Estudo da incorporação de cinza e chamote gerado pela cerâmica vermelha ao próprio processo industrial

The ceramics industry generates waste at various stages of that process, defective products, waste from burning solid fuels, among others. This waste is dumped in landfills, garbage dumps or directly on roads, which has a negative environmental impact. This paper presents a study to incorporate the waste of algaroba wood and chamote (scrap pieces of ceramic already sintered), in to the ceramic material for making sealing blocks. The methodological procedures consist in the characterization of chemical and mineralogical residues, raw materials, and physical-mechanical of the formulations of mixes with clay, silt and waste. By pressing test pieces were produced using a pressure of 200 kgf/cm², varying compositions in the range of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% by weight of residue. The sintering was performed in a muffle furnace, with the temperature levels of 850 ° C, 900 ° C, 950 ° C, 1000 ° C and 1050 ° C. The evaluated physical and mechanical properties were: Water Absorption, Linear Shrinkage Burning, Apparent Porosity, Apparent Density and Mechanical Resistance to Flexion. Analysis was carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy on fracture surfaces of the specimens. Evaluation of linear shrinkage property drying and firing , water absorption and mechanical resistance to compression of the sealing blocks 5% wood ash residue, sintered at 900 °C hold temperature in the laboratory the products manufactured on an industrial scale. The main results, it was found on the viability of using the residues of algaroba wood and to confer refractory properties of the ceramic product. The main results, it was concluded feasibility of using the ash residues algaroba wood to impart refractory properties to the ceramic product and the residue of chamote, being derived from the own ceramic product not interfere with the properties, when used in a percentage of up to 5%.Since the residue of chamote being derived from the ceramic product itself had no effect on the properties. Studies in the laboratory have shown that the incorporation of up to 5% of these residues may be adopted as an alternative technology to reduce the environmental impact caused by the industrial sector, without compromising the final properties of the material, since the results on an industrial scale showed absorption values 11.66 and 11.74 of water and waste products respectively, within the parameters of NBR - 15,270, since the mechanical strength was 1.25 MPa and 0.94 MPa respectively for products with and without residue, lower than the minimum required by the technical standard that is 1.5 MPa.

Análise tribo-termodinâmica da aplicação de nanopartículas de Al2O3 como aditivo lubrificante em compressor hermético de refrigeração

The thermodynamic performance of a refrigeration system can be improved by reducing the compression work by a particular technique for a specific heat removal rate. This study examines the effect of small concentrations of Al2O3 (50 nm) nanoparticles dispersion in the mineral oil based lubricant on the: viscosity, thermal conductivity, and lubrication characteristics as well as the overall performance (based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics) of the refrigerating system using R134a or R600a as refrigerants. The study looked at the influences of variables: i) refrigerant charge (100, 110, 120 and 130 g), ii) rotational speed of the condenser blower (800 and 1100 RPM) and iii) nanoparticle concentration (0.1 and 0.5 g/l) on the system performance based on the Taguchi method in a matrix of L8 trials with the criterion "small irreversibility is better”. They were carried pulldown and cycling tests according to NBR 12866 and NBR 12869, respectively, to evaluate the operational parameters: on-time ratio, cycles per hour, suction and discharge pressures, oil sump temperature, evaporation and condensation temperatures, energy consumption at the set-point, total energy consumption and compressor power. In order to evaluate the nanolubricant characteristics, accelerated tests were performed in a HFRR bench. In each 60 minutes test with nanolubricants at a certain concentration (0, 0.1 and 0.5 g/l), with three replications, the sphere (diameter 6.00 ± 0.05 mm, Ra 0.05 ± 0.005 um, AISI 52100 steel, E = 210 GPa, HRC 62 ± 4) sliding on a flat plate (cast iron FC200, Ra <0.5 ± 0.005 um) in a reciprocating motion with amplitude of 1 mm, frequency 20 Hz and a normal load of 1,96 N. The friction coefficient signals were recorded by sensors coupled to the HFRR system. There was a trend commented bit in the literature: a nanolubricant viscosity reduction at the low nanoparticles concentrations. It was found the dominant trend in the literature: increased thermal conductivity with increasing nanoparticles mass fraction in the base fluid. Another fact observed is the significant thermal conductivity growth of nanolubricant with increasing temperature. The condenser fan rotational speed is the most influential parameter (46.192%) in the refrigerator performance, followed by R600a charge (38.606%). The Al2O3 nanoparticles concentration in the lubricant plays a minor influence on system performance, with 12.44%. The results of power consumption indicates that the nanoparticles addition in the lubricant (0.1 g/L), together with R600a, the refrigerator consumption is reduced of 22% with respect to R134a and POE lubricant. Only the Al2O3 nanoparticles addition in the lubricant results in a consumption reduction of about 5%.

