Influ��ncia de substratos na forma����o dos porta-enxertos: limoeiro-Cravo (Citrus limonia Osbeck) e tangerineira-Cle��patra (Citrus reshni Hort. Ex Tanaka) em ambiente protegido

Visando a estudar o efeito do substrato na produ����o de porta-enxertos de limoeiro-Cravo e tangerineira-Cle��patra em tubetes sob ambiente protegido, conduziu-se este trabalho na Faculdade de Ci��ncias Agr��rias e Veterin��rias de Jaboticabal-UNESP. O estudo foi realizado em ambiente coberto com sombrite preto sem prote����o lateral, adotando-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5x2, 4 repeti����es e 20 sementes por parcela. Utilizaram-se os substratos h��mus de minhoca oriundo de esterco de curral (H%) e vermiculita m��dia (V%), sendo S1=H0 V100; S2=H25 V75; S3=H50 V50; S4=H75 V25 e S5=H100 V0. Avaliaram-se o n��mero de pl��ntulas emergidas, altura das plantas, di��metro do caule, massas fresca e seca de raiz e parte a��rea. Observaram-se resultados estatisticamente significativos para di��metro do caule, aos 104 e 118 dias ap��s a semeadura (DAS) entre esp��cies, com superioridade de Cravo em rela����o a Cle��patra, por��m n��o aos 132 DAS. N��o foi constatada diferen��a significativa entre os substratos. Quanto �� massa fresca de parte a��rea, nenhuma diferen��a estat��stica ocorreu entre as esp��cies; por��m, quanto aos substratos, S3 mostrou-se superior a S1, n��o diferindo, entretanto, dos demais. Embora a an��lise estat��stica n��o tenha mostrado diferen��as significativas entre os tratamentos para os outros par��metros analisados, S3 destacou-se entre os substratos testados.

Building Strong Brands with Sponsorship: Case Battery Energy Drink

Tutkimuksen p����tavoitteena oli ymm��rt���� vahvojen br��ndien ja br��ndip����oman rakentamisprosessia, painottaen erityisesti sponsoroinnin roolia t��ss�� prosessissa. Tutkimus suoritettiin laadullisena tutkimuksena, jossa k��ytettiintapaustutkimusmenetelm����. Tutkimuksen aineisto ker��ttiin suurimmista online artikkelitietokannoista sek�� kolmesta henkil��kohtaisesta haastattelusta case-yrityksen edustajien kanssa. Tutkimuksen teoreettisen perustan muodosti br��ndip����oma-k��site ja sen osa-alueet, n��iden liittyminen vahvoihin br��ndeihin ja br��ndien rakentamiseen, sek�� sponsoroinnin strateginen k��ytt�� br��ndien rakentamisessa. Lis��ksi tutkimuksen empiirinen perusta arvio ja testasi n��it�� oletuksia ja aikaisemmin k��siteltyj�� teorioita case-br��ndi Battery energiajuoman valossa. Tutkimus osoitti, ett�� nykyp��iv��n�� kovan kilpailun markkinointiymp��rist��ss��, sponsorointi edustaa vaihtoehtoista tapaa rakentaa vahvoja, omalaatuisia ja suotuisia br��ndej��, joilla on korkea br��ndip����oma. Sponsoroinnista on tullut yh�� t��rke��mpi kommunikointiv��line br��ndien rakentamisessa ja erityisesti siell�� miss�� perinteiset menetelm��t ovat muuttumassa tehottomiksi. Empiirisess�� osassa selvisi, ett�� sponsorointia on k��ytetty menestyksekk����sti strategisena keinona vahvan ja omalaatuisen Battery br��ndin ja sen korkean br��ndip����oman rakentamisessa.

Crescimento de bananeiras sob diferentes n��veis de salinidade da ��gua de irriga����o

