Desenvolvimento de Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) em cafeeiros

A cochonilha Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) suga a seiva dos botões florais e frutos do cafeeiro, atacando as rosetas desde a floração até a colheita. Embora seja relatada há alguns anos na cafeicultura, são escassas as informações sobre o desenvolvimento dessa cochonilha em cafeeiros. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar alguns aspectos biológicos da fase ninfal de P. citri em plantas de café. Ovos dessa cochonilha foram retirados de uma criação em laboratório, isolados em placas de Petri contendo discos foliares de Coffea arabica L., das cultivares Acaiá Cerrado, Mundo Novo e Catuaí Vermelho e de C. canephora Pierre & Froenher, cultivar Apoatã. As placas foram mantidas em câmara climatizada a 25 ± 1ºC, 70 ± 10% de umidade relativa e 12h de fotofase. Constatou-se que a cultivar Catuaí Vermelho foi a que proporcionou maior duração do período ninfal das fêmeas, porém, não foram constatadas diferenças na mortalidade. Essa cochonilha se desenvolveu satisfatoriamente em todas as cultivares de café estudadas e os resultados não mostraram diferenças claras de susceptibilidade.

Avaliação de cultivares de amendoim para resistência a Spodoptera frugiperda

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Fonte proteica na criação de Diatraea saccharalis e seu reflexo na produção e no controle de qualidade de Cotesia flavipes

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar diferentes dietas para lagartas de Diatraea saccharalis, com o intuito de obter informações sobre as características biológicas da praga e consequentemente avaliar a qualidade do parasitoide Cotesia flavipes, visando melhorar tecnicamente sua produção massal. Lagartas de 24 horas de idade foram transferidas para tubos (25 lagartas/tubo) contendo dieta artificial com levedura de cerveja e germe de trigo e outra somente com germe de trigo como fonte de proteína. Depois de aproximadamente 15 dias, as lagartas foram retiradas dos tubos e acondicionadas em placas com dieta, sendo observadas lagartas de D. saccharalis não parasitadas e parasitadas para avaliação das características biológicas de D. saccharalis e C. flavipes.nas diferentes dietas. Além da observação das características biológicas de D. saccharalis, foram realizadas medições nas lagartas de 15 dias de idade. Também, massas de pupas de C. flavipes.produzidas em biofábrica foram classificadas em três diferentes tamanhos, sendo pequenas (1,3 a 2,5 cm de comprimento), médias (2,5 a 3,5 cm de comprimento) e grandes (3,5 a 4,0 cm de comprimento). Após a emergência dos adultos foi realizado o parasitismo em lagartas de D. saccharalis, sendo observados o número de machos e fêmeas, tamanho da massa, razão sexual e número de pupas inviáveis. A dieta artificial que contém somente germe de trigo é a mais indicada para criação massal do hospedeiro D. saccharalis para produção em larga escala de C. flavipes. Massas de pupas classificadas como grandes possuem melhor qualidade em criações massais de C. flavipes.

Efeito da densidade de ninfas de Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (Hemiptera, Aphididae) no consumo alimentar e aspectos biológicos de Orius insidiosus (Say, 1832) (Hemiptera, Anthocoridae)

Orius insidiosus (SAY, 1832) is an important predator for biological pest control programs. The objective of this work was to evaluate the functional response, predation capacity and reproductive aspects of O. insidiosus when predating 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 third/fourth instar nymphs of Aphis gossypii. The tests were conducted under laboratory conditions. Females of the predator were individually maintained in Petri dishes with a cotton leaf at each one of the aphid densities. The average rate of predation was of 0.93 [plus or minus] 0.13, 3.58 [plus or minus] 0.80, 7.31 [plus or minus] 1.45, 7.40 [plus or minus] 1.16, and 10.54 [plus or minus] 1.84 at the densities of 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 aphids, respectively. The results showed an attack rate of 0.10 h-1 and 1.82 h of manipulation time. The predator spent 3.10 to 4.08 h feeding on leaf cotton glands; this behavior was not directly influenced by the prey density. The proportion of egg laying per female grew up to the density of 10 nymphs whereas the number of eggs per laying increased with the number of available preys.

Não-preferência para oviposição e alimentação de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) por cultivares de amendoim.

