Poverty impacts of increased openness and fiscal policies in a dollarized economy: a CGE-micro approach for Ecuador

We quantify the effects on poverty and income distribution in Ecuador of bilateral trade liberalization with the US and a budget-neutral value added tax increase which seeks to compensate tariff revenue losses. We stress the study of fiscal policies that the government could tap in order to compensate for tariff revenue loss. This is a very important issue for Ecuador because this country adopted the US dollar as its currency in 2000, forgiving the use of important policy instruments. To study these issues we combine a reduced-form micro household income and occupational choice model (using 2005/6 data from the Ecuadorian LSMS) with a standard single-country computable general equilibrium model (employing a 2004 SAM). We follow a sequential approach that simulates the full distributional impact of trade and tax policies. We find that the impact of these policy changes on extreme poverty and income distribution is small but positive.

Igualtat i simetria en interacció : micro, marcro i més enllà (a l'entorn de l'enseyament de llengües estrangeres). 'Igualdad y simetria en interacción : micro, macro y más allá (en el entorno de la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras)'.

Después de analizar los contextos marcro y micro que afectan a la teoría y a la práctica de la acción educativa el autor apuesta por la integración micro-macro en un marco global. Inspirándose en el pensamiento de Freire, y tomando como ejemplo el caso de la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras, se incide en los contextos de igualdad y simetria, optándose por relaciones simétricas, a fin de orientar los procesos de aprendizaje de cara a eliminar las desigualdades existentes.

Micro-contextos para la colaboración docente : el caso de los equipos de ciclo.

Resumen del autor. Resumen en castellano e inglés. Este artículo se incluye en el monográfico 'Educación y Deporte'

Si3N4 single-crystal nanowires grown from silicon micro- and nanoparticles near the threshold of passive oxidation

A simple and most promising oxide-assisted catalyst-free method is used to prepare silicon nitride nanowires that give rise to high yield in a short time. After a brief analysis of the state of the art, we reveal the crucial role played by the oxygen partial pressure: when oxygen partial pressure is slightly below the threshold of passive oxidation, a high yield inhibiting the formation of any silica layer covering the nanowires occurs and thanks to the synthesis temperature one can control nanowire dimensions

Estudo preliminar- descalcificação de tecido ósseo de origem animal em micro-ondas

A análise histopatológica de tecido ósseo exige uma etapa de descalcificação. O método usual consiste na imersão das amostras em ácidos, mas para além de provocarem danos tecidulares, o processo é prolongado. A utilização de micro-ondas acelera a descalcificação, mas não deve comprometer a imagem microscópica. Objetivo: Diminuir a duração da descalcificação, mantendo a qualidade da imagem microscópica. Metodologia: Foram testadas amostras de osso compacto e esponjoso. Realizou-se a descalcificação pelo método convencional e pelo método em micro-ondas, através da adaptação de um protocolo conhecido. Utilizou-se ácido nítrico a 5% e 10%. Resultados: Nos fragmentos de maiores dimensões, após 4 horas com ácido nítrico a 10% em micro-ondas, não se conseguiu uma descalcificação completa, apesar da imagem histológica ser razoável. Nos fragmentos de osso esponjoso, verificou-se uma redução de cerca de 25 horas relativamente ao método convencional. Nas biópsias, houve uma redução de aproximadamente 10 horas, utilizando ácido nítrico a 5%. Com ácido nítrico a 10% houve destruição tecidular. Nos casos em que se obteve uma descalcificação completa, a imagem microscópica apresenta fraca qualidade. Conclusão: A utilização de micro-ondas com ácido nítrico a 5%/10%, aplicando o protocolo deste estudo, reduz a duração da descalcificação, mas compromete a imagem microscópica.

Verification of computed tomographic estimates of cochlear implant array position: A micro-CT and histological analysis

We examine the efficacy two volume spatial registration of pre and postoperative clinical computed tomography (CT) imaging to verify post-operative electrode array placement in cochlear implant (CI) patients. To measure the degree of accuracy with which the composite image predicts in-vivo placement of the array, we replicate the CI surgical process in cadaver heads. Pre-operative, post-operative, micro CT imaging and histology are utilized for verification.