Análise tribo-termodinâmica da aplicação de nanopartículas de Al2O3 como aditivo lubrificante em compressor hermético de refrigeração

The thermodynamic performance of a refrigeration system can be improved by reducing the compression work by a particular technique for a specific heat removal rate. This study examines the effect of small concentrations of Al2O3 (50 nm) nanoparticles dispersion in the mineral oil based lubricant on the: viscosity, thermal conductivity, and lubrication characteristics as well as the overall performance (based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics) of the refrigerating system using R134a or R600a as refrigerants. The study looked at the influences of variables: i) refrigerant charge (100, 110, 120 and 130 g), ii) rotational speed of the condenser blower (800 and 1100 RPM) and iii) nanoparticle concentration (0.1 and 0.5 g/l) on the system performance based on the Taguchi method in a matrix of L8 trials with the criterion "small irreversibility is better”. They were carried pulldown and cycling tests according to NBR 12866 and NBR 12869, respectively, to evaluate the operational parameters: on-time ratio, cycles per hour, suction and discharge pressures, oil sump temperature, evaporation and condensation temperatures, energy consumption at the set-point, total energy consumption and compressor power. In order to evaluate the nanolubricant characteristics, accelerated tests were performed in a HFRR bench. In each 60 minutes test with nanolubricants at a certain concentration (0, 0.1 and 0.5 g/l), with three replications, the sphere (diameter 6.00 ± 0.05 mm, Ra 0.05 ± 0.005 um, AISI 52100 steel, E = 210 GPa, HRC 62 ± 4) sliding on a flat plate (cast iron FC200, Ra <0.5 ± 0.005 um) in a reciprocating motion with amplitude of 1 mm, frequency 20 Hz and a normal load of 1,96 N. The friction coefficient signals were recorded by sensors coupled to the HFRR system. There was a trend commented bit in the literature: a nanolubricant viscosity reduction at the low nanoparticles concentrations. It was found the dominant trend in the literature: increased thermal conductivity with increasing nanoparticles mass fraction in the base fluid. Another fact observed is the significant thermal conductivity growth of nanolubricant with increasing temperature. The condenser fan rotational speed is the most influential parameter (46.192%) in the refrigerator performance, followed by R600a charge (38.606%). The Al2O3 nanoparticles concentration in the lubricant plays a minor influence on system performance, with 12.44%. The results of power consumption indicates that the nanoparticles addition in the lubricant (0.1 g/L), together with R600a, the refrigerator consumption is reduced of 22% with respect to R134a and POE lubricant. Only the Al2O3 nanoparticles addition in the lubricant results in a consumption reduction of about 5%.

Formulação de pasta de cimento flexível utilizando planejamento experimental

Steam injection is an oil recovery method accomplished by introducing steam directly into the oil well to the reservoir. The steam causes dilation of the casing, which, after reduction in temperature, tends to return to the initial dimensions: causing the formation of cracks in the cement and loss of hydraulic isolation.. In this context, the type of the SBR latex is used to improve the flexibility of the cement matrix by reducing the amount of fatigue failure. To prevent these failures, the mechanical resistance parameters should be carefully adjusted to well conditions. This work aims to study the mechanical behavior of cement slurry systems additivated with SBR latex for cementing oil wells subject to steam injection. Through the central composite factorial design was studied the behavior of the compressive strength by varying the density of the paste between 1.75 g /cm³ (14.6 lb/ Gal) and 1.89 g/cm³ (15,8lb / Gal), curing time between 4 days and 28 days and concentration of SBR Latex between 0 L / m³ and 534.722 L / m³ (0 gpc and 4 gpc). The results showed that increasing the concentration of SBR latex, within the given ranges, there was a decreased compression resistance and elastic modulus by increasing the elastic deformability of the slurry. From the results it can determine best slurries formulation conditions in oil well cementing operations subject to steam injection.

