The content of organic matter in some waters in the Moscow region [Translation from: C.R. Acad. Soc. URSS, 61, 293-296, 1948]

There is at the moment no direct method of determining the organic matter content of natural waters. In 1940/41 8 different water bodies in central Russia were studied and their organic matter identified. The author concludes that there is currently no easy method to determine organic matter in water. A number methods need to be applied.

Sputtering of insulators in the electronic stopping region

Using track detectors we have measured sputtering yields induced by MeV light ions incident on a uranium containing glass, UO₂ and UF₄. No deviation from the behavior predicted by the Sigmund theory was detected in the glass or the UO₂. The same was true for UF₄ bombarded with ⁴He at 1 MeV and with ¹⁶O and ²⁰Ne at 100 keV. In contrast to this, 4.75 MeV ¹⁹F(+2) sputters uranium from UF₄ with a yield of 5.6 ± 1.0, which is about 3 orders of magnitude larger than expected from the Sigmund theory. The energy dependence of the yield indicates that it is generated by electronic rather than nuclear stopping processes. The yield depends on the charge state of the incident fluorine but not on the target temperature. We have also measured the energy spectrum of the uranium sputtered from the UF₄. Ion explosions, thermal spikes, chemical rearrangement and induced desorption are considered as possible explanations for the anomalous yields.

Real-time micro-vibration measurement in sinusoidal phase-modulating interferometry

As there exist some problems with the previous laser diode (LD) real-time microvibration measurement interferometers, such as low accuracy, correction before every use, etc., in this paper, we propose a new technique to realize the real-time microvibration measurement by using the LD sinusoidal phase-modulating interferometer, analyze the measurement theory and error, and simulate the measurement accuracy. This interferometer utilizes a circuit to process the interference signal in order to obtain the vibration frequency and amplitude of the detective signal, and a computer is not necessary in it. The influence of the varying light intensity and light path difference on the measurement result can be eliminated. This technique is real-time, convenient, fast, and can enhance the measurement accuracy too. Experiments show that the repeatable measurement accuracy is less than 3.37 nm, and this interferometer can be applied to real-time microvibration measurement of the MEMS. (C) 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

1. Ultrasonic studies of binary liquid structure in the critical region. Theory and experiment for the 2,6-lutidine/water system. 2. Hartree-Fock calculations of electric polarizabilities of some simple atoms and molecules, and their practicality. 3. Calculation of vibrational transition probabilities in collinear atom-diatom and diatom-diatom collisions with Lennard-Jones interaction

Part 1. Many interesting visual and mechanical phenomena occur in the critical region of fluids, both for the gas-liquid and liquid-liquid transitions. The precise thermodynamic and transport behavior here has some broad consequences for the molecular theory of liquids. Previous studies in this laboratory on a liquid-liquid critical mixture via ultrasonics supported a basically classical analysis of fluid behavior by M. Fixman (e. g., the free energy is assumed analytic in intensive variables in the thermodynamics)--at least when the fluid is not too close to critical. A breakdown in classical concepts is evidenced close to critical, in some well-defined ways. We have studied herein a liquid-liquid critical system of complementary nature (possessing a lower critical mixing or consolute temperature) to all previous mixtures, to look for new qualitative critical behavior. We did not find such new behavior in the ultrasonic absorption ascribable to the critical fluctuations, but we did find extra absorption due to chemical processes (yet these are related to the mixing behavior generating the lower consolute point). We rederived, corrected, and extended Fixman's analysis to interpret our experimental results in these more complex circumstances. The entire account of theory and experiment is prefaced by an extensive introduction recounting the general status of liquid state theory. The introduction provides a context for our present work, and also points out problems deserving attention. Interest in these problems was stimulated by this work but also by work in Part 3.

