Phylogeography of an Atlantic forest passerine reveals demographic stability through the last glacial maximum

In this study we analyzed the phylogeographic pattern and historical demography of an endemic Atlantic forest (AF) bird, Basileuterus leucoblepharus, and test the influence of the last glacial maximum (LGM) on its population effective size using coalescent simulations. We address two main questions: (i) Does B. leucoblepharus present population genetic structure congruent with the patterns observed for other AF organisms? (ii) How did the LGM affect the effective population size of B. leucoblepharus? We sequenced 914 bp of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b and 512 bp of the nuclear intron 5 of beta-fibrinogen of 62 individuals from 15 localities along the AF. Both molecular markers revealed no genetic structure in B. leucoblepharus. Neutrality tests based on both loci showed significant demographic expansion. The extended Bayesian skyline plot showed that the species seems to have experienced demographic expansion starting around 300,000 years ago, during the late Pleistocene. This date does not coincide with the LGM and the dynamics of population size showed stability during the LGM. To further test the effect of the LGM on this species, we simulated seven demographic scenarios to explore whether populations suffered specific bottlenecks. The scenarios most congruent with our data were population stability during the LGM with bottlenecks older than this period. This is the first example of an AF organism that does not show phylogeographic breaks caused by vicariant events associated to climate change and geotectonic activities in the Quaternary. Differential ecological, environmental tolerances and habitat requirements are possibly influencing the different evolutionary histories of these organisms. Our results show that the history of organism diversification in this megadiverse Neotropical forest is complex. Crown Copyright (c) 2012 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Parametric resonances in a base-excited double pendulum

Two parametrically-induced phenomena are addressed in the context of a double pendulum subject to a vertical base excitation. First, the parametric resonances that cause the stable downward vertical equilibrium to bifurcate into large-amplitude periodic solutions are investigated extensively. Then the stabilization of the unstable upward equilibrium states through the parametric action of the high-frequency base motion is documented in the experiments and in the simulations. It is shown that there is a region in the plane of the excitation frequency and amplitude where all four unstable equilibrium states can be stabilized simultaneously in the double pendulum. The parametric resonances of the two modes of the base-excited double pendulum are studied both theoretically and experimentally. The transition curves (i.e., boundaries of the dynamic instability regions) are constructed asymptotically via the method of multiple scales including higher-order effects. The bifurcations characterizing the transitions from the trivial equilibrium to the periodic solutions are computed by either continuation methods and or by time integration and compared with the theoretical and experimental results.

THE ROLE OF TURBULENT MAGNETIC RECONNECTION IN THE FORMATION OF ROTATIONALLY SUPPORTED PROTOSTELLAR DISKS

The formation of protostellar disks out of molecular cloud cores is still not fully understood. Under ideal MHD conditions, the removal of angular momentum from the disk progenitor by the typically embedded magnetic field may prevent the formation of a rotationally supported disk during the main protostellar accretion phase of low-mass stars. This has been known as the magnetic braking problem and the most investigated mechanism to alleviate this problem and help remove the excess of magnetic flux during the star formation process, the so-called ambipolar diffusion (AD), has been shown to be not sufficient to weaken the magnetic braking at least at this stage of the disk formation. In this work, motivated by recent progress in the understanding of magnetic reconnection in turbulent environments, we appeal to the diffusion of magnetic field mediated by magnetic reconnection as an alternative mechanism for removing magnetic flux. We investigate numerically this mechanism during the later phases of the protostellar disk formation and show its high efficiency. By means of fully three-dimensional MHD simulations, we show that the diffusivity arising from turbulent magnetic reconnection is able to transport magnetic flux to the outskirts of the disk progenitor at timescales compatible with the collapse, allowing the formation of a rotationally supported disk around the protostar of dimensions similar to 100 AU, with a nearly Keplerian profile in the early accretion phase. Since MHD turbulence is expected to be present in protostellar disks, this is a natural mechanism for removing magnetic flux excess and allowing the formation of these disks. This mechanism dismisses the necessity of postulating a hypothetical increase of the ohmic resistivity as discussed in the literature. Together with our earlier work which showed that magnetic flux removal from molecular cloud cores is very efficient, this work calls for reconsidering the relative role of AD in the processes of star and planet formation.