Formulação de pasta de cimento flexível utilizando planejamento experimental

Steam injection is an oil recovery method accomplished by introducing steam directly into the oil well to the reservoir. The steam causes dilation of the casing, which, after reduction in temperature, tends to return to the initial dimensions: causing the formation of cracks in the cement and loss of hydraulic isolation.. In this context, the type of the SBR latex is used to improve the flexibility of the cement matrix by reducing the amount of fatigue failure. To prevent these failures, the mechanical resistance parameters should be carefully adjusted to well conditions. This work aims to study the mechanical behavior of cement slurry systems additivated with SBR latex for cementing oil wells subject to steam injection. Through the central composite factorial design was studied the behavior of the compressive strength by varying the density of the paste between 1.75 g /cm³ (14.6 lb/ Gal) and 1.89 g/cm³ (15,8lb / Gal), curing time between 4 days and 28 days and concentration of SBR Latex between 0 L / m³ and 534.722 L / m³ (0 gpc and 4 gpc). The results showed that increasing the concentration of SBR latex, within the given ranges, there was a decreased compression resistance and elastic modulus by increasing the elastic deformability of the slurry. From the results it can determine best slurries formulation conditions in oil well cementing operations subject to steam injection.

Classificação de atividade eletromiográfia facial de indivíduos saudáveis e com hanseníese por meio de máquina de vetores de suporte

A number of studies in the areas of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences have employed machine learning tools to develop methods capable of identifying patterns in different sets of data. Despite its extinction in many countries of the developed world, Hansen’s disease is still a disease that affects a huge part of the population in countries such as India and Brazil. In this context, this research proposes to develop a method that makes it possible to understand in the future how Hansen’s disease affects facial muscles. By using surface electromyography, a system was adapted so as to capture the signals from the largest possible number of facial muscles. We have first looked upon the literature to learn about the way researchers around the globe have been working with diseases that affect the peripheral neural system and how electromyography has acted to contribute to the understanding of these diseases. From these data, a protocol was proposed to collect facial surface electromyographic (sEMG) signals so that these signals presented a high signal to noise ratio. After collecting the signals, we looked for a method that would enable the visualization of this information in a way to make it possible to guarantee that the method used presented satisfactory results. After identifying the method's efficiency, we tried to understand which information could be extracted from the electromyographic signal representing the collected data. Once studies demonstrating which information could contribute to a better understanding of this pathology were not to be found in literature, parameters of amplitude, frequency and entropy were extracted from the signal and a feature selection was made in order to look for the features that better distinguish a healthy individual from a pathological one. After, we tried to identify the classifier that best discriminates distinct individuals from different groups, and also the set of parameters of this classifier that would bring the best outcome. It was identified that the protocol proposed in this study and the adaptation with disposable electrodes available in market proved their effectiveness and capability of being used in different studies whose intention is to collect data from facial electromyography. The feature selection algorithm also showed that not all of the features extracted from the signal are significant for data classification, with some more relevant than others. The classifier Support Vector Machine (SVM) proved itself efficient when the adequate Kernel function was used with the muscle from which information was to be extracted. Each investigated muscle presented different results when the classifier used linear, radial and polynomial kernel functions. Even though we have focused on Hansen’s disease, the method applied here can be used to study facial electromyography in other pathologies.