Part 2. Among variational theories of electronic structure, the Hartree-Fock theory has proved particularly valuable for a practical understanding of such properties as chemical binding, electric multipole moments, and X-ray scattering intensity. It also provides the most tractable method of calculating first-order properties under external or internal one-electron perturbations, either developed explicitly in orders of perturbation theory or in the fully self-consistent method. The accuracy and consistency of first-order properties are poorer than those of zero-order properties, but this is most often due to the use of explicit approximations in solving the perturbed equations, or to inadequacy of the variational basis in size or composition. We have calculated the electric polarizabilities of H₂, He, Li, Be, LiH, and N₂ by Hartree-Fock theory, using exact perturbation theory or the fully self-consistent method, as dictated by convenience. By careful studies on total basis set composition, we obtained good approximations to limiting Hartree-Fock values of polarizabilities with bases of reasonable size. The values for all species, and for each direction in the molecular cases, are within 8% of experiment, or of best theoretical values in the absence of the former. Our results support the use of unadorned Hartree-Pock theory for static polarizabilities needed in interpreting electron-molecule scattering data, collision-induced light scattering experiments, and other phenomena involving experimentally inaccessible polarizabilities.

Part 3. Numerical integration of the close-coupled scattering equations has been carried out to obtain vibrational transition probabilities for some models of the electronically adiabatic H₂-H₂ collision. All the models use a Lennard-Jones interaction potential between nearest atoms in the collision partners. We have analyzed the results for some insight into the vibrational excitation process in its dependence on the energy of collision, the nature of the vibrational binding potential, and other factors. We conclude also that replacement of earlier, simpler models of the interaction potential by the Lennard-Jones form adds very little realism for all the complication it introduces. A brief introduction precedes the presentation of our work and places it in the context of attempts to understand the collisional activation process in chemical reactions as well as some other chemical dynamics.

Understanding Micro- and Macro-Mechanics of Soil Liquefaction: A Necessary Step for Field-Scale Assessment

Liquefaction is a devastating instability associated with saturated, loose, and cohesionless soils. It poses a significant risk to distributed infrastructure systems that are vital for the security, economy, safety, health, and welfare of societies. In order to make our cities resilient to the effects of liquefaction, it is important to be able to identify areas that are most susceptible. Some of the prevalent methodologies employed to identify susceptible areas include conventional slope stability analysis and the use of so-called liquefaction charts. However, these methodologies have some limitations, which motivate our research objectives. In this dissertation, we investigate the mechanics of origin of liquefaction in a laboratory test using grain-scale simulations, which helps (i) understand why certain soils liquefy under certain conditions, and (ii) identify a necessary precursor for onset of flow liquefaction. Furthermore, we investigate the mechanics of liquefaction charts using a continuum plasticity model; this can help in modeling the surface hazards of liquefaction following an earthquake. Finally, we also investigate the microscopic definition of soil shear wave velocity, a soil property that is used as an index to quantify liquefaction resistance of soil. We show that anisotropy in fabric, or grain arrangement can be correlated with anisotropy in shear wave velocity. This has the potential to quantify the effects of sample disturbance when a soil specimen is extracted from the field. In conclusion, by developing a more fundamental understanding of soil liquefaction, this dissertation takes necessary steps for a more physical assessment of liquefaction susceptibility at the field-scale.

Evolución de la tecnología micro-nanoelectrónica a través de patentes

El trabajo tiene como objetivos mostrar el uso de las patentes como medio de difusión de conocimiento y encontrar las claves más significativas de la evolución de la tecnología escogida.

SYSTEMATICS OF GROUNDWATER OLIGOCHAETES (ANNELIDA, CLITELLATA) IN KARSTIC AREAS OF THE CANTABRIAN REGION/ ERREGIO KANTAURIARREKO EREMU KARSTIKOETAN DAUDEN LURPEKO OLIGOKETO (ANNELIDA, CLITELLATA) URT

