题。还无法判断对有些难以测量的水文状态变量的模拟正确与否。4)计算时间和数据存储的问题。有些分布式水文模型虽然具有很强的水文物理基础和完善的模型结构，但是计算时间过长和(或)数据存储过大，难以应用。上述问题的核心就是对分布式水文模型的核心—单元水文模型的研究不够，需要为进一步完善单元水文模型进行研究。 本文采用饱和入渗理论、Saint-Venant方程、Richards方程、Penman-Monteith方程等等构建了以有限差分法求解的适用于森林流域的单元水文模型，并通过实验室模拟试验和坡地径流场资料进行了验证，主要结论为： 通过不同坡度和不同雨强下的室内坡面产汇流实验模拟，表明：该模型模拟的坡面流和壤中流过程与实测过程基本一致，峰现时间、径流历时、峰值流量、出流总量模拟值与实测值的相对误差均较小，基本小于10%。模型的模拟精度较高，实用性较强，为深入研究壤中流机制和改进流域降雨-径流模型提供了理论依据。 通过坡地径流观测场实测资料的验证，表明：该模型模拟的坡面流过程精度较高，累计流量的精度更高于小时过程的精度，离差系数、效率系数、确定系数均较理想，具有应用价值，有助于改善分布式水文模型在森林流域的模拟效果。

日光温室渗灌土壤水分运动数值模拟

土壤水动力学参数的推导和土壤水分运动的数值模拟是研究土壤水分运动规律的两个重要部分，是农田节水灌溉自动化控制工程设计的理论依据。本文以曰光温室草甸棕壤的三种质地为研究对象，应用土壤转换函数理论和有限元法，通过RETC软件由土壤机械组成和容重两个基本物理性质指标推导其土壤水动力学参数；运用HYDRUS-2D软件对同一渗灌管埋深〔30cm）、3种管径、10种供水压力、6种初始土壤水势条件下的土壤水分运动进行了数值模拟；并对土壤水动力学参数推导和土壤水分运动数值模拟结果进行了实测验证。结果表明：（1）RETC和HYDRUS-2D是进行土壤水动力学参数推导和土壤水分运动数值模拟的有力工具。（2）土壤水动力学性质对渗灌条件下土壤水分运动速度具有显著的作用，最适宜渗灌的土壤是壤土，偏砂、偏虱质地次之。（3）渗灌的供水压力对三种质地土壤水分运动具有显著的影响。壤砂土、壤土和戮土三种质地土壤的适宜供水压力应分别不小于500cmH2O、700cmH2O、400cmH2O。（4）就内径为10mm、15mm和20mm渗灌管而言，渗灌管管径越大越有利于渗灌水向渗灌管四周土壤入渗，三种质地土壤渗灌均宜采用20mm管径渗管。（5）在壤砂质土和在较干燥的（土壤水势值＜-1000cmH2O）壤质土和赫质土中，土壤初始水势值对渗灌土壤水分运动数值模拟结果的影响较小，而在较湿润的（土壤水势值＞-1000cmH2O）壤质土和载土中，随着土壤初始水势值的降低，渗灌土壤水分运动速度（模拟）加快。

Investigation of high cycle and Very-High-Cycle Fatigue behaviors for a structural steel with smooth and notched specimens

The high cycle and Very-High-Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) properties of a structural steel with smooth and notched specimens were studied by employing a rotary bending machine with frequency of 52.5 Hz. For smooth specimens, VHCF failure did occur at fatigue cycles of 7.1 x 10(8) with the related S-N curve of stepwise tendency. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used for the observations of the fracture surfaces It shows that for smooth specimens the crack origination is surface mode in the failure regime of less than 10(7) cycles While at VHCF regime, the material failed from the nonmetallic inclusion lies in the interior of material, leading to the formation of fisheye pattern. The dimensions of crack initiation region were measured and discussed with respect to the number of cycles to failure. The mechanism analysis by means of low temperature fracture technique shows that the nonmetallic inclusion in the interior of specimen tends to debond from surrounding matrix and form a crack. The crack propagates and results to the final failure. The stress intensity factor and fatigue strength were calculated to investigate the crack initiation properties. VHCF study on the notched specimens shows that the obtained S-N curve decreases continuously. SEM analysis reveals that multiple crack origins are dominant on specimen surface and that fatigue crack tends to initiate from the surface of the specimen. Based on the fatigue tests and observations, a model of crack initiation was used to describe the transition of fatigue initiation site from subsurface to surface for smooth and notched specimens. The model reveals the influences of load, grain size, inclusion size and surface notch on the crack initiation transition. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved