O modelo tridimensional físico e seu papel na educação patrimonial

Este artigo versa sobre uma pesquisa integrante do Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Estudos de Linguagem em Arquitetura e Cidade (N.ELAC), que desenvolve pesquisas em Linguagem e Representação. Entre as diversas formas de representação em arquitetura, a presente pesquisa traz o modelo tridimensional físico como ferramenta que proporciona maior facilidade de leitura do projeto, sendo mais concreta que os desenhos técnicos. Objetiva-se, assim, destacar a importância do modelo físico como meio de aproximação da população ao patrimônio arquitetônico. Como estudo de caso, foi escolhido o Edifício E1, obra de Ernest Mange e Hélio Duarte. Localizado no campus da USP em São Carlos, é considerado patrimônio da cidade, entretanto, encontra-se praticamente enclausurado no interior do campus, dificultando maior contato da comunidade com o edifício. O projeto do edifício utilizou apenas o desenho como representação, não incluindo nenhum tipo de modelo tridimensional (físico ou digital). A partir de um levantamento das representações gráficas utilizadas pelos projetistas, foi possível fazer uma comparação entre o nível de compreensão do projeto apenas com as peças gráficas dos arquitetos e a partir do modelo físico, produzido pela pesquisadora. Foi realizado um pré-teste em escola pública municipal, despertando o interesse desses alunos pelo edifício em questão.

O uso de modelos nos processos projetuais contemporâneos

Durante o processo de projeto, o arquiteto transpõe suas ideias para o campo real, do concreto. Os diversos modos de expressão e representação têm como função mediar essa interação, diminuindo a distância entre esses dois campos. Vive-se hoje, um momento de intensa transformação das estratégias projetuais, propiciada pelos novos meios digitais. Assim, esta pesquisa, centra-se na comparação entre diversos momentos do uso de modelos nos processos projetivos contemporâneos, através de uma investigação em escritórios de arquitetura paulistanos que utilizam o modelo físico como parte de seus processos de projeto. Busca-se entender qual o papel dessa ferramenta de representação e suas potencialidades nos dias atuais. Como estudo de caso, faz-se uma análise comparativa entre o uso das maquetes digital e física, destacando dois estudos: a maquete do Conjunto Ponte dos Remédios, do arquiteto Marcos Acayaba e as maquetes de estudos elaboradas pelo escritório Andrade Morettin Arquitetos, para o concurso para o Instituto Moreira Salles/SP. Entre os objetivos desse trabalho também se encontra uma análise da contribuição dos modelos físicos no Ensino de Arquitetura.

Wildfire prevention and management in a 3D virtual environment

[EN] This paper describes a wildfire forecasting application based on a 3D virtual environment and a fire simulation engine. A new open source framework is presented for the development of 3D graphics applications over large geographic areas offering high performance 3D visualization and powerful interaction tools for the Geographic Information Systems community. The application includes a remote module that allows simultaneous connection of several users for monitoring a real wildfire event. The user is enabled to simulate and visualize a wildfire spreading on the terrain under conditions of spatial information on topography and fuels along with weather and wind files.

Wildfire frecasting using an open source 3D multilayer geographical framework

[EN] This abstract describes the development of a wildfire forecasting plugin using Capaware. Capaware is designed as an easy to use open source framework to develop 3D graphics applications over large geographic areas offering high performance 3D visualization and powerful interaction tools for the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) community.

Paralelización de un algoritmo de ray tracing para arrays de mililentes

Máster Universitario en Sistemas Inteligentes y Aplicaciones Numéricas en Ingeniería (SIANI)

Forecasting and visualization of wildfires in a 3D geographical information system

[EN]This paper describes a wildfi re forecasting application based on a 3D virtual environment and a fi re simulation engine. A novel open source framework is presented for the development of 3D graphics applications over large geographic areas, off ering high performance 3D visualization and powerful interaction tools for the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) community. The application includes a remote module that allows simultaneous connection of several users for monitoring a real wildfi re event.

