Atividades biológicas de extratos salinos de sementes de plantas da caatinga contra Aedes Aegypti e investigação da participação de proteínas bioativas

Dengue fever, currently the most important arbovirus, is transmitted by the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Given the absence of a prophylactic vaccine, the disease can only be controlled by combating the vector insect. However, increasing reports of resistance and environmental damage caused by insecticides have led to the urgent search for new safer alternatives. Twenty - um plant s eed extracts from the Caatinga were prepared , tested and characterized . Sodium phosphate ( 50 mM pH 8.0) was used as extractor. All extracts showed larvicidal and ovipositional deterrence activity . Extracts of D. grandiflora, E. contortisiliquum, A. cearenses , C. ferrea and C. retusa were able to attract females for posture when in low co ncentration . In the attractive concentrations, the CE of E. contortisiliquum and A. cearenses were able to kill 52% and 100% of the larvae respectively . The extracts of A. cearenses , P. viridiflora, E. velutina, M. urundeuva and S. brasiliensis were also pupicides, while extracts of P. viridiflora, E. velutina, E. contortisiliquum , A. cearenses, A. colubrina, D. grandiflora , B. cheilantha , S. spectabilis, C. pyramidalis, M. regnelli e G. americana displayed adulticidal activity. All extracts were toxic to C. dubia zooplankton . The EB of E. velutina and E. contortisiliquum did not affect the viability of fibroblasts . In all extracts were identified at least two potential insecticidal proteins such as enzyme inhibitors, lectins and chitin - binding proteins and components of secondary metabolism . Considering all bioassays , the extracts from A. cearenses, P. viridiflora, E. contortisiliquum , S. brasiliensis, E. velutina and M. urundeuva were considered the most promising . The E. contortisiliquum extracts was the only one who did not show pupicida activity, indicating that its mechanism of action larvicide and adulticidal is related only to the ingesti on of toxic compounds by insect , so it was selected to be fragmenting. As observed for the CE , th e protein fractions of E. contortisiliquum also showed larvicidal activity, highlighting that F2 showed higher larvicidal activity and lower en vironmental toxicity than the CE source. The reduction in the proteolytic activity of larvae fed with crude extra ct and fractions of E. contortisiliquum suggest ed that the trypsin inhibitors ( ITEc) would be resp onsible for larvicidal activity . However the increase in the purification of this inhibitor resulted in loss of larvicidal activity , but the absence of trypsin inhibitor reduced the effectiveness of the fractions , indicating that the ITEC contributes to the larvicidal activity of this extract. Not been observed larvicidal activity and adulticide in rich fraction vicilin, nor evidence of the contribution o f this molecule for the larvicidal activity of the extract. The results show the potential of seeds from plant extracts of Caatinga as a source of active molecules against insects A. aegypti at different stages of its development cycle, since they are comp osed of different active compounds, including protein nature, which act on different mechanisms should result in the death of insec

Aplicação da perlita expandida modificada com ortofenantrolina na remoção do negro de eriocromo T em águas residuais geradas em laboratórios de ensino de química

In this study, we carried out the study of Eriochrome black T removal using expanded perlite modified orthophenanthroline by adsorption technique. The study of the adsorption process was performed by investigating the effect of the initial dye concentration, contact time and pH range of the solution (acidic and alkaline) in the adsorption process, for a so-called synthetic effluent (aqueous solution of black eriochrome T) and a real effluent (generated from the test for determining the water hardness, by complexation titration). The materials were characterized by Thermogravimetry / Differential Thermal Analysis (TG / DTA), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared (IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). By analysis of XRD observed thinking on orthophenanthroline the modified expanded perlite. And by IR analysis showed an increase in intensity and a detailed enlargement of the absorption band related to the axial deformation of the OH bond of silanol groups of perlite (Si-OH). In the equilibration time of the study, in the evaluated time range (5-230 min) was not possible to observe the existence of a balance of time, probably attributed to the type of interaction between the Eriochrome black-T and the expanded perlite modified orthophenanthroline, being an interaction of surface origin. In the study effect of the initial concentration of the adsorbate in the case 2,0x10-4 mol / L natural pH (pH 5) gave the highest removal percentage value of eriochrome T black color with 63.74 % removal in 20 minutes of contact. In evaluating the effect of varying the pH of Eriochrome black T solution in the adsorption process, it was found that the more acidic the environment, the greater the percentage stain removal, being a result of acid-base interaction between the adsorbate and the adsorbent. In T Eriochrome black removal study in real effluent we used the optimized conditions by studying with synthetic sewage. The dye removal at pH 10, natural pH of the effluent was no significant reaching the maximum amount of color removal percentage of 8.12%, obtained already at pH 3 with maximum color removal 100.00% of color, once more proving that eriochrome black T and effectively interact better with the adsorbent at acid pH values (pH 5 or 3), and most efficiently at pH 3. thus one can mention that the perlite expanded (an amorphous aluminosilicate naturally acid) modified with orthophenanthroline (one Bronsted base) consists of a master and effective removal of coloring material in the acid-type aqueous solution, the conditions expressed in this study, can be applied as an adsorbent of this dye also mums real effluent.

