Salud mental y sistema urbano en una localidad de rango medio. En: Avá, nº 21

El propósito de este trabajo es analizar las relaciones específicas y particulares entre el sistema público satisfactor de un servicio de salud mental y el sistema institucional urbano que lo contiene, en una localidad de rango medio de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, básicamente como una articulación contradictoria entre la estructura de la urbanización capitalista y los servicios públicos. Se abordan ambos sistemas y sus relaciones, tomando para el análisis las manifestaciones explícitas de los actores sociales involucrados y los procesos estructurales sub-yacentes. A partir de los aportes teóricos de la Antropología Médica y la Antropología Urbana, se indagan procesos como la llamada “psiquiatrización de lo social”, asociada a la medicalización biologicista, y la segregación espacial y organizacional del aparato público de atención de salud mental, sus encubrimientos y contradicciones. Partimos de la hipótesis de un isomorfismo en los procesos específicos del sistema de salud con el sistema urbano, en general en la ciudad media, sobre la base del modelo ideológico homeostático biologicista de concebir tanto el proceso de “curación” de la enfermedad mental, cuanto de generar su segregación espacial y organizacional. Se establecen finalmente claves críticas generadas desde dentro del propio sistema y el análisis del caso.

Desarrollo de una propuesta didáctica sobre contenidos de ecología en 2�� de ESO a partir de situaciones problemáticas abiertas

En los últimos años se ha puesto de manifiesto la falta de interés de los alumnos europeos por las ciencias y, en concreto en España, se han obtenido resultados muy bajos en la resolución de problemas y en la competencia científica. La investigación realizada sugiere cambios hacia metodologías indagativas o inductivos que han resultado ser efectivos para construir aprendizaje significativo en los alumnos y generar actitudes positivas hacia la ciencia (Abd-El-Khalick et al, 2004; Rocard et al, 2007). Entre estos métodos, algunos autores han argumentado que la educación basada en problemas puede ser particularmente útil para el aprendizaje efectivo y permanente de los alumnos (Pease & Kuhn, 2011). Hay varias formas de poner en práctica el aprendizaje basado en problemas en el aula, este trabajo implementa una de ellas que está basada en la Metodología de Resolución de Problemas por Investigación (MRPI) de Gil & Martínez-Torregrosa (1983) que pone el énfasis en la resolución de problemas, tanto de lápiz y papel como de tipo experimental. Consiste en cinco fases o procedimientos metodológicos que se corresponden con las cinco dimensiones de la competencia científica o dimensiones competenciales (DC1: Análisis cualitativo del problema; DC2: Emisión de hipótesis; DC3: Diseño de la estrategia de resolución; DC4: Resolución; DC5: Análisis de los resultados). Esta metodología incluye la naturaleza cíclica del proceso de resolución de problemas, en la que la revisión de los enfoques anteriores y la construcción de los conocimientos nuevos generan la base para la formulación de nuevos desafíos y problemas. Como método de enseñanza, la MRPI considera el aprendizaje como construcción del conocimiento teniendo en cuenta los conocimientos previos de los alumnos y sus concepciones alternativas. El trabajo en el aula se lleva a cabo en pequeños grupos cooperativos que fomentan el aprendizaje significativo por medio de materiales contextualizados que aumentan la motivación y autoconfianza, que proporcionan destrezas de razonamiento críticas y que mejoran la actitud hacia la ciencia. Varios estudios y tesis han dado validez a este método de enseñanza (Varela, 1994; Ibáñez, 2003; Ibáñez & Martínez Aznar, 2005; Pavón Martínez & Martínez Aznar, 2014)...

Resolución 061 del 26 de mayo de 2009: Por medio de la cual se resuelve un recurso de reposición y se concede uno de apelación

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Crescimento e produção de matéria seca em diferentes partes de dendezeiro, dos 2 aos 8 anos de idade.