Avaliaram-se os efeitos do uso de diferentes n��veis de salinidade da ��gua de irriga����o (S1 = 0,55 dS/m, S2 = 1,70 dS/m, S3 = 2,85 dS/m e S1 = 4,00 dS/m) no crescimento vegetativo de bananeiras Pacovan (AAB) e Marmelo (ABB), utilizando-se um solo Argissolo Cr��mico, textura franco-argilo-arenosa e adotando-se um delineamento experimental em blocos completos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repeti����es. As parcelas experimentais foram compostas de uma fileira com 10 plantas, sendo cinco de cada cultivar, com as tr��s plantas centrais de cada sub-parcela consideradas ��teis. As irriga����es foram feitas diariamente ou a cada dois dias de modo a proporcionar uma fra����o de lixivia����o ao redor de 0,15%, colocando-se volumes aproximados de ��gua para manter o solo pr��ximo �� capacidade de campo. Os resultados obtidos aos 110, 160, 220, 300 e 360 dias ap��s o plantio mostraram que o incremento nos n��veis de salinidade diminuiu significativamente a altura da planta, o n��mero de folhas e a ��rea foliar com o aumento do n��vel de salinidade da ��gua at�� no m��ximo 240 dias do desenvolvimento, havendo uma equipara����o depois do per��odo chuvoso.

Influ��ncia de substratos e fungos micorr��zicos arbusculares no desenvolvimento vegetativo do porta-enxerto flying dragon. (Poncirus trifoliata, var. montruosa Swing.)

O presente estudo teve por objetivos avaliar o efeito da composi����o do substrato e da inocula����o de duas esp��cies de fungos micorr��zicos arbusculares (FMA) (Glomus clarum e Acaulospora scrobiculata) sobre o desenvolvimento vegetativo, o conte��do em subst��ncias de reserva nos tecidos e a percentagem de coloniza����o radicular por FMA no porta-enxerto Flying dragon (Poncirus trifoliata, var. monstruosa Swing). Os tratamentos consistiram de dois substratos: S1= solo + areia (1:1; v:v) e S2 = solo + areia + res��duo decomposto de casca de ac��cia-negra (2:2:1; v:v:v), ambos com e sem inocula����o isolada de duas esp��cies de FMA (G. clarum e A. scrobiculata). Constatou-se que a adi����o de res��duo decomposto de casca de ac��cia-negra melhorou as caracter��sticas qu��micas e f��sicas do substrato, permitindo um maior desenvolvimento vegetativo e ac��mulo de subst��ncias de reserva ��s plantas de Flying dragon em rela����o ao substrato solo + areia. A efici��ncia da simbiose foi vari��vel com o substrato e com a esp��cie de FMA, onde o efeito positivo dos FMA foi notado apenas no substrato solo + areia, mais pobre nutricionalmente, sendo A. scrobiculata a esp��cie mais eficiente.

Diferentes ambientes e substratos na forma����o de mudas de araticum

A baixa sobreviv��ncia de mudas de araticum e a escassez de informa����es na literatura cient��fica sobre substratos adequados �� produ����o de mudas de araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.) s��o os fatores motivadores da pesquisa em pauta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes ambientes e substratos na forma����o de mudas provenientes de sementes de araticum. As sementes foram tratadas com ��cido giber��lico (GA3) [250 mgL-1], sendo colocada uma semente por tubete de polipropileno de 280 cm�� a uma profundidade de 2 cm. Os substratos utilizados foram: areia de textura m��dia (S1), substrato comercial composto de cascas processadas e enriquecidas, vermiculita expandida e turfa processada e enriquecida (Plantmax HA) (S2), substrato comercial de fibra de coco granulada (Golden mix) (S3), areia de textura m��dia + substrato comercial Plantmax HA(1:1; v/v) (S4) e areia de textura m��dia + substrato comercial Golden mix (1:1; v/v) (S5). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados, com 5 tratamentos e seis repeti����es. Os experimentos foram montados em dois ambientes: estufa e a pleno sol. A coleta de dados ocorreu durante 215 dias ap��s a semeadura. A taxa de mortalidade foi estatisticamente significativa, sendo que em S1 essa taxa foi, em m��dia, 18% menor em rela����o aos demais substratos. Por��m, a ��rea foliar estimada foi, em m��dia, 0,78 cm��.planta, menor. Na estufa, a emerg��ncia em S1 n��o difere dos demais tratamentos, contudo a altura de planta foi, em m��dia, 0,84 cm menor em rela����o aos demais tratamentos. No quesito sobreviv��ncia, S1 foi o melhor tratamento.