Particle Acceleration in Turbulence and Weakly Stochastic Reconnection

In this Letter we analyze the energy distribution evolution of test particles injected in three dimensional (3D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of different magnetic reconnection configurations. When considering a single Sweet-Parker topology, the particles accelerate predominantly through a first-order Fermi process, as predicted in [3] and demonstrated numerically in [8]. When turbulence is included within the current sheet, the acceleration rate is highly enhanced, because reconnection becomes fast and independent of resistivity [4,11] and allows the formation of a thick volume filled with multiple simultaneously reconnecting magnetic fluxes. Charged particles trapped within this volume suffer several head-on scatterings with the contracting magnetic fluctuations, which significantly increase the acceleration rate and results in a first-order Fermi process. For comparison, we also tested acceleration in MHD turbulence, where particles suffer collisions with approaching and receding magnetic irregularities, resulting in a reduced acceleration rate. We argue that the dominant acceleration mechanism approaches a second order Fermi process in this case.

Plasmatic higher levels of homocysteine in Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease, which includes a spectrum of hepatic pathology such as simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. The increased serum levels of homocysteine (Hcy) may be associated with hepatic fat accumulation. Genetic mutations in the folate route may only mildly impair Hcy metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between liver steatosis with plasma homocysteine level and MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms in Brazilian patients with NAFLD. Methods Thirty-five patients diagnosed with NAFLD by liver biopsy and forty-five healthy controls neither age nor sex matched were genotyped for C677T and A1298C MTHFR polymorphisms using PCR-RFLP and PCR-ASA, respectively, and Hcy was determined by HPLC. All patients were negative for markers of Wilson’s, hemochromatosis and autoimmune diseases. Their daily alcohol intake was less than 100 g/week. A set of metabolic and serum lipid markers were also measured at the time of liver biopsies. Results The plasma Hcy level was higher in NAFLD patients compared to the control group (p = 0.0341). No statistical difference for genotypes 677C/T (p = 0.110) and 1298A/C (p = 0.343) in patients with NAFLD and control subjects was observed. The genotypes distribution was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (677C/T p = 0.694 and 1298 A/C p = 0.188). The group of patients and controls showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) for BMI and HOMA_IR, similarly to HDL cholesterol levels (p < 0,006), AST, ALT, γGT, AP and triglycerides levels (p < 0.001). A negative correlation was observed between levels of vitamin B12 and Hcy concentration (p = 0.005). Conclusion Our results indicate that plasma Hcy was higher in NAFLD than controls. The MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms did not differ significantly between groups, despite the 677TT homozygous frequency was higher in patients (17.14%) than in controls (677TT = 4.44%) (p > 0.05). The suggested genetic susceptibility to the MTHFR C677T and A1298C should be confirmed in large population based studies.

Repercussões pulmonares após isquemia hepática parcial e reperfusão: modelo experimental

OBJETIVO: Descrever um modelo experimental de lesão de isquemia/reperfusão hepática com manifestações sistêmicas, representadas pelo envolvimento pulmonar, que possa ser utilizado por aqueles que pretendem compreender esse fenômeno. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos (200-250g) foram usados. Quatorze foram alocados em dois grupos, sendo G1 com oito submetidos somente à laparotomia e G2, seis à isquemia e reperfusão hepática. As funções hepática (aminotransferases séricas, respiração mitocondrial, histologia) e pulmonar (teste do azul de Evans) foram analisadas. RESULTADOS: houve diferença estatística significativa entre G1 e G2 ao se comparar valores de AST (24,3 ± 108 e 5406 ± 2263), ALT (88,5 ± 28,5 e 5169 ± 2690), razão de controle respiratório (3,41 ± 0,17 e 1,91 ± 0,55) e relação ADP/O (1,93 ± 0,03 e 1,45 ± 0,27), lesões histológicas (necrose, células inflamatórias, hemorragia, microesteatose) e teste do azul de Evans (194,31 ± 53 e 491,8 ± 141). CONCLUSÃO: O modelo mostrou-se útil para o estudo de lesão de isquemia/reperfusão hepática.