Development of Clinical Decision Support Systems based on Mathematical Models of Physiological Systems

In the last years of research, I focused my studies on different physiological problems. Together with my supervisors, I developed/improved different mathematical models in order to create valid tools useful for a better understanding of important clinical issues. The aim of all this work is to develop tools for learning and understanding cardiac and cerebrovascular physiology as well as pathology, generating research questions and developing clinical decision support systems useful for intensive care unit patients. I. ICP-model Designed for Medical Education We developed a comprehensive cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure model to simulate and study the complex interactions in cerebrovascular dynamics caused by multiple simultaneous alterations, including normal and abnormal functional states of auto-regulation of the brain. Individual published equations (derived from prior animal and human studies) were implemented into a comprehensive simulation program. Included in the normal physiological modelling was: intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow, blood pressure, and carbon dioxide (CO2) partial pressure. We also added external and pathological perturbations, such as head up position and intracranial haemorrhage. The model performed clinically realistically given inputs of published traumatized patients, and cases encountered by clinicians. The pulsatile nature of the output graphics was easy for clinicians to interpret. The manoeuvres simulated include changes of basic physiological inputs (e.g. blood pressure, central venous pressure, CO2 tension, head up position, and respiratory effects on vascular pressures) as well as pathological inputs (e.g. acute intracranial bleeding, and obstruction of cerebrospinal outflow). Based on the results, we believe the model would be useful to teach complex relationships of brain haemodynamics and study clinical research questions such as the optimal head-up position, the effects of intracranial haemorrhage on cerebral haemodynamics, as well as the best CO2 concentration to reach the optimal compromise between intracranial pressure and perfusion. We believe this model would be useful for both beginners and advanced learners. It could be used by practicing clinicians to model individual patients (entering the effects of needed clinical manipulations, and then running the model to test for optimal combinations of therapeutic manoeuvres). II. A Heterogeneous Cerebrovascular Mathematical Model Cerebrovascular pathologies are extremely complex, due to the multitude of factors acting simultaneously on cerebral haemodynamics. In this work, the mathematical model of cerebral haemodynamics and intracranial pressure dynamics, described in the point I, is extended to account for heterogeneity in cerebral blood flow. The model includes the Circle of Willis, six regional districts independently regulated by autoregulation and CO2 reactivity, distal cortical anastomoses, venous circulation, the cerebrospinal fluid circulation, and the intracranial pressure-volume relationship. Results agree with data in the literature and highlight the existence of a monotonic relationship between transient hyperemic response and the autoregulation gain. During unilateral internal carotid artery stenosis, local blood flow regulation is progressively lost in the ipsilateral territory with the presence of a steal phenomenon, while the anterior communicating artery plays the major role to redistribute the available blood flow. Conversely, distal collateral circulation plays a major role during unilateral occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. In conclusion, the model is able to reproduce several different pathological conditions characterized by heterogeneity in cerebrovascular haemodynamics and can not only explain generalized results in terms of physiological mechanisms involved, but also, by individualizing parameters, may represent a valuable tool to help with difficult clinical decisions. III. Effect of Cushing Response on Systemic Arterial Pressure. During cerebral hypoxic conditions, the sympathetic system causes an increase in arterial pressure (Cushing response), creating a link between the cerebral and the systemic circulation. This work investigates the complex relationships among cerebrovascular dynamics, intracranial pressure, Cushing response, and short-term systemic regulation, during plateau waves, by means of an original mathematical model. The model incorporates the pulsating heart, the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation, with an accurate description of the cerebral circulation and the intracranial pressure dynamics (same model as in the first paragraph). Various regulatory mechanisms are included: cerebral autoregulation, local blood flow control by oxygen (O2) and/or CO2 changes, sympathetic and vagal regulation of cardiovascular parameters by several reflex mechanisms (chemoreceptors, lung-stretch receptors, baroreceptors). The Cushing response has been described assuming a dramatic increase in sympathetic activity to vessels during a fall in brain O2 delivery. With this assumption, the model is able to simulate the cardiovascular effects experimentally observed when intracranial pressure is artificially elevated and maintained at constant level (arterial pressure increase and bradicardia). According to the model, these effects arise from the interaction between the Cushing response and the baroreflex response (secondary to arterial pressure increase). Then, patients with severe head injury have been simulated by reducing intracranial compliance and cerebrospinal fluid reabsorption. With these changes, oscillations with plateau waves developed. In these conditions, model results indicate that the Cushing response may have both positive effects, reducing the duration of the plateau phase via an increase in cerebral perfusion pressure, and negative effects, increasing the intracranial pressure plateau level, with a risk of greater compression of the cerebral vessels. This model may be of value to assist clinicians in finding the balance between clinical benefits of the Cushing response and its shortcomings. IV. Comprehensive Cardiopulmonary Simulation Model for the Analysis of Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure We developed a new comprehensive cardiopulmonary model that takes into account the mutual interactions between the cardiovascular and the respiratory systems along with their short-term regulatory mechanisms. The model includes the heart, systemic and pulmonary circulations, lung mechanics, gas exchange and transport equations, and cardio-ventilatory control. Results show good agreement with published patient data in case of normoxic and hyperoxic hypercapnia simulations. In particular, simulations predict a moderate increase in mean systemic arterial pressure and heart rate, with almost no change in cardiac output, paralleled by a relevant increase in minute ventilation, tidal volume and respiratory rate. The model can represent a valid tool for clinical practice and medical research, providing an alternative way to experience-based clinical decisions. In conclusion, models are not only capable of summarizing current knowledge, but also identifying missing knowledge. In the former case they can serve as training aids for teaching the operation of complex systems, especially if the model can be used to demonstrate the outcome of experiments. In the latter case they generate experiments to be performed to gather the missing data.