Toxicity of allyl esters in insect cell lines and in Spodoptera littoralis larvae

We investigated the effects of ���ve allyl esters, two aromatic (allyl cinnamate and allyl 2-furoate) and three aliphatic (allyl hexanoate, allyl heptanoate, and allyl octanoate) in established insect cell lines derived from different species and tissues. We studied embryonic cells of the fruit ���y Drosophila melanogaster (S2) (Diptera) and the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Se4) (Lepidoptera), fat body cells of the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (CPB) (Coleoptera), ovarian cells of the silkmoth Bombyx mori (Bm5), and midgut cells of the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (CF203) (Lepidoptera). Cytotoxicity was determined with use of MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] and trypan blue. In addition, we tested the entomotoxic action of allyl cinnamate against the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis .The median (50%) cytotoxic concentrations (EC50s) of the ���ve allyl esters in the MTT bioassays ranged between 0.25 and 27 mM with signi���cant differences among allyl esters (P = 0.0012), cell lines (P < 0.0001), and the allyl estercell line interaction (P < 0.0001). Allyl cinnamate was the most active product, and CF203 the most sensitive cell line. In the trypan blue bioassays, cytotoxicity was produced rapidly and followed the same trend observed in the MTT bioassay. In ���rst instars of S. littoralis, allyl cinnamate killed all larvae at 0.25% in the diet after 1 day, while this happened in third instars after 5 days. The LC50 in ���rst instars was 0.08%. In addition, larval weight gain was reduced (P < 0.05) after 1 day of feeding on diet with 0.05%. In conclusion, the data provide evidence of the signi���cant but differential cytotoxicity among allyl esters in insect cells of different species and tissues. Midgut cells show high sensitivity, indicating the insect midgut as a primary target tissue. Allyl cinnamate caused rapid toxic effects in S. littoralis larvae at low concentrations, suggesting further potential for use in pest control.

When gas analysis assists with postmortem imaging to diagnose causes of death.

Postmortem imaging consists in the non-invasive examination of bodies using medical imaging techniques. However, gas volume quantification and the interpretation of the gas collection results from cadavers remain difficult. We used whole-body postmortem multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) followed by a full autopsy or external examination to detect the gaseous volumes in bodies. Gases were sampled from cardiac cavities, and the sample compositions were analyzed by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/thermal conductivity detection (HS-GC-MS/TCD). Three categories were defined according to the presumed origin of the gas: alteration/putrefaction, high-magnitude vital gas embolism (e.g., from scuba diving accident) and gas embolism of lower magnitude (e.g., following a traumatic injury). Cadaveric alteration gas was diagnosed even if only one gas from among hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide or methane was detected. In alteration cases, the carbon dioxide/nitrogen ratio was often &gt;0.2, except in the case of advanced alteration, when methane presence was the best indicator. In the gas embolism cases (vital or not), hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide and methane were absent. Moreover, with high-magnitude vital gas embolisms, carbon dioxide content was &gt;20%, and the carbon dioxide/nitrogen ratio was &gt;0.2. With gas embolisms of lower magnitude (gas presence consecutive to a traumatic injury), carbon dioxide content was &lt;20% and the carbon dioxide/nitrogen ratio was often &lt;0.2. We found that gas analysis provided useful assistance to the postmortem imaging diagnosis of causes of death. Based on the quantifications of gaseous cardiac samples, reliable indicators were determined to document causes of death. MDCT examination of the body must be performed as quickly as possible, as does gas sampling, to avoid generating any artifactual alteration gases. Because of cardiac gas composition analysis, it is possible to distinguish alteration gases and gas embolisms of different magnitudes.

Cross-validation of methods used for analysis of MTBE and other gasoline components in groundwater.

Head space gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (HS-GC-FID), ancl purge and trap gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (P&T-GC-MS) have been used to determine methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and benzene, toluene, and the ylenes (BTEX) in groundwater. In the work discussed in this paper measures of quality, e.g. recovery (94-111%), precision (4.6 - 12.2%), limits of detection (0.3 - 5.7 I~g L 1 for HS and 0.001 I~g L 1 for PT), and robust-ness, for both methods were compared. In addition, for purposes of comparison, groundwater samples from areas suffering from odor problems because of fuel spillage and tank leakage were analyzed by use of both techniques. For high concentration levels there was good correlation between results from both methods.