Prospecção tecnológica de células fotovoltaicas para energia solar

Solar energy presents itself as an excellent alternative for the generation of clean, renewable energy. This work aims to identify technological trends of photovoltaic cells for solar energy. The research is characterized, in relation to nature, to be applied; regarding the approach is qualitative and quantitative; with respect to the objectives, it is exploratory and descriptive; concerning the methodological procedure is considered a bibliographic research with a case study in the case of solar photovoltaic sector. The development of this research began with a literature review on photovoltaic solar energy and technology foresight. Then it led to the technology mapping of photovoltaic solar cells through the analysis of articles and patents. It was later performed the technological prospecting of photovoltaic cells for solar energy through the Delphi method, as well as the construction of the current plan and future technology of photovoltaic cells for the current scenario, 2020 and 2025. The results of this research show that the considered mature technologies (silicon mono and multicrystalline) will continue to be commercially viable within the prospected period (2020-2025). Other technologies that are currently viable (amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride and copper indium selenide / Copper indium gallium diselenide-), may not submit the same condition in 2025. Since the cells of silicon nanowires, dye-sensitized and based on carbon nanostructure, which nowadays are not commercially viable, may be part of the future map of photovoltaic technologies for solar energy.

Dextranas e seus derivados fosforilados: obtenção e avaliação do potencial antioxidante, imunomodulatório e anticoagulante

Glucans are polysaccharides with different pharmacological and biological activities described. However, there are some reports about the activities of the glucan type α (alpha). In this context, a group of α-D-glucans called dextrans extracted from Leuconostoc mesenteroides bacteria, with molecular weights of 10 (D10), 40 (D40) and 147 (D147) kDa and their phosphorylated derivatives P10, P40 and P147, were evaluated as for their antioxidant, anticoagulant and immunomodulatory potential for the first time, in order to elucidate compounds with potent activities and low toxicity. Infrared spectroscopy analysis, monosaccharide composition and chemical dosages showed that these dextrans are the same polysaccharide, but with different molecular weights, besides confirming the success of phosphorylation. None presented with anticoagulant features. The reducing power test showed that D147 was twice as potent as other dextrans. On the other hand, all six samples showed similar activity (50%) when it came to scavenging the OH radical. To the superoxide ion scavenging, only D10 had a pronounced activity (50%). D40 was the single native dextran that presented with immunomodulatory features since it double stimulated the proliferation of murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) and double the release of nitric oxide by the cells, both in the absence and presence of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). In addition, D40 showed a greater scavenging activity (50%) for the hydrogen peroxide, which caused it to also be the more potent dextran when it came to inhibiting lipid peroxidation (70%). On other hand, P147 showed the highest iron and copper ion chelation activity (~85%). P10 proved be the most effective compound to macrophage proliferation. The results point toward dextrans with a 40 kDa weight as being ideal for antioxidant and immunomodulatory use, could be supplemented with phosphorylated derivatives. However, future studies with the D40 and other similarly dextrans are to confirm this hypothesis.