A pesquisa objetivou avaliar o crescimento do dendezeiro através da medição das variáveis: altura da planta, circunferência do coleto e produção de matéria seca. Dendezeiros com 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 e 8 anos e idade no campo, cultivados num Latossolo Amarelo na ecorregião de Tailândia, Estado do Pará, foram coletados nas plantações da Agropalma. Cada planta foi separada nos componentes: folíolos, pecíolos, ráquis, "cabbage", flechas, estipe, inflorescências masculinas, pedúnculos, espiguetas e frutos para determinação da produção de matéria seca. Os resultados indicam que as plantas com oito anos de idade apresentam crescimento ascendente em altura, circunferência do coleto c produção de matéria seca. A produção de matéria seca é lenta é o quarto ano, tornando-se mais intensa a partir do quinto ano. No geral. a produção de matéria seca nos diferentes componentes do dendezeiro mostra a seguinte ordem decrescente: estipe > pecíolo > folíolos > "quis > frutos > espiguetas > inflorescências masculinas > pedúnculos > flecha > "cabbage".

NOTA GEOPALEONTOLOGICA PREMILINAR SOBRE EL VALLE DEL RIO REVENTAZON EN SU CURSO MEDIO

No presenta resumen este articulo.

DESLOCAMENTOS POPULACIONAIS PENDULARES EM ÁREAS LIGADAS À INDÚSTRIA PETROLÍFERA NO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO. BRASIL. 2000

O estudo dos movimentos pendulares de população vem adquirindo importância crescente na medida em que estes se relacionam diretamente com a estrutura e as mudanças que ocorrem na economia e na sociedade. No presente caso, referem-se às transformações ligadas à indústria do petróleo e seus impactos na região Norte Fluminense do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Em decorrência dessas mudanças, emergem novas formas de mobilidade espacial da população, como a pendular (diária/ de curta distância, semanal/ de média distância ou estendida/ de longa distância) para pessoas que trabalham ou estudam em município diferente do de sua residência. Neste sentido, o objetivo geral deste estudo, de caráter exploratório descritivo, é discutir o fenômeno dos deslocamentos pendulares de população como processo de interação espacial. Para tal, visa caracterizar esta nova feição da mobilidade populacional, considerando como indicadores básicos, distância percorrida, áreas de origem e destino, bem como a periodicidade dos deslocamentos segundo o recorte espacial da Organização dos Municípios Produtores de Petróleo (OMPETRO) e limítrofes da Bacia de Campos/RJ. Como objetivo específico, busca traçar o perfil sócio-demográfico dos deslocados diários (em especial para atividades do comércio e serviços) e dos deslocados de maior tempo e distância (aqueles ligados á indústria do petróleo). O presente trabalho integra pesquisas em andamento no Grupo de Estudos Espaço e População (GEPOP) do Departamento de Geografia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Brasil.

CARTOGRAFÍA GEOGRÁFICA Y MEDIO AMBIENTE EN AMÉRICA LATINA: REALIDADES Y PERSPECTIVAS DE UN NUEVO PARADIGMA EN LA GEOGRAFÍA.

 En el presente trabajo se aborda de manera sucinta, el estado de la cartografía aplicada a los estudios medioambientales en América Latina, con énfasis en lo que  deberá constituirse, en opinión del autor, en un nuevo paradigma en los estudios geográficos y medioambientales: la Cartografía Geográfica.La situación de América Latina en este nuevo siglo continúa las sombrías proyecciones emitidas a finales del siglo XX: Un crecimiento de la población por encima de la media mundial, cuyo número desde el año 2005 rebasa los 560 millones de individuos, un creciente proceso de urbanización,  con una población urbana cuya concentración crece de manera alarmante y que agrupa algunas de las ciudades más pobladas del planeta, la extensión y profundización del nivel de pobreza extrema, la existencia de ínfimos niveles de educación, empleo insuficiente, desnutrición, falta de servicios médicos, analfabetismo, violencia, hacinamiento de la población en barrios insalubres, contaminación creciente en las ciudades, deforestación, empobrecimiento de las grandes masas de campesinos, descapitalización y atraso tecnológico, realidades que configuran un panorama que permite entrever un futuro casi inevitable de crisis económica y social en los próximos años.El medio ambiente se concibe como “el sistema de elementos abióticos, bióticos y socioeconómicos con los que el hombre entra en contacto, modificándolos y utilizándolos para la  satisfacción de sus necesidades”. (Arcia y otros, 1994).La geografía es la ciencia que trata de las relaciones que se establecen entre la naturaleza y la sociedad y de su desarrollo y desenvolvimiento en el espacio y en el tiempo. Por estas razones, está en condiciones de aportar elementos importantes al estudio de los problemas del medio ambiente y de la utilización racional de los recursos y además, en aspectos tales como los relativos a la  determinación de los límites de las unidades medioambientales, a la ubicación espacial de los mecanismos de intercambio de sustancia y energía que ocurren en los ecosistemas y a las propuestas  adecuadas para  el ordenamiento de los territorios. 