This thesis deals with the oligochaete taxa (Annelida, Clitellata) from several karst units in the Cantabrian region, northern Iberian Peninsula. Groundwater oligochaetes are still poorly known fauna and the area seems to be a promising hotspot for groundwater taxa. Metodology is based on both morphological and molecular analyses. More than 7,000 specimens were collected from five karst units and >60 taxa were identified. Stygobiont oligochaete fauna in the northern Iberian Peninsula is diverse and mostly endemic (range areas <300 km). Three new stygogiont oligochaete species are described: Gianius navarroi Rodriguez & Achurra, 2010, Isochaetides gianii Rodriguez & Achurra, 2010 and Troglodrilus jugeti Achurra et al., 2012; and another four new taxa will be described in the near future. Taxonomic remarks on Lophochaeta ignota Stolc, 1886 and Troglodrilus galarzai (Giani & Rodriguez, 1988) are provided. The controversial separation of L. ignota and Heterochaeta costata Claparède, 1863 from Tubifex Lamarck, 1816 is corroborated by mitochondrial molecular data. Following the DNA barcoding method, individuals of the stygoxene species Stylodrilus heringianus Claparède, 1862 from different geographic areas are shown to represent a single metapopulation. The first phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Tubificinae based on molecular data is attemped, which although incompletely resolved, evidences for the first time a close relationship between a stygobiont oligochaete (Troglodrilus Juget et al. 2006) and an estuarine especies (Heterochaeta costata Claparéde, 1863). A marine ancestor is hypothesised for Troglodrilus. Finally, Ereñozar karst unit (Biscay) is suggested to be a hotspot for groundwater oligochaetes (11 stygobiont taxa, of which 4 are endemic to the karst unit) and several biodiversity indices (Species richness, Rarity, Vulnerability and Complementarity) are shown to be useful tools for conservation management of groundwater habitats in that karst area.

Academic spin-offs incubation strategies: the case of the Andalusian region

[EN] The objective of this paper is to analyze the incubation strategies developed in the universities of Andalusia, a relatively low-income region of Spain, to promote the creation of university spin-offs. These strategies are also compared to the incubation models noted in the literature. The performance of the university spin-offs created and its relation to the incubation strategies developed by the university are also analysed. The analysis is based on data from a survey of nine public universities that carry out strategies for the promotion of university spin-offs. The result of the analysis shows that university spin-off incubation strategies in Andalusia present specific characteristics not covered by certain models that are well-known in the literature on innovation. Then, a new stage in the process of the university spin-off incubation is proposed. We consider it to be a pre-strategic stage to the academic spin-off incubation strategies. The analysis also finds certain environmental factors associated to those spin-offs promoted by Andalusian universities that achieve the highest level of performance. This result suggests that previous to making any decision involving investment into developing incubation strategies, universities should gauge whether they have sufficient resources and the possibilities of connecting with a Technology Park.

Avaliação da eficácia da desinfecção de instrumentos usados durante o período transoperatório do tratamento endodôntico