Evaluation of the castability of a Co-Cr-Mo-W alloy varying the investing technique

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a fusibilidade de ligas de Co-Cr-Mo-W (Remanium 2000), Ni-Cr (Durabond) e Co-Cr-Mo (Vera-PDI), incluídas em revestimentos à base de fosfato, sílica ou utilizando uma técnica mista. Uma rede de nylon quadrada (10 X 10 mm) com 100 espaços abertos serviu de modelo para construção de padrões de cera, que foram incluídos com revestimento à base de sílica, revestimento fosfatado e técnica mista (camada de revestimento fosfatado com 2 mm de espessura + revestimento à base de sílica). Quarenta e cinco espécimes (5 para cada condição experimental) foram fundidos sob chama de gás-oxigênio e a seguir jateados com óxido de alumínio. O número de segmentos fundidos completos foi contado para obter uma percentagem designada como "valor de fusibilidade", representando a precisão da liga em reproduzir os detalhes do molde. A análise estatística por meio de ANOVA a dois critérios e teste Tukey mostrou que, comparando-se as ligas, a Remanium 2000 teve fusibilidade estaticamente semelhante (p>0,05) à da Vera PDI e inferior à da liga Durabond (p<0,05). Considerando os resultados da técnica mista, a liga Remanium 2000 teve menor valor de fusibilidade (p<0,05) que as ligas Durabond e Vera PDI, que apresentaram valores estatisticamente semelhantes entre si (p>0,05). Concluindo, a fusibilidade da liga de Co-Cr-Mo-W (Remanium 2000) foi comparável à da liga de Co-Cr (Vera PDI) e inferior à da liga de Ni-Cr alloy (Durabond). À exceção da liga Remanium 2000, a técnica de inclusão mista aumentou consideravelmente a capacidade das ligas testadas de reproduzir os detalhes do molde, quando comparada à técnica de inclusão em revestimento fosfatado. A técnica de inclusão mista representa uma alternativa para melhorar a fusibilidade de ligas de metais básicos sem afetar a qualidade superficial das peças metálicas.

Evaluation of the castability of a Co-Cr-Mo-W alloy varying the investing technique

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a fusibilidade de ligas de Co-Cr-Mo-W (Remanium 2000), Ni-Cr (Durabond) e Co-Cr-Mo (Vera-PDI), incluídas em revestimentos à base de fosfato, sílica ou utilizando uma técnica mista. Uma rede de nylon quadrada (10 X 10 mm) com 100 espaços abertos serviu de modelo para construção de padrões de cera, que foram incluídos com revestimento à base de sílica, revestimento fosfatado e técnica mista (camada de revestimento fosfatado com 2 mm de espessura + revestimento à base de sílica). Quarenta e cinco espécimes (5 para cada condição experimental) foram fundidos sob chama de gás-oxigênio e a seguir jateados com óxido de alumínio. O número de segmentos fundidos completos foi contado para obter uma percentagem designada como "valor de fusibilidade", representando a precisão da liga em reproduzir os detalhes do molde. A análise estatística por meio de ANOVA a dois critérios e teste Tukey mostrou que, comparando-se as ligas, a Remanium 2000 teve fusibilidade estaticamente semelhante (p>0,05) à da Vera PDI e inferior à da liga Durabond (p<0,05). Considerando os resultados da técnica mista, a liga Remanium 2000 teve menor valor de fusibilidade (p<0,05) que as ligas Durabond e Vera PDI, que apresentaram valores estatisticamente semelhantes entre si (p>0,05). Concluindo, a fusibilidade da liga de Co-Cr-Mo-W (Remanium 2000) foi comparável à da liga de Co-Cr (Vera PDI) e inferior à da liga de Ni-Cr alloy (Durabond). À exceção da liga Remanium 2000, a técnica de inclusão mista aumentou consideravelmente a capacidade das ligas testadas de reproduzir os detalhes do molde, quando comparada à técnica de inclusão em revestimento fosfatado. A técnica de inclusão mista representa uma alternativa para melhorar a fusibilidade de ligas de metais básicos sem afetar a qualidade superficial das peças metálicas.