This study aimed to select peanut cultivars resistant to Spodoptera frugiperda, selecting non-oviposition and non-feeding preference in choice and no-choice tests. Peanut cultivars with upright growth habit (IAC 5, IAC 8112, IAC 22 and IAC Tatu ST) and runner growth habit (IAC 503, IAC 505, IAC 147, IAC 125, IAC Caiapo and IAC Runner 886) were evaluated. Tests of non-oviposition preference were conducted with newly emerged adults. Adults were fed a 10% honey solution, remaining in cages for 4 days until the start of the evaluations. The evaluations consisted of quantifying the number of eggs and egg masses, followed by calculating the number of eggs per egg mass. To perform non-feeding preference tests, leaf discs from different peanut cultivars were placed in disposable Petri dishes followed by releasing of a third-instar caterpillar for each cultivar. The attractiveness at 1, 5; 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 360, 720 and 1,440 minutes was evaluated by counting the caterpillars that were feeding on cultivars. The leaf area consumed was evaluated at the end of the experiment for each cultivar. In the tests of non-oviposition and non-feeding preference, with choice or no-choice, none of the cultivars of the upright growth and runner growth habit influenced the oviposition or food of S. frugiperda. Thus, the peanut cultivars showed no resistance of the non-feeding and non-oviposition types.

Estudos biológicos de cochonilhas do gênero Planococcus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) em diferentes hospedeiros

This work was carried out to study the development of populations of the genus Planococcus in different plant species, aiming at the verification of host specificity. The mealybugs Planococcus minor were obtained from cocoa plants (Theobroma cacao L.) and coffee crop (Coffea canephora L.), and Planococcus citri from citrus seedlings (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). Single eggs were transferred to Petri dishes containing leaf discs of cocoa (T. cacao cultivar Catongo), coffee (Coffea arabica L. cultivar Mundo Novo) and citrus (C. sinensis cultivar Pera Rio). They were maintained on a water-agar slide at 1%, with the abaxial surface turned upwards. The dishes were sealed with a PVC plastic film and kept in climatized chambers regulated at 25 [plus or minus] 1[degrees] C, 70 [plus or minus] 10% RH and 12 hours of photophase. For the mealybugs coming from cocoa plants, the citrus substrate prolonged the nymphal development of the males (26.0 days). In the nymphal period of females and males coming from coffee plants, the coffee substrate allowed a shorter duration of that period (19.2 and 21.3 days, respectively) and, in addition to having providing a longer longevity to the females (59.1 days). The highest rates of mortality were obtained when they were reared on the cocoa substrate, regardless of the host plant from which they were originally collected, and when kept on citrus, for insects collected on coffee plants. P. citri and P. minor have higher preference for coffee substrate regardless of the original host, thus showing partial host specificity.

Estudo fitossanitário, multiplicação e taxonomia de nematoides encontrados em sementes de gramíneas forrageiras no Brasil

Pathogens in seeds imply quarantine constraints for exportation. This research aimed to quantify nematodes and fungus populations in seed samples of forage grasses from the main Brazilian producing states, and to multiply the nematodes in vitro, as well to study the taxonomy of the nematodes detected. Seed samples of 237 lots of different forage grasses from São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Bahia, and Goias States were collected and shipped for analyses in the Nematology and Plant Pathology Laboratories at FCAV[long dash]UNESP [long dash] Jaboticabal( SP) by Comercio e Industria Matsuda Imp., Exp. Ltd. Nematodes were extracted from 10 g of seeds. To detect the fungus, the Blotter-test was applied. The identifications were done by using a photonic microscope and a stereomicroscope. For the study of in vitro multiplication of the nematodes, the following parthenogenetic species were selected: Aphelenchoides sexlineatus, Aphelenchus sp. and Ditylenchus montanus. Cultures of the fungi Fusarium sp. and Didymella brioniae were used as substrate to multiply the nematodes in Petri dishes. Each plate was inoculated with 10 mature females, then incubated in B.O.D. at 25 [plus or minus]1 [degree]C, in the dark. Thirty days after inoculation, the nematodes were extracted. The populations obtained in the suspensions were estimated in the microscope using Peters counting chamber, and the reproduction factor estimated. For the taxonomic study of the nematodes, morphological characters of specimens were recorded under the light and scanning electron microscopes. The results indicated a large distribution of nematodes and fungus in seeds of forage grasses in Brazil. The nematodes identified in the present study were: Aphelenchoides besseyi, A. bicaudatus, A. fragariae, A. sexlineatus, Ditylenchus myceliophagus, D. dipsaci, D. montanus, and Aphelenchus sp. In addition, species of the fungi Fusarium, Helminthosporium and Phoma were recovered.