Esta investigação objetivou a eficácia antimicrobiana de agentes desinfetantes utilizados na desinfecção dos instrumentos endodônticos, durante o período transoperatório do tratamento endodôntico. A atividade antimicrobiana dos desinfetantes álcool isopropílico, acetona e ácido peracético (PAA) foi avaliada sobre microrganismos planctônicos através de teste de contato (time kill assay), utilizando inóculo de 9,9 X 109 a 1,2 X 1012 unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC) e por determinação da concentração bactericida mínima (CBM), usando inóculo de aproximadamente 106 UFC. Os agentes químicos também foram avaliados sobre Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) ATCC 29212 cultivada em matriz de dentina (ex vivo) visando a formação de biofilme. O biofilme (organismos sésseis) microbiano foi removido com limas tipo Kerr (LK), até as lâminas estarem visualmente preenchidas. As LK contaminadas foram usadas como carreadores (logo após a contaminação ou secas dentro de uma câmara de fluxo laminar por 10 minutos). As LK carreadoras foram imersas em álcool isopropílico ou acetona ambos a 80%, ou em Ácido peracético 2%, por 30 ou 60 segundos. As limas foram posteriormente colocadas em tubos de ensaio contendo caldo Enterococcosel para observar o crescimento dos enterococos viáveis. Depois, os experimentos in vivo foram realizados com LK contaminadas por material necrótico pulpar da região cervical de dentes indicados para tratamento endodôntico. As LK contaminadas foram imersas, por 30 ou 60 segundos, em 80% de acetona ou 80% de álcool isopropílico ou 2% de PAA. As limas foram então inoculadas em tubos de ensaio contendo meio tioglicolato. Os organismos que cresceram, foram identificados após o tratamento com PAA. A corrosão mediada pelos agentes químicos também foi testada, após a incubação de LK de aço inoxidável e de NiTi por 60 minutos, medindo o peso das LK antes e depois da imersão e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Todos os agentes químicos foram capazes de eliminar ou reduzir a viabilidade das bactérias de espécies planctônicas Gram-negativas e Gram-positivas, embora a atividade dos produtos químicos sobre E. faecalis sésseis em testes de carreadores de LK demonstrou que o álcool isopropílico ou acetona foram incapazes de eliminar a contaminação bacteriana, especialmente, quando as limas foram secas previamente à exposição aos produtos químicos, por 15 ou 30 segundos. O PAA demonstrou a melhor atividade antimicrobiana e eliminou a viabilidade das células sésseis E. faecalis de ambas as limas endodônticas tipo K úmidas ou secas, após exposição por 15 segundos (100% de eliminação). Os experimentos desenvolvidos in vivo demonstraram que o PAA foi o agente mais eficaz (p<0,05), capaz de eliminar a viabilidade dos organismos em 92% das LK imersas depois de 60 segundos, quando comparado com acetona (64%) ou com álcool isopropílico (50%). O crescimento microbiano após o contato com o PAA demonstrou que somente o grupo dos Lactobacillus sp foi resistente a essa substância química. Os agentes químicos não demonstraram ser corrosivos, após a imersão por 1 hora, tanto por pesagem quanto por MEV. Foi observado que o PAA foi o agente mais eficaz para ser utilizado como desinfetante de instrumentos, durante o período transoperatório do tratamento endodôntico.

A Novel Micro- and Nano-Scale Positioning Sensor Based on Radio Frequency Resonant Cavities

In many micro- and nano-scale technological applications high sensitivity displacement sensors are needed, especially in ultraprecision metrology and manufacturing. In this work a new way of sensing displacement based on radio frequency resonant cavities is presented and experimentally demonstrated using a first laboratory prototype. The principle of operation of the new transducer is summarized and tested. Furthermore, an electronic interface that can be used together with the displacement transducer is designed and proved. It has been experimentally demonstrated that very high and linear sensitivity characteristic curves, in the range of some kHz/nm; are easily obtainable using this kind of transducer when it is combined with a laboratory network analyzer. In order to replace a network analyzer and provide a more affordable, self-contained, compact solution, an electronic interface has been designed, preserving as much as possible the excellent performance of the transducer, and turning it into a true standalone positioning sensor. The results obtained using the transducer together with a first prototype of the electronic interface built with cheap discrete elements show that positioning accuracies in the micrometer range are obtainable using this cost-effective solution. Better accuracies would also be attainable but using more involved and costly electronics interfaces.

Modificação química do poli(cloreto de vinila) com nucleófilos nitrogenados assistida por micro-ondas

Nesse trabalho foram realizadas reações de substituição nucleofílica (SN2), utilizando aquecimento térmico convencional e por irradiação de micro-ondas (MO), de alguns átomos cloro em amostras comerciais de poli(cloreto de vinila) (PVC), por grupos nitrila e também por grupos azida. Os grupos nitrila e azida foram substituidos na matriz em diferentes teores (10% e 20%). As reações do PVC com azida foram eficazes, apresentado percentuais de derivatização muito próximos dos valores desejados. Já no estudo com a nitrila não foi obtido o resultado esperado. Os copolímeros PVC azido substituídos foram modificados com propargilato de etila, sob catálise de iodeto de cuproso (CuI), para a obtenção de heterocíclicos do tipo triazólicos. Todos os copolímeros obtidos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR) e os teores de nitrogênio incorporado foram determinados por análise elementar (AE). Através da análise dos dados obtidos, foi comprovado que a utilização da irradiação micro-ondas, quando comparada ao aquecimento convencional, é um processo mais seletivo e diminui, significativamente, os tempos de reação