Situación nutricional en jóvenes. Diferencias en función de su consumo de productos lácteos

Los jóvenes son un colectivo muy vulnerable desde el punto de vista nutricional ya que sus necesidades de nutrientes son muy elevadas, especialmente en el colectivo femenino. Por otra parte, experimentan cambios antropométricos y dietéticos y presentan gran preocupación por el peso corporal junto con un desconocimiento importante en temas de alimentación. La dieta de la población joven, en general, es mejorable caracterizándose por un elevado aporte de lípidos y proteínas en detrimento de los hidratos de carbono, lo cual se debe a un bajo consumo de cereales y legumbres, verduras y lácteos y elevado de grasas y carnes. Asimismo, la falta de práctica de actividad física, el consumo de tabaco y alcohol también puede tener un importante impacto sobre la situación nutricional condicionando peores hábitos alimentarios y aumentando las necesidades de algunos nutrientes, haciendo que el riesgo de sufrir deficiencias nutricionales múltiples sea mayor así como el de padecer exceso de peso u otras enfermedades. Aunque es importante consumir alimentos de todos los grupos, desde el punto de vista nutricional, los lácteos son muy valiosos, por su elevado contenido en proteínas y calcio de fácil asimilación, los cuales son unos nutrientes muy importantes en etapas de crecimiento y desarrollo, así como para el mantenimiento de la masa ósea en etapas posteriores. Durante la juventud la masa ósea sigue aumentando mientras que el consumo de lácteos suele disminuir...

Problemática nutricional en escolares de la Comunidad de Madrid

"Introducción y Objetivo" En los últimos años se han producido importantes cambios en los estilos de vida de la población y con ello en la alimentación de niños y adolescentes. El mayor desarrollo económico, el avance tecnológico alimentario y culinario, el seguimiento de hábitos alimentarios inadecuados, como por ejemplo no desayunar, la incorporación de la mujer al trabajo fuera del hogar, la nueva estructura familiar, la gran influencia de la publicidad y de la televisión, la incorporación más temprana de los niños a la escuela, junto con la mayor posibilidad de elegir sus menús sin una adecuada supervisión familiar, entre otras, condiciona un consumo de alimentos con elevado aporte calórico y baja calidad nutricional. Debido a lo anterior cada vez es más frecuente la presencia de obesidad y sobrepeso en la población escolar, así como la aparición de otras conductas del comportamiento alimentario y la ingesta insuficiente de algunos micronutrientes como el caso de la vitamina D, calcio, hierro, acido fólico, etc. Por otra parte, también es destacable el aumento de tabaquismo y del sedentarismo entre los jóvenes de nuestro país. Como consecuencia de lo anterior, se ha producido un aumento de problemas de salud entre nuestros niños y adolescentes, entre los que se encuentran las enfermedades cardiovasculares y el síndrome metabólico. Por todo lo anteriormente descrito, el objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer el estado nutricional de un colectivo de escolares españoles de la ciudad de Madrid. Material y Métodos Para conseguir datos, se agruparon los 21 distritos de Madrid Capital, en función de sus características socioeconómicas similares y buscando también que todas las zonas geográficas de Madrid queden representadas. Se constituyeron 5 grupos escogiendo al azar un distrito de cada grupo resultando al final los barrios de Carabanchel, Moratalaz, Chamberí, Villaverde y Fuencarral...

Apicectomías de dientes premolares y molares mandibulares en el conejo de raza neo zelandesa: estudio histológico usando distintos materiales de obturación apical

La apicectomía es una técnica de cirugía odontológica humana y veterinaria, que consiste en la amputación o resección de la porción más apical de la raíz dentaria y la retrobturación del ápice con algún material, con el objetivo de conservar el diente afectado de alguna patología apical. Se han usado gran variedad de materiales para la obturación, como amalgama, gutapercha, ionómero de vidrio, composite, MTA e hidróxido de calcio. En este estudio pretendemos comprobar la viabilidad de la técnica de la realización de la apicectomías en premolares y molares mandibulares, usando distintos materiales de retrobturación como son el iónomero de vidrio Ketac Cem μ® y el composite Tetric EvoFlow® en el conejo de experimentación de raza Neozelandesa. Realizamos las apicectomías de los dientes 407, 408 y 409 (3º premolar, 4º premolar y 1º molar inferior derecho), en una sola fase a diez animales. En el primer diente (407) solo se aplica un sellado del diente apicectomizado con hidróxido de calcio en polvo® y pasta Dycal® Dentin y no se coloca ningún material de obturación. En el segundo diente (408), se aplica un sellado con hidróxido de calcio en polvo® y pasta Dycal® Dentin y encima una retrobturación con ionómero de vidrio Ketac Cem μ® y en el tercer diente (409), se aplica un sellado con hidróxido de calcio en polvo® y pasta Dycal® Dentin y encima una retroturación con el composite Tetric EvoFlow®. A las 4 y 8 semanas se sacrificaron los animales y se realizó la toma de muestras. Estas fueron radiografiadas y posteriormente se realizaron cortes histológicos de los dientes apicectomizados y del tejido alrededor. Los cortes fueron teñidos con la tinción Levai-Laczkó y se realizó el estudio histológico cuantitativo y semicuantitativo, según la norma UNE-EN ISO 10993-6:2007, para medir la presencia de inflamación, fibrosis, infiltrados adiposos y cierre óseo del defecto...