Competition between SOCS36E and Drk modulates Sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase activity

Modulation of signalling pathways can trigger different cellular responses, including differences in cell fate. This modulation can be achieved by controlling the pathway activity with great precision to ensure robustness and reproducibility of the specification of cell fate. The development of the photoreceptor R7 in the Drosophila melanogasterretina has become a model in which to investigate the control of cell signalling. During R7 specification, a burst of Ras small GTPase (Ras) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) controlled by Sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase (Sev) is required. Several cells in each ommatidium express sev. However, the spatiotemporal expression of the boss ligand and the action of negative regulators of the Sev pathway will restrict the R7 fate to a single cell. The Drosophila suppressor of cytokine signalling 36E (SOCS36E) protein contains an SH2 domain and acts as a Sev signalling attenuator. By contrast, downstream of receptor kinase (Drk), the fly homolog of the mammalian Grb2 adaptor protein, which also contains an SH2 domain, acts as a positive activator of the pathway. Here, we apply the F��rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay to transfected Drosophila S2 cells and demonstrate that Sev binds directly to either the suppressor protein SOCS36E or the adaptor protein Drk. We propose a mechanistic model in which the competition between these two proteins for binding to the same docking site results in either attenuation of the Sev transduction in cells that should not develop R7 photoreceptors or amplification of the Ras-MAPK signal only in the R7 precursor.

Mittausj��rjestelm�� IGBT:n l��mp��tilan m����ritt��miseen

T��ss�� diplomity��ss�� tutustutaan IGBT:n ja tehodiodin rakenteisiin, l��mm��n muodostumiseen kyseisiss�� komponenteissa sek�� menetelmiin, joilla komponenttien l��mp��tilat voidaan m����ritt����. Ty��ss�� suunnitellaan ja rakennetaan mittausj��rjestelm��, jolla IGBT:n ja tehodiodin l��mp��tilat voidaan m����ritt���� suoraan mittaamalla sek�� matemaattisten mallien avulla. Mittausj��rjestelm�� koostuu DC-chopper -kytkenn��st��, kuormavirran, v��lipiirin j��nnitteen sek�� l��mp��tilan mittauksista. L��mp��tilan mittauksissa k��ytettiin komponenttien pintoihin liitettyj�� termopareja. Matemaattisia malleja varten mittausj��rjestelm����n lis��ttiin v��lipiirin j��nnitteen sek�� kuormavirran mittaus. Laitteiston ohjaus sek�� mittaustulosten tallentaminen toteutettiin dSPACE -laitteistolla. Mittausj��rjestelm��n toimivuus testattiin Lappeenrannan teknillisen yliopiston S����t��tekniikan laboratoriossa tehdyill�� mittauksilla.

Kerrostumien muodostumisen m����ritys sondin l��mm��nsiirron perusteella

Diplomity��n tavoitteena oli tutkia kerrostumien muodostumista voimalaitoskattiloiden l��mp��pinnoille ja niiden vaikutusta l��mm��nsiirtoon. Kerrostumien vaikutusta l��mp��pintojen l��mp��tiloihin tutkittiin kerrostumasondin avulla kierto- ja kerrosleijukattiloissa. Saadun mittausaineiston muodostettiin mittaustilannetta vastaava laskentamalli, jonka avulla pystyt����n selvitt��m����n voimalaitoksen l��mp��pintojen likaantumista k��ytt��periodin aikana. Ty��n alussa tarkasteltiin kerrostumien muodostumismekanismeja l��mm��nsiirtopinnoille, kerrostumien ominaisuuksia ja virtausymp��rist��n vaikutusta l��mm��nsiirtoon. Poltossa syntyv�� tuhka kiinnittyy eri mekanismeilla kattilan seinille ja l��mp��pinnoille riippuen polttoaineesta ja ymp��r��ivist�� olosuhteista. Likakerrosten muodostuminen l��mm��nsiirtimen pinnalle pienent���� putkeen siirtyv���� l��mp��virtaa ja alentaa kattilan hy��tysuhdetta. Kerrostumien l��mm��njohtumisesta ja mikrorakenteesta on hyvin v��h��n kokeellisen tietoa, mik�� vaikeuttaa reaalisten mallien muodostamista kattilan k��ytt��ytymisest�� sen likaantuessa.Ty��n kokeellisessa osassa tarkasteltiin kahdella eri kattilalla tehtyj�� mittauksia. Mittaukset tehtiin kerrostumasondilla, jonka l��mm��nsiirrosta luotiin laskentamalli SIMULINK-simulointiohjelmalla. Mittaustuloksina saatiin kolmen eri pinnan l��mp��tilat, jotka muuttuivat kerrostuman ja j����hdytyksen vaikutuksesta. Laskentamallista muokattiin mittaustilanteita vastaava, jolloin l��mp��tilamuutoksista n��hd����n likakerroksen ominaisuuksien vaikutus l��mm��nsiirtoon. Sondista muodostettiin my��s FLUENT-malli, jolla tarkasteltiin yksitt��isen putken virtauskentt���� sek�� kahden l��hekk��in olevan putken vaikutusta virtaukseen.