Metodologia para medição da potência necessária ao corte por um triturador florestal.

Resumo: Para execução do processo de raleamento na Caatinga é importante utilizar máquinas do tipo rotores trituradores acoplados em tratores de baixa potência, visando a diminuição de tempo e mão-de-obra dos agricultores familiares na, implantação de sistemas de exploração sustentáveis, sistemas agrossilvipastoris. Para o projeto de uma máquina que seja acessível a estes produtores, o primeiro passo é se conhecer a potência de corte necessária para a operação de raleamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e avaliar uma metodologia de ensaio para medir a potência durante o corte de uma espécie arbórea, podendo assim avaliar os parâmetros a serem utilizados futuramente no projeto da máquina. Como espécie teste, utilizou-se o eucalyptus citriodora, por ser uma madeira que apresenta resistência de corte elevada e similar ao das espécies da Caatinga. Observou-se que a metodologia proposta, ao padronizar os procedimentos, permitiu adquirir de forma rápida e precisa os valores dos parâmetros de importância no projeto de máquinas destinadas a cortar e triturar espécies arbóreas. Também a utilização dos dados obtidos por meio da aplicação da metodologia, possibilitam maior confiabilidade e precisão no projeto de máquinas destinadas a este tipo de trabalho. [Methodology for obtaining the cutting power of a forest crusher]. Abstract: For executions the thinning process in Caatinga is important to use machines as Rotors Crushers coupled in low- power tractors, aimed at decrease of time and hand labor of Family Farmers in the implementation of sustainable exploration systems, agrosylvopastoral Systems. For the project for the design of a machine that is accessible these producers, the first step is knowing the cut power needed for a thinning operation. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a test methodology to measure the power during the cutting of a tree species and can evaluate the cutting parameters used in the future in machine design. As a test species, we used the eucalyptus citriodora, as this wood has cut high resistance and similar to Species of Caatinga. It was observed that the methodology proposal, to the standardize procedures, allows to get quickly and accurately the values of importance parameters in the design of machines designed to cut and grind tree species. Also the use of data obtained through the application of the methodology , enable greater reliability and precision in machine design intended for this type of work.

An Asp49 Phospholipase A2 From Snake Venom Induces Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression And Prostaglandin E2 Production Via Activation Of Nf-κb, P38mapk, And Pkc In Macrophages.

Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are key enzymes for production of lipid mediators. We previously demonstrated that a snake venom sPLA2 named MT-III leads to prostaglandin (PG)E2 biosynthesis in macrophages by inducing the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Herein, we explored the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways leading to these MT-III-induced effects. Results demonstrated that MT-III induced activation of the transcription factor NF-κB in isolated macrophages. By using NF-κB selective inhibitors, the involvement of this factor in MT-III-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production was demonstrated. Moreover, MT-III-induced COX-2 protein expression and PGE2 release were attenuated by pretreatment of macrophages with SB202190, and Ly294002, and H-7-dihydro compounds, indicating the involvement of p38MAPK, PI3K, and PKC pathways, respectively. Consistent with this, MT-III triggered early phosphorylation of p38MAPK, PI3K, and PKC. Furthermore, SB202190, H-7-dihydro, but not Ly294002 treatment, abrogated activation of NF-κB induced by MT-III. Altogether, these results show for the first time that the induction of COX-2 protein expression and PGE2 release, which occur via NF-κB activation induced by the sPLA2-MT-III in macrophages, are modulated by p38MAPK and PKC, but not by PI3K signaling proteins.