Haematological and biochemical blood study in baby alpaca with diarrhoea

The aim of this study was to determine the haematological value and biochemical blood in baby alpacas with enteric disorder. A total of 30 blood and serum samples were collected from alpacas of 1 month old with diarrhoea and 5 blood samples of clinically healthy baby alpacas (controls). The animals were from communities in the central Andes from Peru. About haematology were determined haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, red blood count and white blood count that were not significantly different between control animals and animals with diarrhoea. Moreover, biochemical blood parameters as total protein, albumin and calcium decrease significantly (p<0.05). We conclude that our results could be considered as factors in the mortality of baby alpaca by infectious diarrhoea.

DISPERSÕES AQUOSAS DE POLIURETANO COMO MATERIAL BASE PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO DE SISTEMAS DE LIBERTAÇÃO CONTROLADA DE CETOPROFENO

O cetoprofeno (ácido 2-(3-benzoilfenil) propiónico) é um anti-inflamatório não esteroidal (AINE) utilizado no tratamento de uma grande variedade de doenças inflamatórias agudas e crónicas incluindo a artrite reumatoide, osteoartrite e espondilite anquilosante. A sua administração oral prolongada está associada a diversas reações gastrointestinais, tais como irritações e ulcerações. Neste contexto, é importante desenvolver sistemas alternati-vos, nomeadamente sistemas de libertação controlada para administração oral, transdér-mica ou intradérmica. Este trabalho tem como objetivo testar a possibilidade de utilização de dispersões aquosas de poliuretano (PUDs) como material de suporte para a produção de sistemas de liberta-ção controlada de cetoprofeno. Numa primeira etapa, foram sintetizadas PUDs de base poliéster (policaprolactona, PCL) e poliéter (polipropileno-glicol, PPG) utilizando o méto-do de pré-polímero modificado. As dispersões obtidas foram caracterizadas em termos de pH, viscosidade, teor de sólidos e tamanho de partícula. Numa segunda etapa, foi testada a incorporação do cetoprofeno nas PDUs produzidas utilizando duas estratégias para incre-mentar a sua solubilidade em água: (i) utilização de um co-solvente (acetona, DMSO e HYD) e (ii) utilização de um surfactante não iónico (Tween 80). A incorporação foi testada para teores de 5% e 10% (razão fármaco/polímero, m/m). Os filmes produzidos pelo méto-do da evaporação do solvente foram avaliados quanto à sua homogeneidade e caracteriza-dos por FTIR e DSC. Numa terceira fase realizaram-se estudos de libertação em tampão de fosfato salino (PBS) de pH 7.5 tendo como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade de desenvolvimen-to de diferentes tipologias de dispositivos dependendo de um compromisso entre as pro-priedades dos filmes e o comportamento de libertação. Os resultados obtidos podem ajudar na seleção do material de base mais adequado para um determinado fim. Adicionalmente, e mais importante, comprovou-se a viabilidade de utilizar PUDs como material base para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de libertação con-trolada, utilizando como exemplo o cetoprofeno. A avaliação da toxicidade e da atividade anti-inflamatória dos filmes produzidos foi considerada estando em curso neste momento no grupo do Professor Armando Cunha Júnior.