Classificação de atividade eletromiográfia facial de indivíduos saudáveis e com hanseníase por meio de máquina de vetores de suporte

A number of studies in the areas of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences have employed machine learning tools to develop methods capable of identifying patterns in different sets of data. Despite its extinction in many countries of the developed world, Hansen’s disease is still a disease that affects a huge part of the population in countries such as India and Brazil. In this context, this research proposes to develop a method that makes it possible to understand in the future how Hansen’s disease affects facial muscles. By using surface electromyography, a system was adapted so as to capture the signals from the largest possible number of facial muscles. We have first looked upon the literature to learn about the way researchers around the globe have been working with diseases that affect the peripheral neural system and how electromyography has acted to contribute to the understanding of these diseases. From these data, a protocol was proposed to collect facial surface electromyographic (sEMG) signals so that these signals presented a high signal to noise ratio. After collecting the signals, we looked for a method that would enable the visualization of this information in a way to make it possible to guarantee that the method used presented satisfactory results. After identifying the method's efficiency, we tried to understand which information could be extracted from the electromyographic signal representing the collected data. Once studies demonstrating which information could contribute to a better understanding of this pathology were not to be found in literature, parameters of amplitude, frequency and entropy were extracted from the signal and a feature selection was made in order to look for the features that better distinguish a healthy individual from a pathological one. After, we tried to identify the classifier that best discriminates distinct individuals from different groups, and also the set of parameters of this classifier that would bring the best outcome. It was identified that the protocol proposed in this study and the adaptation with disposable electrodes available in market proved their effectiveness and capability of being used in different studies whose intention is to collect data from facial electromyography. The feature selection algorithm also showed that not all of the features extracted from the signal are significant for data classification, with some more relevant than others. The classifier Support Vector Machine (SVM) proved itself efficient when the adequate Kernel function was used with the muscle from which information was to be extracted. Each investigated muscle presented different results when the classifier used linear, radial and polynomial kernel functions. Even though we have focused on Hansen’s disease, the method applied here can be used to study facial electromyography in other pathologies.

Codificação compatível de vídeo 3D com o algoritmo HEVC

Esta dissertação apresenta um trabalho sobre codificação de vídeo 3D compatível com vídeo 2D. Tem por base o desenvolvimento de um método para melhorar, no descodificador, a reconstrução de uma vista subamostrada resultante de uma transmissão simulcast usando a norma de codificação de vídeo H.265 (informalmente denominada de High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)). Apesar de manter a compatibilidade com vídeo 2D a transmissão simulcast normalmente requer uma taxa de transmissão elevada. Na ausência de ferramentas de codificação 3D adequadas é possível reduzir a taxa de transmissão utilizando compressão assimétrica do vídeo, onde a vista base é codificada com a resolução espacial original, enquanto que a vista auxiliar é codificada com uma resolução espacial menor, sendo sobreamostrada no descodificador. O método desenvolvido visa melhorar a vista auxiliar sobreamostrada no descodificador utilizando informação dos detalhes da vista base, ou seja, as componentes de alta frequência. Este processo depende de transformadas Afim para realizar um mapeamento geométrico entre a informação de alta frequência da vista base de resolução completa e a vista auxiliar de menor resolução. Adicionalmente, de modo a manter a continuidade do conteúdo da imagem entre regiões, evitando artefatos de blocos, o mapeamento utiliza uma malha de triangulação da vista auxiliar aplicado à imagem de detalhes obtida a partir da vista base. A técnica proposta é comparada com um método de estimação de disparidade por correspondência de blocos, sendo que os resultados mostram que para algumas sequências a técnica desenvolvida melhora não só a qualidade objetiva (PSNR) até 2.2 dB, mas também a qualidade subjetiva, para a mesma taxa de compressão global.

Improving minimum rate predictors algorithm for compression of volumetric medical images

Medical imaging technologies are experiencing a growth in terms of usage and image resolution, namely in diagnostics systems that require a large set of images, like CT or MRI. Furthermore, legal restrictions impose that these scans must be archived for several years. These facts led to the increase of storage costs in medical image databases and institutions. Thus, a demand for more efficient compression tools, used for archiving and communication, is arising. Currently, the DICOM standard, that makes recommendations for medical communications and imaging compression, recommends lossless encoders such as JPEG, RLE, JPEG-LS and JPEG2000. However, none of these encoders include inter-slice prediction in their algorithms. This dissertation presents the research work on medical image compression, using the MRP encoder. MRP is one of the most efficient lossless image compression algorithm. Several processing techniques are proposed to adapt the input medical images to the encoder characteristics. Two of these techniques, namely changing the alignment of slices for compression and a pixel-wise difference predictor, increased the compression efficiency of MRP, by up to 27.9%. Inter-slice prediction support was also added to MRP, using uni and bi-directional techniques. Also, the pixel-wise difference predictor was added to the algorithm. Overall, the compression efficiency of MRP was improved by 46.1%. Thus, these techniques allow for compression ratio savings of 57.1%, compared to DICOM encoders, and 33.2%, compared to HEVC RExt Random Access. This makes MRP the most efficient of the encoders under study.