El Agroturismo como una alternativa micro empresarial en el cantón Puerto Quito, recinto Tatalá

El propósito principal de esta investigación, es conocer la situación actual de la industria turística en el Cantón Puerto Quito y realizar el diagnóstico del potencial agroturístico del recinto Tatalá; para ello es propicio realizar una conceptualización y diferenciación de los diferentes tipos de productos turísticos para evitar confusiones y rescatar el concepto que mejor se adapta a la realidad de este caso, el mismo que se detalla en el capítulo I. El método lógico utilizado es el Inductivo - descriptivo, con éste método se analizan casos particulares a partir de los cuales se extraen conclusiones de carácter general. En el capítulo II se realiza el diagnóstico del sector el que tiene por objeto conocer y describir la situación real de los finqueros y de Puerto Quito. Incluye además, la identificación de actores principales instituciones públicas y privadas, personas naturales que intervienen en el desarrollo de las actividades turísticas ( dueños de tierras, gobierno cantonal, asociaciones), usando las siguientes técnicas de investigación: entrevistas personales a empresarios turísticos del sector, grupos focales a funcionarios de la Alcaldía de Puerto Quito, revisión de información bibliográfica en la Alcaldía En el capítulo III se realiza el mapeo de recursos turísticos de la zona: clasificación de los entornos naturales de acuerdo a su potencialidad turística realizando visitas in situ al sector, entrevistas y encuestas a los habitantes del sector e investigación en entidades públicas y privadas. En el capítulo IV se diseña un cuadro de estrategias para potenciar el agroturismo en el recinto Tatalá y finalmente el capítulo V muestra las principales conclusiones y recomendaciones de la investigación.

Análisis e identificación de un sistema de control estratégico para pequeñas y micro empresas de desarrollo de software en la ciudad de Quito

El propósito de esta tesis es el dar a conocer un modelo de control estratégico para pequeñas y microempresas de desarrollo de software en la ciudad de Quito. Se ha escogido al software debido a que es uno de los sectores con más potencial de crecimiento. Para dar a conocer este modelo, se han investigado y analizado varias teorías de control estratégico entre las cuales se da a conocer: las cinco P de Henry Mintzberg, las estrategias genéricas del profesor Michael Porter, el Modelo de las Siete <> de McKinsey & Co realizado con el apoyo de los profesores Tom Peters y Robert Waterman Jr. y por último el Cuadro de Mando Integral de Kaplan y Norton. Se ha analizado la situación actual y tendencias, en las cuales se desenvuelven las empresas que desarrollan software en el Ecuador y otros países de Centro y Sur América. Con las encuestas y entrevistas realizadas a pequeñas y microempresas de desarrollo de software en la ciudad de Quito, se ha dado a conocer qué sistemas de control gerencial tienen para el seguimiento de objetivos estratégicos y que indicadores han propuestos para gerenciar su empresa. Por lo cual, se ha desarrollado y propuesto el Modelo de Control Estratégico que es una herramienta gerencial, que permitirá realizar y dar seguimiento de los objetivos de la empresa, teniendo así mayores probabilidades de éxito para su crecimiento en este sector tan competitivo como es el del software.

Pesticides and other micro-organic contaminants in freshwater sedimentary environments - a review

A wide range of issues relating to the presence and fate of pesticides and other micro-organic contaminants (MOCs) in surface freshwater sedimentary environments is reviewed. These issues include the sources, transport and occurrence of MOCs in freshwater environments; their ecological effects; their interaction with sedimentary material; and a range of processes related to their fate, including degradation, diffusion in bed sediments, bioturbation and slow contaminant release. An emphasis is placed on those processes-chemical, physical or biological-in which sediments play a role in determining the fate of micro-organics in freshwater environments. The issues of occurrence, source and transport, and the ecological effects of micro-organics are introduced more briefly, the focus where these aspects are concerned being largely on pesticides. In the concluding section, key points and issues relating to the study of micro-organics in freshwater environments are summarised and areas where initial or further research would be welcome are highlighted. It is hoped that this paper will both form a useful reference for workers in the field of micro-organic contaminants, and also stimulate new work in the freshwater environment and beyond. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Illustration of micro-scale advection using grid-pattern mini-lysimeters