Un sentimiento, una pasión, un orgullo: proposta di traduzione della sezione Historia del sito web dell’Atlético de Madrid

Per il mio elaborato finale ho scelto di proporre la traduzione della sezione Historia, del sito web dell'Atlético di Madrid, squadra spagnola che da sempre ha un posto importante nel mio cuore e con la quale mi sento molto identificato. La scelta di un argomento come il calcio per il mio elaborato finale nasce quindi anche dalla volontà di far notare quanto questo sport sia capaci di unire le persone, visto che, una volta in campo, non contano le nazionalità e lo status sociale: tutti siamo un’unica squadra. Nel primo capitolo di questa tesina di laurea mi concentrerò sulla descrizione dei siti internet, genere da me scelto, indagando sulle strategie di comunicazione sul web. Successivamente proporrò la mia traduzione della sessione Historia della pagina dell’Atlético de Madrid ed il commento alla stessa per poi concludere con le mie riflessioni finali sul lavoro svolto e sulle sfide che ho dovuto affrontare

Isolation and selection of plant growth-promoting bacteria associated with sugarcane

v. 46, n. 2, p. 149-158, apr./jun. 2016.

Functional alkali tantalate 2D structures for microelectronics and related applications

Alkali tantalates and niobates, including K(Ta / Nb)O3, Li(Ta / Nb)O3 and Na(Ta / Nb)O3, are a very promising ferroic family of lead-free compounds with perovskite-like structures. Their versatile properties make them potentially interesting for current and future application in microelectronics, photocatalysis, energy and biomedics. Among them potassium tantalate, KTaO3 (KTO), has been raising interest as an alternative for the well-known strontium titanate, SrTiO3 (STO). KTO is a perovskite oxide with a quantum paraelectric behaviour when electrically stimulated and a highly polarizable lattice, giving opportunity to tailor its properties via external or internal stimuli. However problems related with the fabrication of either bulk or 2D nanostructures makes KTO not yet a viable alternative to STO. Within this context and to contribute scientifically to the leverage tantalate based compounds applications, the main goals of this thesis are: i) to produce and characterise thin films of alkali tantalates by chemical solution deposition on rigid Si based substrates, at reduced temperatures to be compatible with Si technology, ii) to fulfil scientific knowledge gaps in these relevant functional materials related to their energetics and ii) to exploit alternative applications for alkali tantalates, as photocatalysis. In what concerns the synthesis attention was given to the understanding of the phase formation in potassium tantalate synthesized via distinct routes, to control the crystallization of desired perovskite structure and to avoid low temperature pyrochlore or K-deficient phases. The phase formation process in alkali tantalates is far from being deeply analysed, as in the case of Pb-containing perovskites, therefore the work was initially focused on the process-phase relationship to identify the driving forces responsible to regulate the synthesis. Comparison of phase formation paths in conventional solid-state reaction and sol-gel method was conducted. The structural analyses revealed that intermediate pyrochlore K2Ta2O6 structure is not formed at any stage of the reaction using conventional solid-state reaction. On the other hand in the solution based processes, as alkoxide-based route, the crystallization of the perovskite occurs through the intermediate pyrochlore phase; at low temperatures pyrochlore is dominant and it is transformed to perovskite at >800 °C. The kinetic analysis carried out by using Johnson-MehlAvrami-Kolmogorow model and quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that in sol-gel derived powders the crystallization occurs in two stages: i) at early stage of the reaction dominated by primary nucleation, the mechanism is phase-boundary controlled, and ii) at the second stage the low value of Avrami exponent, n ~ 0.3, does not follow any reported category, thus not permitting an easy identification of the mechanism. Then, in collaboration with Prof. Alexandra Navrotsky group from the University of California at Davis (USA), thermodynamic studies were conducted, using high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry. The enthalpies of formation of three structures: pyrochlore, perovskite and tetragonal tungsten bronze K6Ta10.8O30 (TTB) were calculated. The enthalpies of formation from corresponding oxides, ∆Hfox, for KTaO3, KTa2.2O6 and K6Ta10.8O30 are -203.63 ± 2.84 kJ/mol, - 358.02 ± 3.74 kJ/mol, and -1252.34 ± 10.10 kJ/mol, respectively, whereas from elements, ∆Hfel, for KTaO3, KTa2.2O6 and K6Ta10.8O30 are -1408.96 ± 3.73 kJ/mol, -2790.82 ± 6.06 kJ/mol, and -13393.04 ± 31.15 kJ/mol, respectively. The possible decomposition reactions of K-deficient KTa2.2O6 pyrochlore to KTaO3 perovskite and Ta2O5 (reaction 1) or to TTB K6Ta10.8O30 and Ta2O5 (reaction 2) were proposed, and the enthalpies were