Espaços transversais em educação matemática :uma contribuição para a formação de professores na perspectiva etnomatemática

This PH.D. thesis is an attempt to show the beginning, evolution and unfolding of the making of a pedagogical work proposal based on culturally-built knowings in the heart of a traditional community, having as one of its starting points the knowings and doings experienced by dish-making women from Maruanum living in the city of Macapá, State of Amapá, Brazil. This proposal is strongly associated with the need we have to think about the nature of (ethnological)-mathematical knowledge generated by particular communities and about the way such knowledge can be discussed, worked out, and validated in learning environments, regardless of the level of instruction and the constraints imposed by government programs and educational institutions. Among its theoretical foundations are studies on instrumental activities that are typical of the Maruanum ceramics and investigative studies from the point of view of ethnomathematics. Methodological development took place with the application of activities, where traditional and instrumental knowledge observed in the production of ceramics had been adapted for and brought into the school environment , participative observation, as well as data collecting and organization techniques, such as interviews, statements, and audio an visual recordings. Analysis of the data collected focused on the relationship between the data-generating potential and the purpose of this study. Our aim is to make and estimate of the potential contributions from local situations and/or problems it would possibly bring to the formative learning of people involved in the educational processes of these communities, with a view to a spatial and temporal transformation of reality

Genetic similarity between staphylococcus sp isolated from human and hospital settings, and susceptibility to different antimicrobials

Foram coletadas 143 amostras de mãos de humanos e camas hospitalares, através de swabs no caldo BHI, em um hospital escola da cidade de Ribeirão Preto/SP. As amostras coletadas foram incubadas a 37ºC por 24 horas e após este período as culturas foram semeadas em placas de Petri contendo agar Staphylococcus Médium 110. As colônias típicas do gênero Staphylococcus foram colhidas e estocados a 4ºC até o momento de elaboração das provas de catalase, manitol, hemólise, DNAse e coagulase. As cepas isoladas foram analisadas através da técnica de RAPD-PCR para verificar o grau de similaridade. A sensibilidade das cepas isoladas foi testada frente a 10 diferentes antibióticos. Das 92 cepas de Staphylococcus sp isoladas, 67 (72,8%) foram identificados como Staphylococcus coagulase-negativas e 25 (27,2%) como Staphylococcus coagulase-positivas. A análise de similaridade mostrou uma grande heterogeneidade entre as cepas, entretanto foram isoladas algumas cepas com 100% de similaridade. Resistência a oxacilina foi encontrada em 39 (42%) cepas. Duas cepas de estafilococos coagulase-negativos mostraram-se resistentes a vancomicina. Onze cepas (12%) de estafilococos foram consideradas multirresistentes. Medidas de desinfecção das mãos de pessoal e dos leitos hospitalares e a racionalização do uso indiscriminado de antibióticos podem contribuir para a queda da transmissão de patógenos e diminuição da pressão de seleção, e conseqüentemente diminuindo a freqüência e letalidade das infecções nosocomiais.

Capacidade embriogênica da cultivar IAS-5 de soja

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o controle genético da formação de embriões somáticos da cultivar IAS-5 de soja. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, cultivando-se quatro plantas por vaso, sob fotoperíodo de 14 horas e temperatura em torno de 28°C. Efetuaram-se cruzamentos entre os parentais não-embriogênicos (cultivares IAC-6, Paraná e IAC-15) e embriogênico (cultivar IAS-5) e retrocruzamentos para obtenção das gerações F1, F2,RC1P1 e RC1P2. Cotilédones imaturos, com 4-6 mm de comprimento, derivados dos parentais das gerações F1, F2, RC1P1 e RC1P2 foram cultivados em placas de Petri contendo meio N10, por um período de 90 dias, em câmara de crescimento. Os embriões somáticos derivados da indução foram contados, e os números, usados para obtenção dos parâmetros genéticos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o caráter capacidade de produção de embriões somáticos da cultivar IAS-5 é de natureza quantitativa e controlado por, aproximadamente, 20 genes.

WI-BIO: redes de monitoramento de pacientes em ambientes de automação hospitalar utilizando o padrão IEEE 802.11

The monitoring of patients performed in hospitals is usually done either in a manual or semiautomated way, where the members of the healthcare team must constantly visit the patients to ascertain the health condition in which they are. The adoption of this procedure, however, compromises the quality of the monitoring conducted since the shortage of physical and human resources in hospitals tends to overwhelm members of the healthcare team, preventing them from moving to patients with adequate frequency. Given this, many existing works in the literature specify alternatives aimed at improving this monitoring through the use of wireless networks. In these works, the network is only intended for data traffic generated by medical sensors and there is no possibility of it being allocated for the transmission of data from applications present in existing user stations in the hospital. However, in the case of hospital automation environments, this aspect is a negative point, considering that the data generated in such applications can be directly related to the patient monitoring conducted. Thus, this thesis defines Wi-Bio as a communication protocol aimed at the establishment of IEEE 802.11 networks for patient monitoring, capable of enabling the harmonious coexistence among the traffic generated by medical sensors and user stations. The formal specification and verification of Wi-Bio were made through the design and analysis of Petri net models. Its validation was performed through simulations with the Network Simulator 2 (NS2) tool. The simulations of NS2 were designed to portray a real patient monitoring environment corresponding to a floor of the nursing wards sector of the University Hospital Onofre Lopes (HUOL), located at Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. Moreover, in order to verify the feasibility of Wi-Bio in terms of wireless networks standards prevailing in the market, the testing scenario was also simulated under a perspective in which the network elements used the HCCA access mechanism described in the IEEE 802.11e amendment. The results confirmed the validity of the designed Petri nets and showed that Wi-Bio, in addition to presenting a superior performance compared to HCCA on most items analyzed, was also able to promote efficient integration between the data generated by medical sensors and user applications on the same wireless network