OGRE: analisi di un motore grafico 3D

In questa tesi descriveremo e analizzeremo il motore grafico OGRE, acronimo di Object-Oriented Graphics Rendering Engine. La scelta di analizzare proprio questo motore grafico è legata a diverse considerazioni. Innanzitutto, OGRE è rilasciato con licenza open source e quindi rende disponibile il suo codice sorgente. Questo è molto importante, in un contesto di studio e sperimentazione come quello universitario, perché permette di comprendere e analizzare anche il funzionamento interno del motore grafico. Inoltre, OGRE è un progetto maturo e stabile con una vasta comunità di sviluppatori e utilizzatori alle spalle. Esiste molta documentazione a riguardo, tra wiki, libri e manuali, e un forum molto attivo per la richiesta di aiuto e consigli. A conferma, sia della bontà del progetto che delle ottime prestazioni del motore grafico, basta dire che OGRE è utilizzato anche da applicazioni commerciali, come videogame, editor 3D e simulatori. Infine, la caratteristica che contraddistingue OGRE da tutti gli altri motori grafici è il fatto di essere "solamente" un motore di rendering puro. Ciò significa che qualsiasi funzionalità non direttamente legata al rendering, come ad esempio la gestione degli input dell'utente, non è supportata da OGRE. Anche se questo può sembrare un difetto, in realtà ciò permetterà di concentrarci solamente sugli aspetti legati al rendering che, in un motore grafico, costituiscono la parte fondamentale.

Sicurezza di rete, analisi del traffico e monitoraggio.