Prognostic Value Of Dna And Mrna E6/e7 Of Human Papillomavirus In The Evolution Of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade 2.

This study aimed at evaluating whether human papillomavirus (HPV) groups and E6/E7 mRNA of HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, and 45 are prognostic of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 outcome in women with a cervical smear showing a low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). This cohort study included women with biopsy-confirmed CIN 2 who were followed up for 12 months, with cervical smear and colposcopy performed every three months. Women with a negative or low-risk HPV status showed 100% CIN 2 regression. The CIN 2 regression rates at the 12-month follow-up were 69.4% for women with alpha-9 HPV versus 91.7% for other HPV species or HPV-negative status (P < 0.05). For women with HPV 16, the CIN 2 regression rate at the 12-month follow-up was 61.4% versus 89.5% for other HPV types or HPV-negative status (P < 0.05). The CIN 2 regression rate was 68.3% for women who tested positive for HPV E6/E7 mRNA versus 82.0% for the negative results, but this difference was not statistically significant. The expectant management for women with biopsy-confirmed CIN 2 and previous cytological tests showing LSIL exhibited a very high rate of spontaneous regression. HPV 16 is associated with a higher CIN 2 progression rate than other HPV infections. HPV E6/E7 mRNA is not a prognostic marker of the CIN 2 clinical outcome, although this analysis cannot be considered conclusive. Given the small sample size, this study could be considered a pilot for future larger studies on the role of predictive markers of CIN 2 evolution.

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles For Hydrophilic Biotech Drugs: Optimization And Cell Viability Studies (caco-2 & Hepg-2 Cell Lines).

Insulin was used as model protein to developed innovative Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) for the delivery of hydrophilic biotech drugs, with potential use in medicinal chemistry. SLNs were prepared by double emulsion with the purpose of promoting stability and enhancing the protein bioavailability. Softisan(®)100 was selected as solid lipid matrix. The surfactants (Tween(®)80, Span(®)80 and Lipoid(®)S75) and insulin were chosen applying a 2(2) factorial design with triplicate of central point, evaluating the influence of dependents variables as polydispersity index (PI), mean particle size (z-AVE), zeta potential (ZP) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) by factorial design using the ANOVA test. Therefore, thermodynamic stability, polymorphism and matrix crystallinity were checked by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD), whereas the effect of toxicity of SLNs was check in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells. Results showed a mean particle size (z-AVE) width between 294.6 nm and 627.0 nm, a PI in the range of 0.425-0.750, ZP about -3 mV, and the EE between 38.39% and 81.20%. After tempering the bulk lipid (mimicking the end process of production), the lipid showed amorphous characteristics, with a melting point of ca. 30 °C. The toxicity of SLNs was evaluated in two distinct cell lines (HEPG-2 and Caco-2), showing to be dependent on the concentration of particles in HEPG-2 cells, while no toxicity in was reported in Caco-2 cells. SLNs were stable for 24 h in in vitro human serum albumin (HSA) solution. The resulting SLNs fabricated by double emulsion may provide a promising approach for administration of protein therapeutics and antigens.

Microbial Evaluation Of Traumatized Teeth Treated With Triple Antibiotic Paste Or Calcium Hydroxide With 2% Chlorhexidine Gel In Pulp Revascularization.