Modelagem em SystemC-AMS de uma plataforma compatível com o sistema de coleta de dados brasileiro

This work presents simulation results of an identification platform compatible with the INPE Brazilian Data Collection System, modeled with SystemC-AMS. SystemC-AMS that is a library of C++ classes dedicated to the simulation of heterogeneous systems, offering a powerful resource to describe models in digital, analog and RF domains, as well as mechanical and optic. The designed model was divided in four parts. The first block takes into account the satellite s orbit, necessary to correctly model the propagation channel, including Doppler effect, attenuation and thermal noise. The identification block detects the satellite presence. It is composed by low noise amplifier, band pass filter, power detector and logic comparator. The controller block is responsible for enabling the RF transmitter when the presence of the satellite is detected. The controller was modeled as a Petri net, due to the asynchronous nature of the system. The fourth block is the RF transmitter unit, which performs the modulation of the information in BPSK ±60o. This block is composed by oscillator, mixer, adder and amplifier. The whole system was simulated simultaneously. The results are being used to specify system components and to elaborate testbenchs for design verification

Uma arquitetura para sistemas supervisórios industriais e sua aplicação em processos de elevação artificial de petróleo

The using of supervision systems has become more and more essential in accessing, managing and obtaining data of industrial processes, because of constant and frequent developments in industrial automation. These supervisory systems (SCADA) have been widely used in many industrial environments to store process data and to control the processes in accordance with some adopted strategy. The SCADA s control hardware is the set of equipments that execute this work. The SCADA s supervision software accesses process data through the control hardware and shows them to the users. Currently, many industrial systems adopt supervision softwares developed by the same manufacturer of the control hardware. Usually, these softwares cannot be used with other equipments made by distinct manufacturers. This work proposes an approach for developing supervisory systems able to access process information through different control hardwares. An architecture for supervisory systems is first defined, in order to guarantee efficiency in communication and data exchange. Then, the architecture is applied in a supervisory system to monitor oil wells that use distinct control hardwares. The implementation was modeled and verified by using the formal method of the Petri networks. Finally, experimental results are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed solution

The nest architecture of the ant, Pheidole oxyops Forel, 1908 (Hymenoptera : Formicidae)

Pheidole oxyops builds subterranean nests, with an external architecture that is distinctive and easily recognizable by its wide and specific entrance hole, measuring up to 12.2 cm in diameter, denoting a pitfall-trap. In order to study the nests'internal architecture, seven nests were excavated; four were identified with neutral talc, while the others were cast in cement and then excavated. Measurements were made in order to gain a better understanding of their structures, and a photographic documentation was obtained as well. The excavations revealed that the nests are perpendicular relative to the ground, beginning with a cylindrical channel with a mean length of 13.5 cm, containing irregular formations, and whose diameter becomes progressively narrower until the first chamber is formed. As the channel continues, dish-like chambers appear, interconnected by channels that become progressively narrower and longer, while the chambers are arranged at greater distances from each other as nest depth increases. Both channels and chambers are located on the vertical projection of the entrance hole. Nests may reach a depth of up to 5.09 m, with a number of chambers ranging between 4 and 14.

Técnica de medição de área foliarconsumida por insetos através de digitalizador de imagens

Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a viabilidade do uso de digitalizador de imagens manual, acoplado a um microcomputador, para a avaliação do consumo de folhas de soja, por lagartas de 5o instar de Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lep.: Noctuidae), em comparação com o método de pesagem e do planímetro, baseando-se na eficiência dos métodos e no tempo gasto para a avaliação. Os testes foram realizados utilizando-se folhas de soja `IAC 8' e lagartas criadas em dieta artificial. Foram realizados 2 tipos de teste: 1o) oferecimento de folíolos inteiros de soja às lagartas e, 2o) oferecimento de disco de folhas de área conhecida. No 1o teste comparou-se o método de pesagem com o digitalizador de imagens (scanner); no 2o experimento foram comparados o método do planímetro com o digitalizador de imagens que emprega o programa PCXAREA. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que não existem diferenças nas medições de folíolos e discos de soja consumidos por A. gemmatalis quando comparados os métodos tradicionais (planímetro e pesagem) e o de digitalização de imagens. A medição com o digitalizador reduziu o tempo de avaliação em 88,5% e 87%, em relação ao planímetro e método de pesagem, respectivamente, sendo plenamente viável a sua utilização.