Il lavoro è stato suddiviso in tre macro-aree. Una prima riguardante un'analisi teorica di come funzionano le intrusioni, di quali software vengono utilizzati per compierle, e di come proteggersi (usando i dispositivi che in termine generico si possono riconoscere come i firewall). Una seconda macro-area che analizza un'intrusione avvenuta dall'esterno verso dei server sensibili di una rete LAN. Questa analisi viene condotta sui file catturati dalle due interfacce di rete configurate in modalità promiscua su una sonda presente nella LAN. Le interfacce sono due per potersi interfacciare a due segmenti di LAN aventi due maschere di sotto-rete differenti. L'attacco viene analizzato mediante vari software. Si può infatti definire una terza parte del lavoro, la parte dove vengono analizzati i file catturati dalle due interfacce con i software che prima si occupano di analizzare i dati di contenuto completo, come Wireshark, poi dei software che si occupano di analizzare i dati di sessione che sono stati trattati con Argus, e infine i dati di tipo statistico che sono stati trattati con Ntop. Il penultimo capitolo, quello prima delle conclusioni, invece tratta l'installazione di Nagios, e la sua configurazione per il monitoraggio attraverso plugin dello spazio di disco rimanente su una macchina agent remota, e sui servizi MySql e DNS. Ovviamente Nagios può essere configurato per monitorare ogni tipo di servizio offerto sulla rete.

Il linguaggio degli ambienti virtuali culturali: comunicare la storia di Bologna attraverso il progetto Nu.M.E.

The contemporary media landscape is characterized by the emergence of hybrid forms of digital communication that contribute to the ongoing redefinition of our societies cultural context. An incontrovertible consequence of this phenomenon is the new public dimension that characterizes the transmission of historical knowledge in the twenty-first century. Awareness of this new epistemic scenario has led us to reflect on the following methodological questions: what strategies should be created to establish a communication system, based on new technology, that is scientifically rigorous, but at the same time engaging for the visitors of museums and Internet users? How does a comparative analysis of ancient documentary sources form a solid base of information for the virtual reconstruction of thirteenth century Bologna in the Metaverse? What benefits can the phenomenon of cross-mediality give to the virtual heritage? The implementation of a new version of the Nu.M.E. project allowed for answering many of these instances. The investigation carried out between 2008 and 2010 has shown that, indeed, real-time 3D graphics and collaborative virtual environments can be feasible tools for representing philologically the urban medieval landscape and for communicating properly validated historical data to the general public. This research is focused on the study and implementation of a pipeline that permits mass communication of historical information about an area of vital importance in late medieval Bologna: Piazza di Porta Ravegnana. The originality of the developed project is not limited solely to the methodological dimension of historical research. Adopted technological perspective is an excellent example of innovation that digital technologies can bring to the cultural heritage. The main result of this research is the creation of Nu.ME 2010, a cross-media system of 3D real-time visualization based on some of the most advanced free software and open source technologies available today free of charge.

Un metodo multilivello per la semplificazione di mesh poligonali da scanner 3D

L'algoritmo di semplificazione proposto in questa tesi agisce in modo iterativo su due livelli, in una prima fase alla mesh viene applicato un operatore di smoothing e alla mesh così elaborata viene poi applicata la decimazione. L'alternanza di questi due operatori permette di avere mesh semplificate che mantengono però una qualità maggiore rispetto al risultato che si avrebbe invece applicando solo la decimazione. A partire da una mesh ad alta risoluzione, ad ogni iterazione viene quindi creata una mesh con una risoluzione inferiore fino all'ultima iterazione che produce la mesh coarse (a bassa risoluzione) desiderata. Si viene quindi a creare una struttura di semplificazione multilivello, utile in molte applicazioni di computer graphics.

Model predictive flight control systems for rotorcraft UAS

Constraints are widely present in the flight control problems: actuators saturations or flight envelope limitations are only some examples of that. The ability of Model Predictive Control (MPC) of dealing with the constraints joined with the increased computational power of modern calculators makes this approach attractive also for fast dynamics systems such as agile air vehicles. This PhD thesis presents the results, achieved at the Aerospace Engineering Department of the University of Bologna in collaboration with the Dutch National Aerospace Laboratories (NLR), concerning the development of a model predictive control system for small scale rotorcraft UAS. Several different predictive architectures have been evaluated and tested by means of simulation, as a result of this analysis the most promising one has been used to implement three different control systems: a Stability and Control Augmentation System, a trajectory tracking and a path following system. The systems have been compared with a corresponding baseline controller and showed several advantages in terms of performance, stability and robustness.