Euthyneura del Plioceno del Empord�� (Girona). Descriptiva y sistem��tica

En el presente trabajo se describen.16 especies de Euthyneura procedentes del Plioceno ael Empordh. Girona. Para ello se ha tenido en cuenta tanto el material nuevo como el procedente de las colecciones ya existentes, Cuando el numero dc individuos lo ha permitido, la descripcion ha sido acompa��ada por los siguientes datos numericos: valor maximo (M), minimo (m), media (x). desviaci��n tipica (S). varianza (s2). intervalos media y varianza. asi como elcoeficiente de correlaci��n (r).

Estudio de los Muricidae del Plioceno del Empord�� (Catalunya, Espa��a). Descriptiva y sistem��tica

En el present treball es descriuen 7 esp��cies de Muricidae (Neogastropoda, Gastropoda) procedents del Plioc�� de l'Empord�� (Girona, Espanya). Per aix�� s'ha tingut en compte tant el material nou com el procedent de les coleccions ja existents. Quan el nmero d'individus ho ha perm��s, la descriptiva ha estat acompanyada per les seg��ents dades num��riques: valor m��xim (M), m��nim (m), mitjana (x), desviaci�� t��pica (s), varian��a (s2), intervals mitjana y varian��a, aix�� como el coeficient de correlaci�� (r).

Blood monitoring of perfluorocarbon compounds (F-tert-butylcyclohexane, perfluoromethyldecalin and perfluorodecalin) by headspace-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

A headspace-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS/MS) method for the trace measurement of perfluorocarbon compounds (PFCs) in blood was developed. Due to oxygen carrying capabilities of PFCs, application to doping and sports misuse is speculated. This study was therefore extended to perform validation methods for F-tert-butylcyclohexane (Oxycyte(��)), perfluoro(methyldecalin) (PFMD) and perfluorodecalin (PFD). The limit of detection of these compounds was established and found to be 1.2��g/mL blood for F-tert-butylcyclohexane, 4.9��g/mL blood for PFMD and 9.6��g/mL blood for PFD. The limit of quantification was assumed to be 12��g/mL blood (F-tert-butylcyclohexane), 48��g/mL blood (PFMD) and 96��g/mL blood (PFD). HS-GC-MS/MS technique allows detection from 1000 to 10,000 times lower than the estimated required dose to ensure a biological effect for the investigated PFCs. Thus, this technique could be used to identify a PFC misuse several hours, maybe days, after the injection or the sporting event. Clinical trials with those compounds are still required to evaluate the validation parameters with the calculated estimations.

Biological variation of established and novel biomarkers for atherosclerosis: Results from a prospective, parallel-group cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Biomarkers are a promising tool for the management of patients with atherosclerosis, but their variation is largely unknown. We assessed within-subject and between-subject biological variation of biomarkers in peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients and healthy controls, and defined which biomarkers have a favorable variation profile for future studies. METHODS: Prospective, parallel-group cohort study, including 62 patients with stable PAD (79% men, 65��7years) and 18 healthy control subjects (44% men, 57��7years). Blood samples were taken at baseline, and after 3-, 6-, and 12-months. We calculated within-subject (CVI) and between-subject (CVG) coefficients of variation and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: Mean levels of D-dimer, hs-CRP, IL-6, IL-8, MMP-9, MMP-3, S100A8/A9, PAI-1, sICAM-1, and sP-selectin levels were higher in PAD patients than in healthy controls (P&#8804;.05 for all). CVI and CVG of the different biomarkers varied considerably in both groups. An ICC&#8805;0.5 (indicating moderate-to-good reliability) was found for hs-CRP, D-Dimer, E-selectin, IL-10, MCP-1, MMP-3, oxLDL, sICAM-1 and sP-selectin in both groups, for sVCAM in healthy controls and for MMP-9, PAI-1 and sCD40L in PAD patients. CONCLUSIONS: Single biomarker measurements are of limited utility due to large within-subject variation, both in PAD patients and healthy subjects. D-dimer, hs-CRP, MMP-9, MMP-3, PAI-1, sP-selectin and sICAM-1 are biomarkers with both higher mean levels in PAD patients and a favorable variation profile making them most suitable for future studies.