Iron distribution through the developmental stages of Medicago truncatula nodules.

Paramount to symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) is the synthesis of a number of metalloenzymes that use iron as a critical component of their catalytical core. Since this process is carried out by endosymbiotic rhizobia living in legume root nodules, the mechanisms involved in iron delivery to the rhizobia-containing cells are critical for SNF. In order to gain insight into iron transport to the nodule, we have used synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence to determine the spatio-temporal distribution of this metal in nodules of the legume Medicago truncatula with hitherto unattained sensitivity and resolution. The data support a model in which iron is released from the vasculature into the apoplast of the infection/differentiation zone of the nodule (zone II). The infected cell subsequently takes up this apoplastic iron and delivers it to the symbiosome and the secretory system to synthesize ferroproteins. Upon senescence, iron is relocated to the vasculature to be reused by the shoot. These observations highlight the important role of yet to be discovered metal transporters in iron compartmentalization in the nodule and in the recovery of an essential and scarce nutrient for flowering and seed production.

MtNramp1 mediates iron import in rhizobia-infected Medicago truncatula cells.

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is a process that requires relatively high quantities of iron provided by the host legume. Using synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence, we have determined that this iron is released from the vasculature into the apoplast of zone II of M. truncatula nodules. This overlaps with the distribution of MtNramp1, a plasma membrane iron importer. The importance of MtNramp1 in iron transport for nitrogen fixation is indicated by the 60% reduction of nitrogenase activity observed in knock-down lines, most likely due to deficient incorporation of this essential metal cofactor at the necessary levels.

Simbiosis bacteriana y conservación de flora amenazada: el caso del Lupinus mariae-josephae.

Lupinus mariae-josephae H. Pascual es un altramuz endémico de un reducido número de sitios en la Comunidad Valenciana, donde coloniza sustratos de ?terra rossa? sobre afloramientos de lapiaz. Descrito en 2004 a partir de plantas cultivadas, no pudo localizarse en campo hasta 2006, y el hallazgo de sus poblaciones ha estado estrechamente ligado a topónimos relativos a su nombre popular, ?tramús? en valenciano. Se ha demostrado la clara independencia genética, y en consecuencia el valor como ?buen taxon? de esta especie. Hasta ahora se han caracterizado y censado cinco poblaciones silvestres en diferentes localidades, y en todas ellas se observan fuertes fluctuaciones interanuales de sus efectivos, a veces acompañadas de importantes diferencias de vigor de los ejemplares; tres de estas poblaciones están actualmente protegidas mediante sendas microrreservas de flora. Algunos de estos núcleos poblacionales se componen en años concretos de formas poco vigorosas, que a menudo sólo producen 1-2 frutos con 1-2 semillas; por el contrario, las formas más vigorosas pueden producir varias docenas de semillas. La emergencia de plántulas se produce con gran probabilidad tras años de progresiva escarificación de la cubierta de las semillas en el suelo, y probablemente se acelera por procesos de reducción de la cubierta vegetal como los incendios forestales. La germinación experimental ex situ sólo se consigue satisfactoriamente mediante el pretratamiento de escaldado de las semillas.

Libre de constitucions de la Casa, y Espital dels orfens de Sanct Vicent Ferrer de la Ciutat de Valencia

Sign.: [ ]1, [A]-I2

Nitrogen fixation by native Bradyrhizobia in symbiosis with Lupinus mariae-josephae requires a T3SS encoding a NopE-like effector

Several bradyrhizobial isolates from L. mariae-josephae root nodules [1] contain a type III secretion system (T3SS) within a cluster of about 30 genes. Among those genes, ttsI codes for the transcriptional activator of the system. Mutation of ttsI resulted in the formation of white, non-fixing nodules with the natural legume host, L. mariae-josephae. The T3SS cluster also contains a gene coding for a NopE-like protein. NopE proteins have been demonstrated to be effectors in the Bradyrhizobium-soybean symbiosis [2] and belong to a small group of poorly characterized proteins from plant-associated bacteria that contain one or two autocleavage motifs known as DUF1521 (Schirrmeister et al. 2011). The amino acid sequence of a NopE-like protein in the L. mariae-josephae strain LmjC contains just one autocatalytic motif. This is unlike NopE1 and NopE2 proteins secreted by the T3SS of B. japonicum, that contain two motifs [3]. The autocleavage of LmjC NopE protein was analyzed after expression in E. coli and purification. Two protein fragments of the predicted sizes appeared in the presence of Ca2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Zn2+ and Mn2+ cations. In contrast, autocleavage did not take place in the presence of Ni2+, Co2+ or Mg2+. Site-directed mutagenesis of the DUF1521 motif in LmjC NopE abolished self-cleavage in vitro. Symbiotic competence of a NopE- mutant with the L. mariae-josephae host was not affected. Possible roles of NopE are discussed.