CUDA-MMP - Codificação de imagens com sistemas com múltiplos núcleos

Hoje em dia, a área de codificação de dados é transversal a diversos tipos de engenharias devido à sua grande importância. Com o aumento exponencial na criação de dados digitais, o campo da compressão de dados ganhou uma grande visibilidade nesta área. São constantemente desenvolvidos e melhorados algoritmos de compressão por forma a obter a maior compressão de dados possível seja com ou sem perda de dados, permitindo sustentar o rápido e constante crescimento dos mesmos. Um dos grandes problemas deste tipo de algoritmos deve-se ao grande poder computacional que por vezes é necessário para obter uma boa taxa de compressão mantendo a qualidade dos dados quando descompactados. Este documento descreve uma estratégia para tentar reduzir o impacto do poder computacional necessário à codificação de imagens utilizando uma implementação heterogénea. O objetivo é tentar efetuar a paralelização das secções que requerem elevado poder computacional reduzindo assim o tempo necessário à compressão de dados. Este documento baseia-se na implementação desta estratégia para o algoritmo de codificação de imagens MMP-Intra. Utilizando inicialmente uma análise teórica, demonstramos que é viável efetuar a paralelização do algoritmo, sendo possível obter elevados ganhos de desempenho. Por forma a provar que o algoritmo MMP-Intra era paralelizavel e identificar os ganhos reais foi desenvolvido um protótipo inicial, o qual obteve um desempenho muito inferiore ao do algoritmo original, necessitando de muito mais tempo para obter os mesmo resultados. Utilizando um processo de otimização iterativo o protótipo passou por várias etapas de refinação. O protótipo refinado final obteve resultados muito superiores ao algoritmo sequencial no qual o mesmo foi baseado chegando a obter desempenhos quatro vezes superior ao original.

Estabilidade de paredes duplas de alvenaria ensaios de eficiência do grampeamento

As paredes de alvenaria não-resistentes têm sido, ao longo do tempo, amplamente utilizadas em fachadas, principalmente como material de enchimento. Este tipo de paredes detêm um papel de elevada importância em sistemas complexos como são os edifícios, uma vez que, separam o interior do ambiente exterior desenrolando um papel chave no desempenho dos edifícios, bem como no conforto dos seus utilizadores. Numa tentativa de aumentar a eficiência energética dos edifícios, vários países têm vindo a utilizar paredes duplas de alvenaria, a fim de criar caixas de ar ou espaços para colocar materiais de isolamento. No entanto, se este tipo de construção não for bem aplicado pode conduzir a patologias ou até mesmo ao colapso das paredes para fora do plano, particularmente devido a forças extremas como os sismos. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar uma campanha experimental que foi desenvolvida, a fim de investigar a influência do grampeamento em paredes duplas de alvenaria quando submetidas a cargas de compressão. Durante o estudo foram construídos diferentes provetes de paredes duplas de alvenaria onde foram aplicados diferentes tipos e quantidades de grampos. Para além disso, os grampos foram colocados em diferentes posições nas paredes, levando a uma quantidade significativa de variáveis. As cargas axiais aplicadas nos provetes, com o uso de um macaco hidráulico, serviram para averiguar e avaliar o número ideal e posição dos grampos contribuindo, portanto, para entender o cuidado necessário na construção de paredes duplas de alvenaria.