calculated to be 308.79 ± 4.41 kJ/mol and 895.79 ± 8.64 kJ/mol for reaction 1 and reaction 2, respectively. The reactions are strongly endothermic, indicating that these decompositions are energetically unfavourable, since it is unlikely that any entropy term could override such a large positive enthalpy. The energetic studies prove that pyrochlore is energetically more stable phase than perovskite at low temperature. Thus, the local order of the amorphous precipitates drives the crystallization into the most favourable structure that is the pyrochlore one with similar local organization; the distance between nearest neighbours in the amorphous or short-range ordered phase is very close to that in pyrochlore. Taking into account the stoichiometric deviation in KTO system, the selection of the most appropriate fabrication / deposition technique in thin films technology is a key issue, especially concerning complex ferroelectric oxides. Chemical solution deposition has been widely reported as a processing method to growth KTO thin films, but classical alkoxide route allows to crystallize perovskite phase at temperatures >800 °C, while the temperature endurance of platinized Si wafers is ~700 °C. Therefore, alternative diol-based routes, with distinct potassium carboxylate precursors, was developed aiming to stabilize the precursor solution, to avoid using toxic solvents and to decrease the crystallization temperature of the perovskite phase. Studies on powders revealed that in the case of KTOac (solution based on potassium acetate), a mixture of perovskite and pyrochlore phases is detected at temperature as low as 450 °C, and gradual transformation into monophasic perovskite structure occurs as temperature increases up to 750 °C, however the desired monophasic KTaO3 perovskite phase is not achieved. In the case of KTOacac (solution with potassium acetylacetonate), a broad peak is detected at temperatures <650 °C, characteristic of amorphous structures, while at higher temperatures diffraction lines from pyrochlore and perovskite phases are visible and a monophasic perovskite KTaO3 is formed at >700 °C. Infrared analysis indicated that the differences are due to a strong deformation of the carbonate-based structures upon heating. A series of thin films of alkali tantalates were spin-coated onto Si-based substrates using diol-based routes. Interestingly, monophasic perovskite KTaO3 films deposited using KTOacac solution were obtained at temperature as low as 650 °C; films were annealed in rapid thermal furnace in oxygen atmosphere for 5 min with heating rate 30 °C/sec. Other compositions of the tantalum based system as LiTaO3 (LTO) and NaTaO3 (NTO), were successfully derived as well, onto Si substrates at 650 °C as well. The ferroelectric character of LTO at room temperature was proved. Some of dielectric properties of KTO could not be measured in parallel capacitor configuration due to either substrate-film or filmelectrode interfaces. Thus, further studies have to be conducted to overcome this issue. Application-oriented studies have also been conducted; two case studies: i) photocatalytic activity of alkali tantalates and niobates for decomposition of pollutant, and ii) bioactivity of alkali tantalate ferroelectric films as functional coatings for bone regeneration. Much attention has been recently paid to develop new type of photocatalytic materials, and tantalum and niobium oxide based compositions have demonstrated to be active photocatalysts for water splitting due to high potential of the conduction bands. Thus, various powders of alkali tantalates and niobates families were tested as catalysts for methylene blue degradation. Results showed promising activities for some of the tested compounds, and KNbO3 is the most active among them, reaching over 50 % degradation of the dye after 7 h under UVA exposure. However further modifications of powders can improve the performance. In the context of bone regeneration, it is important to have platforms that with appropriate stimuli can support the attachment and direct the growth, proliferation and differentiation of the cells. In lieu of this here we exploited an alternative strategy for bone implants or repairs, based on charged mediating signals for bone regeneration. This strategy includes coating metallic 316L-type stainless steel (316L-SST) substrates with charged, functionalized via electrical charging or UV-light irradiation, ferroelectric LiTaO3 layers. It was demonstrated that the formation of surface calcium phosphates and protein adsorption is considerably enhanced for 316L-SST functionalized ferroelectric coatings. Our approach can be viewed as a set of guidelines for the development of platforms electrically functionalized that can stimulate tissue regeneration promoting direct integration of the implant in the host tissue by bone ingrowth and, hence contributing ultimately to reduce implant failure.

Avaliação da interação entre aflatoxina M1 e B1 com a fração proteica do leite

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