Dermatomiosite em adulto: experiência de um centro terciário brasileiro

OBJETIVOS: Relatamos os resultados de um estudo de coorte retrospectivo envolvendo 139 pacientes com dermatomiosite, conduzido de 1991 a 2011. MÉTODOS: Todos os pacientes preenchiam pelo menos quatro dos cinco critérios de Bohan and Peter (1975). RESULTADOS: A média de idade dos pacientes no início da doença foi de 41,7 ± 14,1 anos, e a duração da doença foi de 7,2 ± 5,2 anos. A amostragem constitui-se de 90,2% de indivíduos brancos, 79,9% do gênero feminino. Sintomas constitucionais foram detectados em menos da metade dos casos. Envolvimentos cutâneo e articular ocorreram em 95,7% e 41,7% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Em 48,2% dos pacientes foram apresentadas pneumopatia incipiente, opacidades em "vidro fosco" e/ou fibrose pulmonar. Todos os pacientes receberam prednisona (1 mg/kg/dia) e 51,1% receberam também metilprednisolona intravenosa (1 g/dia por três dias). Vários imunossupressores foram usados como poupadores de corticosteroide de acordo com tolerância, efeitos colaterais e/ou refratariedade. Houve recidiva de doença (clínica e/ou laboratorial) em 53,2% dos casos; 76,3% permaneceram em remissão no momento do estudo. A taxa de infecção grave foi de 35,3%, com o predomínio de herpes zoster. Houve 15 (10,8%) casos de câncer, dos quais 12 foram confirmados em um período de um ano após o diagnóstico da doença. Houve ainda 16 óbitos (11,5%) cujas causas principais foram sepse/choque séptico (27,5%), pneumopatia atribuída à doença (31,3%), neoplasias (31,3%) e eventos cardiovasculares (12,5%). CONCLUSÕES: No presente trabalho, os dados clínico-laboratoriais foram semelhantes aos de outros grupos populacionais descritos na literatura, com diferenças mínimas quanto à frequência e às características das manifestações extramusculares.

Isolation of Microsporum gypseum in soil samples from different geographical regions of Brazil, evaluation of the extracellular proteolytic enzymes activities (keratinase and elastase) and molecular sequencing of selected strains

A survey of Microsporum gypseum was conducted in soil samples in different geographical regions of Brazil. The isolation of dermatophyte from soil samples was performed by hair baiting technique and the species were identified by morphology studies. We analyzed 692 soil samples and the recuperating rate was 19.2%. The activities of keratinase and elastase were quantitatively performed in 138 samples. The sequencing of the ITS region of rDNA was performed in representatives samples. M. gypseum isolates showed significant quantitative differences in the expression of both keratinase and elastase, but no significant correlation was observed between these enzymes. The sequencing of the representative samples revealed the presence of two teleomorphic species of M. gypseum (Arthroderma gypseum and A. incurvatum). The enzymatic activities may play an important role in the pathogenicity and a probable adaptation of this fungus to the animal parasitism. Using the phenotypical and molecular analysis, the Microsporum identification and their teleomorphic states will provide a useful and reliable identification system.

Efeito da tibolona na morfologia do músculo esquelético, nas enzimas hepáticas e no nível sérico de glicose em ratas castradas

INTRODUÇÃO: O fígado é uma estrutura de elevada complexidade e é fundamental entender como determinadas substâncias podem afetar sua estrutura e suas funções. OBJETIVO: Analisar a influência da tibolona no metabolismo hepático por meio da avaliação de enzimas e metabólitos comumente utilizados em provas de função hepática. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas dez ratas Wistar, divididas em dois grupos: controle (n = 4) e tibolona (n = 6), em status de menopausa cirúrgica. A tibolona (1 mg) foi administrada diariamente por gavagem durante 20 semanas, com avaliação periódica do peso corporal. Após sedação, efetuou-se coleta de sangue para avaliação bioquímica de albumina (Alb) sérica, fosfatase alcalina (FA), transaminases (aspartato aminotransferase e alanina aminotransferase [AST/ALT]), gama-glutamiltranspeptidase (GGT) e glicose, mediante espectrofotometria. O músculo esquelético da coxa foi avaliado por histomorfometria em cortes histológicos corados com hematoxilina e eosina (HE). RESULTADOS: Os animais do grupo tibolona mostraram menor peso corporal, alterações musculares esqueléticas e discretas alterações bioquímicas. Além disso, AST e FA estavam diminuídas e GGT estava mais elevada, porém sem significância estatística. A histomorfometria do músculo revelou uma tendência de menor volume celular nesse grupo. CONCLUSÃO: A tibolona, administrada em alta dose e por tempo prolongado, não interfere de forma significativa nas funções metabólicas e de síntese hepáticas, bem como na permeabilidade da membrana celular, entretanto parece modular a expressão genômica da GGT. A tibolona apresenta influência sistêmica associada a menor peso e diminuição da massa muscular e aumento significativo no peso relativo do fígado, além de alteração da glicogenólise hepática e muscular, da gliconeogênese hepática e dos níveis de glicose circulante.