Reforço de pilares por confinamento com mantas de fibras de carbono: avaliação de modelos de comportamento

A presente dissertação incide sobre o estudo dos efeitos do confinamento com materiais compósitos de polímeros reforçados com fibras de carbono (CFRP) em pilares de estruturas de betão armado. A motivação para este estudo surge da necessidade de aprofundar conhecimentos acerca do comportamento dos pilares de betão reforçados por confinamento com CFRP, uma vez que a sua aplicação apresenta uma crescente importância, por exemplo, para aumento da resistência e da ductilidade de estruturas de betão armado. Fez-se, inicialmente, uma breve revisão das técnicas de reforço convencionais utilizadas em pilares de betão armado, com ênfase no reforço exterior com polímeros reforçados com fibras. A elevada resistência à tração, à corrosão e à fadiga, o baixo peso volúmico, a versatilidade e a diversidade dos sistemas comercializados com CFRP tornam este material muito competitivo para este tipo de aplicação. Na sequência desse estudo, realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica acerca dos modelos de comportamento que permitem prever o desempenho de pilares de betão confinados com CFRP, sujeitos a esforços de compressão. Como forma de análise desses modelos, desenvolveu-se uma ferramenta numérica em ambiente Mathworks - Matlab R2015a, que permitiu a obtenção e posterior comparação dos diagramas de tensão-extensão descritos pelos modelos desenvolvidos por Manfredi e Realfonzo (2001), Ferreira (2007) e Wei e Wu (2011). Por fim, comparam-se os resultados experimentais de Paula (2003) e de Rocca (2007) com os dos modelos constitutivos referidos anteriormente, analisando-se também a influência de vários fatores na eficácia do confinamento, tais como o boleamento, o número de camadas de CFRP e a geometria da secção transversal. Foram ainda comparados e discutidos resultados relativos ao confinamento parcial de pilares. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os modelos analíticos representam relativamente bem o andamento das curvas do betão confinado para secções circulares, quadradas e retangulares, verificando-se as principais discrepâncias nestas duas últimas tipologias de secção transversal, dada a dificuldade associada à quantificação de parâmetros associados ao seu comportamento (por exemplo, boleamento de arestas). No entanto, verificou-se igualmente que com um adequado boleamento de arestas (e consequente aumento da relação entre o raio de canto e a largura da secção de betão), bem como com um aumento do número de camadas de material compósito, é possível aumentar a tensão resistente e a extensão axial na rotura do betão à compressão.

Prevalência e Sintomatologia Associada a Doenças do Comportamento Alimentar em Adolescentes

As Doenças do Comportamento Alimentar apresentam-se como um problema de saúde proeminente e, como tal, devem ser entendidas como multidimensionais e complexas, que interagem com factores biológicos, psicológicos e sócio-culturais e, que podem ocorrer devido a comportamentos alimentares de carácter patológico e com consequências sérias na qualidade de vida presente e futura. Este trabalho de investigação teve como principal objectivo avaliar a prevalência das Doenças do Comportamento Alimentar numa população não clínica de estudantes, assim como caracterizar o perfil socio-demográfico e familiar dos estudantes e, determinar a relação entre a sintomatologia associada a perturbações do comportamento alimentar e o sexo, idade, IMC, tipo de família, vinculação aos pais e ano de escolaridade dos adolescentes. No intuito de concretizar os objectivos, realizámos um estudo não experimental, transversal e correlacional. A amostra foi constituída por 326 estudantes do 3º Ciclo e do Ensino Secundário da zona centro de Portugal. Foram aplicados um questionário anónimo composto por dados socio-demográficos, antropométricos e clínicos, o Eating Disorder Inventory 2 (EDI 2) e o Questionário de Vinculação ao Pai e à Mãe (QVPM). De acordo com os critérios presentes no DSM-IV-TR não encontramos qualquer caso de Bulimia Nervosa em ambos os sexos. Nas raparigas, constatamos 1,5% de casos prováveis de Anorexia Nervosa tipo Restritivo, 0% de casos prováveis de Anorexia Nervosa tipo Purgativa, 17,3% de casos prováveis de Anorexia Nervosa Restritiva Parcial e 6,1% de casos prováveis de Anorexia Nervosa Purgativa Parcial. Quanto aos rapazes, relatam-se 0,8% de casos prováveis de Anorexia Nervosa tipo Restritivo, 0% de casos prováveis de Anorexia Nervosa tipo Purgativa, 5,2% de situações parciais de Anorexia Nervosa Restritiva e 1,8% de situações parciais de Anorexia Nervosa Purgativa. Foram observadas também, correlações entre a sintomatologia associada a perturbações do comportamento alimentar consoante o sexo, idade, IMC, tipo de família, vinculação aos pais e ano de escolaridade dos inquiridos. Concluímos que todo o sistema familiar e escolar, especialmente pais e professores, devem estar alerta para os sinais manifestados pelos adolescentes no sentido de dar à prevenção um papel fulcral.