Twenty-five small soil-filled perspex boxes arranged in a square, with dwarf sunflowers growing in them, were used to study micro-scale advection. Hydrological heterogeneity was introduced by applying two different amounts of irrigation water (low-irrigation, L, versus high-irrigation, H). The nine central boxes (4 H, 4 L and I bare box) were precision weighing lysimeters, yielding diurnal measurements of evaporation. After the onset of soil water stress, a large difference in latent heat flux (up to 4-fold) was observed between the lysimeters of the H and L treatments, mainly caused by large differences between H and L stomatal conductance values. This resulted in micro-advection, causing H soil-sunflower systems to evaporate well above equilibrium latent heat flux. The occurrence of micro-advective enhancement was reflected in large values of the Priestley-Taylor constant (often larger than 2.0) and generally negative values of sensible heat flux for the H treatment. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Non-invasive imaging of roots with high resolution X-ray micro-tomography

ray micro-tomography is a well-established technique for non-invasive imaging and evaluation of heterogeneous materials. An inexpensive X-ray micro-tomography system has been designed and built for the specific purposes of examining root growth and root/soil interactions. The system uses a silver target X-ray source with a focal spot diameter of 80 mum, an X-ray image intensifier with a sampling aperture of about 100 mum, and a sample with a diameter of 25 mm. Pre-germinated wheat and rape seeds were grown for up to 8-10 days in plastic containers in a sandy loam soil sieved to < 250 μm, and imaged with the X-ray system at regular intervals. The quality of 3 D image obtained was good allowing the development and growth of both root axes and some first-order laterals to be observed. The satisfactory discrimination between soil and roots enabled measurements of root diameter (wheat values were 0.48-1.22 mm) in individual tomographic slices and, by tracking from slice to slice, root lengths were also measured. The measurements obtained were generally within 10% of those obtained from destructive samples measured manually and with a flat-bed scanner. Further developments of the system will allow more detailed examination of the root: soil interface.

An X-ray micro-tomography system optimised for the low-dose study of living organisms

An X-ray micro-tomography system has been designed that is dedicated to the low-dose imaging of radiation sensitive living organisms and has been used to image the early development of the first few days of plant development immediately after germination. The system is based on third-generation X-ray micro-tomography system and consists of an X-ray tube, two-dimensional X-ray detector and a mechanical sample manipulation stage. The X-ray source is a 50 kVp X-ray tube with a silver target with a filter to centre the X-ray spectrum on 22 keV.A 100 mm diameter X-ray image intensifier (XRII) is used to collect the two-dimensional projection images. The rotation tomography table incorporates a linear translation mechanism to eliminate ring artefact that is commonly associated with third-generation tomography systems' Developing maize seeds (Triticum aestivum) have been imaged using the system with a cubic voxel linear dimension of 100 mum, over a diameter of 25 mm and the root lengths and volumes measured. The X-ray dose to the plants was also assessed and found to have no effect on the plant root development. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Phosphorus dynamics and export in streams draining micro-catchments: Development of empirical models

Annual total phosphorus (TP) export data from 108 European micro-catchments were analyzed against descriptive catchment data on climate (runoff), soil types, catchment size, and land use. The best possible empirical model developed included runoff, proportion of agricultural land and catchment size as explanatory variables but with a low explanation of the variance in the dataset (R-2 = 0.37). Improved country specific empirical models could be developed in some cases. The best example was from Norway where an analysis of TP-export data from 12 predominantly agricultural micro-catchments revealed a relationship explaining 96% of the variance in TP-export. The explanatory variables were in this case soil-P status (P-AL), proportion of organic soil, and the export of suspended sediment. Another example is from Denmark where an empirical model was established for the basic annual average TP-export from 24 catchments with percentage sandy soils, percentage organic soils, runoff, and application of phosphorus in fertilizer and animal manure as explanatory variables (R-2 = 0.97).