Revascularization outcome depends on microbial elimination because apical repair will not happen in the presence of infected tissues. This study evaluated the microbial composition of traumatized immature teeth and assessed their reduction during different stages of the revascularization procedures performed with 2 intracanal medicaments. Fifteen patients (7-17 years old) with immature teeth were submitted to the revascularization procedures; they were divided into 2 groups according to the intracanal medicament used: TAP group (n = 7), medicated with a triple antibiotic paste, and CHP group (n = 8), dressed with calcium hydroxide + 2% chlorhexidine gel. Samples were taken before any treatment (S1), after irrigation with 6% NaOCl (S2), after irrigation with 2% chlorhexidine (S3), after intracanal dressing (S4), and after 17% EDTA irrigation (S5). Cultivable bacteria recovered from the 5 stages were counted and identified by means of polymerase chain reaction assay (16S rRNA). Both groups had colony-forming unit counts significantly reduced after S2 (P < .05); however, no significant difference was found between the irrigants (S2 and S3, P = .99). No difference in bacteria counts was found between the intracanal medicaments used (P = .95). The most prevalent bacteria detected were Actinomyces naeslundii (66.67%), followed by Porphyromonas endodontalis, Parvimonas micra, and Fusobacterium nucleatum, which were detected in 33.34% of the root canals. An average of 2.13 species per canal was found, and no statistical correlation was observed between bacterial species and clinical/radiographic features. The microbial profile of infected immature teeth is similar to that of primarily infected permanent teeth. The greatest bacterial reduction was promoted by the irrigation solutions. The revascularization protocols that used the tested intracanal medicaments were efficient in reducing viable bacteria in necrotic immature teeth.

What Is The Best Indication For Single-incision Ophira Mini Sling? Insights From A 2-year Follow-up International Multicentric Study.

The Ophira Mini Sling System involves anchoring a midurethral, low-tension tape to the obturator internus muscles bilaterally at the level of the tendinous arc. Success rates in different subsets of patients are still to be defined. This work aims to identify which factors influence the 2-year outcomes of this treatment. Analysis was based on data from a multicenter study. Endpoints for analysis included objective measurements: 1-h pad-weight (PWT), and cough stress test (CST), and questionnaires: International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF) and Urinary Distress Inventory (UDI)-6. A logistic regression analysis evaluated possible risk factors for failure. In all, 124 female patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) underwent treatment with the Ophira procedure. All patients completed 1 year of follow-up, and 95 complied with the 2-year evaluation. Longitudinal analysis showed no significant differences between results at 1 and 2 years. The 2-year overall objective results were 81 (85.3%) patients dry, six (6.3%) improved, and eight (8.4%) incontinent. A multivariate analysis revealed that previous anti-incontinence surgery was the only factor that significantly influenced surgical outcomes. Two years after treatment, women with previous failed surgeries had an odds ratio (OR) for treatment failure (based on PWT) of 4.0 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-15.57). The Ophira procedure is an effective option for SUI treatment, with durable good results. Previous surgeries were identified as the only significant risk factor, though previously operated patients showed an acceptable success rate.

Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Metabolic Alterations, Calcium Dysregulation, And Increased Expression Of Extracellular Matrix Proteins In Laminin α2 Chain-deficient Muscle.

Congenital muscular dystrophy with laminin α2 chain deficiency (MDC1A) is one of the most severe forms of muscular disease and is characterized by severe muscle weakness and delayed motor milestones. The genetic basis of MDC1A is well known, yet the secondary mechanisms ultimately leading to muscle degeneration and subsequent connective tissue infiltration are not fully understood. In order to obtain new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying MDC1A, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of affected muscles (diaphragm and gastrocnemius) from laminin α2 chain-deficient dy(3K)/dy(3K) mice, using multidimensional protein identification technology combined with tandem mass tags. Out of the approximately 700 identified proteins, 113 and 101 proteins, respectively, were differentially expressed in the diseased gastrocnemius and diaphragm muscles compared with normal muscles. A large portion of these proteins are involved in different metabolic processes, bind calcium, or are expressed in the extracellular matrix. Our findings suggest that metabolic alterations and calcium dysregulation could be novel mechanisms that underlie MDC1A and might be targets that should be explored for therapy. Also, detailed knowledge of the composition of fibrotic tissue, rich in extracellular matrix proteins, in laminin α2 chain-deficient muscle might help in the design of future anti-fibrotic treatments. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000978 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD000978).