Resistividade elétrica superficial do concreto: influência da cura

A resistividade elétrica superficial do concreto, nos estados fresco e endurecido, pode ser influenciada por alguns fatores, como por exemplo: grau de hidratação, relação água/aglomerante (a/ag), procedimento de cura, teor de agregado e existência de armadura. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho e o comportamento da resistividade elétrica superficial do concreto tendo como base a influência do tempo de cura e relação a/ag. Os concretos dosados foram divididos em três grupos, onde C-0,81 representa o grupo de concretos com relação água/aglomerante de 0,81 e 20 MPa de resistência à compressão; C- 0,50 representa os concretos com relação água/aglomerante de 0,50 e 40 MPa; e C-0,35 representa os concretos com relação água/aglomerante de 0,35 e 60 MPa de resistência à compressão. Os procedimentos de cura aplicados aos três grupos foram: cura seca, cura submersa até os sete dias e cura submersa até os quatorze dias. No presente estudo, os resultados mostraram que quanto maior a relação água/aglomerante, maior será a porosidade da mistura que, por sua vez, eleva a resistividade elétrica. No que tange ao procedimento de cura, os concretos curados a seco apresentaram maiores índices de resistividade que os concretos submersos.

Characterization of the glial scar tissue in a murine model of spinal cord compression, with focus on hyaluronan

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological disorder that affects thousands of people each year. Although in recent decades significant progress has been made in relation to understanding the molecular and cellular events underlying the nervous damage, spinal cord injury is still a highly disabling condition for which there is no curative therapy. People affected by spinal cord injuries manifested dysfunction or loss, temporary or permanent, of motor, sensory and / or autonomic functions depending on the spinal lesion damaged. Currently, the incidence rate of this type of injury is approximately 15-40 cases per million people worldwide. At the origin of these lesions are: road accidents, falls, interpersonal violence and the practice of sports. In this work we placed the hypothesis that HA is one of the component of the scar tissue formed after a compressive SCI, that it is likely synthetised by the perilesional glial cells and that it might support the permeation of the glial scar during the late phase of SCI. Nowadays, much focus is drawn on the recovery of CNS function, made impossible after SCI due to the high content of sulfated proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix. Counterbalancing the ratio between these proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid could be one of the experimental therapy to re-permeate the glial scar tissue formed after SCI, making possible axonal regrowth and functional recovery. Therefore, we established a model of spinal cord compression in mice and studied the glial scar tissue, particularly through the characterization of the expression of enzymes related to the metabolism of HA and the subsequent concentration thereof at different distances of the lesion epicenter. Our results show that the lesion induced in mice shows results similar to those produced in human lesions, in terms of histologic similarities and behavioral results. but these animals demonstrate an impressive spontaneous reorganization mechanism of the spinal cord tissue that occurs after injury and allows for partial recovery of the functions of the CNS. As regards the study of the glial scar, changes were recorded at the level of mRNA expression of enzymes metabolizing HA i.e., after injury there was a decreased expression of HA synthases 1-2 (HAS 1-2) and an increase of the expression HAS3 synthase mRNA, as well as the enzymes responsible for the HA catabolism, HYAL 1-2. But the amount of HA measured through the ELISA test was found unchanged after injury, it is not possible to explain this fact only with the change of expression of enzymes. At two weeks and in response to SCI, we found synthesized HA by reactive astrocytes and probably by others like microglial cells as it was advanced by the HA/GFAP+ and HA/IBA1+ cells co-location.