Estudo da lesão de isquemia e reperfusão hepática com e sem obstrução da via biliar e a modulação pela N-acetilcisteína e pelo precondicionamento isquêmico em ratos

O objetivo foi estudar os efeitos do precondicionamento isquêmico e da N-acetilcisteína no clampeamento da tríade portal comparado com o clampeamento vascular excluindo a via biliar. Foram utilizados oitenta ratos EPM-1 Wistar distribuídos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos de 40 animais. Estes se distinguiram pela inclusão (CVB=1) ou não (SVB=2) do ducto biliar no clampeamento e foram redistribuídos em subgrupos de 10. IR1: 20 minutos após a celiotomia, o pedículo contendo os elementos vasculares e o ducto biliar para os lobos mediano e lateral esquerdo do fígado foi clampeado por 40 minutos, seguido de 30 minutos de reperfusão; PCI1: 10 minutos de isquemia e 10 minutos de reperfusão. Após o PCI, seguiu-se o mesmo procedimento usado para IR1; NAC1: (150mg.Kg-1 ), administrada 15 minutos antes do período isquêmico e 5 minutos antes da reperfusão; S1: dissecção e clampeamento exclusivo do ducto biliar durante o período de isquemia. Nos subgrupos IR2, PCI2 e NAC2, o clampeamento excluiu a via biliar; S2: dissecção e observação por 90min. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue para a dosagem dos níveis enzimáticos e fragmento do fígado isquêmico para coloração HE. Na análise estatística dos resultados foram utilizados testes não paramétricos e o nível de rejeição da hipótese de nulidade foi fixado em 5%. A lesão de IR hepática foi menos grave nos animais do grupo de clampeamento seletivo incluindo o ducto biliar, com AST (766 vs 1380) e ALT (840 vs 1576); PCI protegeu o fígado da IR nos animais com clampeamento seletivo da tríade portal com relação à AST (421 vs 1131) e ALT (315 vs 1085). Na avaliação morfológica, o PCI inibiu a ocorrência de esteatose microvesicular e núcleos picnóticos (0% de lesão moderada ou intensa) e a NAC protegeu parcialmente 17% e 50% de lesão moderada ou intensa para CVB e SVB, respectivamente. O clampeamento seletivo da tríade portal resulta em lesão de IR do fígado menos grave, quando comparado à exclusão do ducto biliar. O PCI protege o fígado da lesão de IR. A NAC mostra um efeito de proteção parcial, reduzindo as alterações parenquimatosas, mas não os níveis de aminotransferases.

Validation of age determination methods and growth studies of the sand sole Pegusa lascaris (Soleidae) from the eastern-central Atlantic

[EN]The age and growth of the sand sole Pegusa lascaris from the Canarian Archipelago were studied from 2107 fish collected between January 2005 and December 2007. To find an appropriate method for age determination, sagittal otoliths were observed by surface-reading and frontal section and the results were compared. The two methods did not differ significantly in estimated age but the surface-reading method is superior in terms of cost and time efficiency. The sand sole has a moderate life span, with ages up to 10 years recorded. Individuals grow quickly in their first two years, attaining approximately 48% of their maximum standard length; after the second year, their growth rate drops rapidly as energy is diverted to reproduction. Males and females show dimorphism in growth, with females reaching a slightly greater length and age than males. Von Bertalanffy, seasonalized von Bertalanfy, Gompertz, and Schnute growth models were fitted to length-at-age data. Akaike weights for the seasonalized von Bertalanffy growth model indicated that the probability of choosing the correct model from the group of models used was >0.999 for males and females. The seasonalized von Bertalanffy growth parameters estimated were: L? = 309 mm standard length, k = 0.166 yr?1, t0 = ?1.88 yr, C = 0.347, and ts = 0.578 for males; and L? = 318 mm standard length, k = 0.164 yr?1, t0 = ?1.653 yr, C = 0.820, and ts = 0.691 for females. Fish standard length and otolith radius are closely correlated (R2 = 0.902). The relation between standard length and otolith radius is described by a power function (a = 85.11, v = 0.906)

Analisi e valutazione delle performance acustiche degli aeromobili nella fase di atterraggio

Nella tesi si analizzano le principali fonti del rumore aeronautico, lo stato dell'arte dal punto di vista normativo, tecnologico e procedurale. Si analizza lo stato dell'arte anche riguardo alla classificazione degli aeromobili, proponendo un nuovo indice prestazionale in alternativa a quello indicato dalla metodologia di certificazione (AC36-ICAO) Allo scopo di diminuire l'impatto acustico degli aeromobili in fase di atterraggio, si analizzano col programma INM i benefici di procedure CDA a 3° rispetto alle procedure tradizionali e, di seguito di procedure CDA ad angoli maggiori in termini di riduzione di lunghezza e di area delle isofoniche SEL85, SEL80 e SEL75.