Heterogeneous multicore systems for signal processing

This thesis explores the capabilities of heterogeneous multi-core systems, based on multiple Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) in a standard desktop framework. Multi-GPU accelerated desk side computers are an appealing alternative to other high performance computing (HPC) systems: being composed of commodity hardware components fabricated in large quantities, their price-performance ratio is unparalleled in the world of high performance computing. Essentially bringing “supercomputing to the masses”, this opens up new possibilities for application fields where investing in HPC resources had been considered unfeasible before. One of these is the field of bioelectrical imaging, a class of medical imaging technologies that occupy a low-cost niche next to million-dollar systems like functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). In the scope of this work, several computational challenges encountered in bioelectrical imaging are tackled with this new kind of computing resource, striving to help these methods approach their true potential. Specifically, the following main contributions were made: Firstly, a novel dual-GPU implementation of parallel triangular matrix inversion (TMI) is presented, addressing an crucial kernel in computation of multi-mesh head models of encephalographic (EEG) source localization. This includes not only a highly efficient implementation of the routine itself achieving excellent speedups versus an optimized CPU implementation, but also a novel GPU-friendly compressed storage scheme for triangular matrices. Secondly, a scalable multi-GPU solver for non-hermitian linear systems was implemented. It is integrated into a simulation environment for electrical impedance tomography (EIT) that requires frequent solution of complex systems with millions of unknowns, a task that this solution can perform within seconds. In terms of computational throughput, it outperforms not only an highly optimized multi-CPU reference, but related GPU-based work as well. Finally, a GPU-accelerated graphical EEG real-time source localization software was implemented. Thanks to acceleration, it can meet real-time requirements in unpreceeded anatomical detail running more complex localization algorithms. Additionally, a novel implementation to extract anatomical priors from static Magnetic Resonance (MR) scansions has been included.

Sviluppo di un'applicazione bioinformatica per la gestione dei dati di antibiotico sensibilità di isolati clinici

Il problema dell'antibiotico-resistenza è un problema di sanità pubblica per affrontare il quale è necessario un sistema di sorveglianza basato sulla raccolta e l'analisi dei dati epidemiologici di laboratorio. Il progetto di dottorato è consistito nello sviluppo di una applicazione web per la gestione di tali dati di antibiotico sensibilità di isolati clinici utilizzabile a livello di ospedale. Si è creata una piattaforma web associata a un database relazionale per avere un’applicazione dinamica che potesse essere aggiornata facilmente inserendo nuovi dati senza dover manualmente modificare le pagine HTML che compongono l’applicazione stessa. E’ stato utilizzato il database open-source MySQL in quanto presenta numerosi vantaggi: estremamente stabile, elevate prestazioni, supportato da una grande comunità online ed inoltre gratuito. Il contenuto dinamico dell’applicazione web deve essere generato da un linguaggio di programmazione tipo “scripting” che automatizzi operazioni di inserimento, modifica, cancellazione, visualizzazione di larghe quantità di dati. E’ stato scelto il PHP, linguaggio open-source sviluppato appositamente per la realizzazione di pagine web dinamiche, perfettamente utilizzabile con il database MySQL. E’ stata definita l’architettura del database creando le tabelle contenenti i dati e le relazioni tra di esse: le anagrafiche, i dati relativi ai campioni, microrganismi isolati e agli antibiogrammi con le categorie interpretative relative al dato antibiotico. Definite tabelle e relazioni del database è stato scritto il codice associato alle funzioni principali: inserimento manuale di antibiogrammi, importazione di antibiogrammi multipli provenienti da file esportati da strumenti automatizzati, modifica/eliminazione degli antibiogrammi precedenti inseriti nel sistema, analisi dei dati presenti nel database con tendenze e andamenti relativi alla prevalenza di specie microbiche e alla chemioresistenza degli stessi, corredate da grafici. Lo sviluppo ha incluso continui test delle funzioni via via implementate usando reali dati clinici e sono stati introdotti appositi controlli e l’introduzione di una semplice e pulita veste grafica.