La formació d'una política exterior per a l'Índia. La visita de Nehru a l'Espanya republicana durant la Guerra Civil

L'objectiu ha estat posar en relació dues realitats que fins al moment havien estat considerades completament alienes, com són l’Índia i Espanya. La recerca de fonts per a les relacions bilaterals de tot tipus es va iniciar al segle XIX. A partir d’aquest moment apareixen tres camps fonamentals on aprofundir. D’una banda tenim les relacions diplomàtiques i la seva vessant política a partir del segle XX. El desenvolupament de representacions consulars té a veure amb el creixement de l’activitat econòmica amb l’Índia britànica, especialment en el camp del proveïment de primeres matèries (cotó i jute). En aquest sentit, la recuperació de les relacions econòmiques va ser clau per al posterior mutu reconeixement diplomàtic el 1957 quan l’Índia ja era un estat independent. Entre mig queden anys de malvolença degut a la vinculació de Nehru amb el govern republicà durant la Guerra Civil i la posició de l’Índia en el cas d’Espanya a l’ONU. Un altre camp d’interès per a les relacions bilaterals es centra en la missió de Bombay que a partir de 1920 fou administrada per jesuïtes catalans, valencians i aragonesos. Finalment, un seguiment de la premsa i la intel•lectualitat espanyola mostra com l’Índia es va convertir a partir de 1920 en un nou focus d’interès informatiu i pel món acadèmic, com no ho havia estat fins llavors. Aquest descobriment de l’Índia per part de viatgers, artistes i periodistes obra una nova via d’intercanvi que es veurà trucada per la Guerra Civil i el posterior establiment d’un règim que destruí el teixit intel•lectual del país.

Comparing impact and cost-effectiveness of primary prevention strategies for lipid-lowering.

BACKGROUND: Lipid-lowering therapy is costly but effective at reducing coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost-effectiveness and public health impact of Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) guidelines and compare with a range of risk- and age-based alternative strategies. DESIGN: The CHD Policy Model, a Markov-type cost-effectiveness model. DATA SOURCES: National surveys (1999 to 2004), vital statistics (2000), the Framingham Heart Study (1948 to 2000), other published data, and a direct survey of statin costs (2008). TARGET POPULATION: U.S. population age 35 to 85 years. Time Horizon: 2010 to 2040. PERSPECTIVE: Health care system. INTERVENTION: Lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). OUTCOME MEASURE: Incremental cost-effectiveness. RESULTS OF BASE-CASE ANALYSIS: Full adherence to ATP III primary prevention guidelines would require starting (9.7 million) or intensifying (1.4 million) statin therapy for 11.1 million adults and would prevent 20,000 myocardial infarctions and 10,000 CHD deaths per year at an annual net cost of $3.6 billion ($42,000/QALY) if low-intensity statins cost $2.11 per pill. The ATP III guidelines would be preferred over alternative strategies if society is willing to pay $50,000/QALY and statins cost $1.54 to $2.21 per pill. At higher statin costs, ATP III is not cost-effective; at lower costs, more liberal statin-prescribing strategies would be preferred; and at costs less than $0.10 per pill, treating all persons with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels greater than 3.4 mmol/L (>130 mg/dL) would yield net cost savings. RESULTS OF SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: Results are sensitive to the assumptions that LDL cholesterol becomes less important as a risk factor with increasing age and that little disutility results from taking a pill every day. LIMITATION: Randomized trial evidence for statin effectiveness is not available for all subgroups. CONCLUSION: The ATP III guidelines are relatively cost-effective and would have a large public health impact if implemented fully in the United States. Alternate strategies may be preferred, however, depending on the cost of statins and how much society is willing to pay for better health outcomes. FUNDING: Flight Attendants' Medical Research Institute and the Swanson Family Fund. The Framingham Heart Study and Framingham Offspring Study are conducted and supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

Olfactory traces and spatial learning in rats.

We conducted an experiment to assess the use of olfactory traces for spatial orientation in an open environment in rats, Rattus norvegicus. We trained rats to locate a food source at a fixed location from different starting points, in the presence or absence of visual information. A single food source was hidden in an array of 19 petri dishes regularly arranged in an open-field arena. Rats were trained to locate the food source either in white light (with full access to distant visuospatial information) or in darkness (without any visual information). In both cases, the goal was in a fixed location relative to the spatial frame of reference. The results of this experiment revealed that the presence of noncontrolled olfactory traces coherent with the spatial frame of reference enables rats to locate a unique position as accurately in darkness as with full access to visuospatial information. We hypothesize that the olfactory traces complement the use of other orientation mechanisms, such as path integration or the reliance on visuospatial information. This experiment demonstrates that rats can rely on olfactory traces for accurate orientation, and raises questions about the establishment of such traces in the absence of any other orientation mechanism. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Promoting hospital-based smoking cessation services at major Swiss hospitals: a before and after study.

Whether a 1-year nationwide, government supported programme is effective in significantly increasing the number of smoking cessation clinics at major Swiss hospitals as well as providing basic training for the staff running them. We conducted a baseline evaluation of hospital services for smoking cessation, hypertension, and obesity by web search and telephone contact followed by personal visits between October 2005 and January 2006 of 44 major public hospitals in the 26 cantons of Switzerland; we compared the number of active smoking cessation services and trained personnel between baseline to 1 year after starting the programme including a training workshop for doctors and nurses from all hospitals as well as two further follow-up visits. At base line 9 (21%) hospitals had active smoking cessation services, whereas 43 (98%) and 42 (96%) offered medical services for hypertension and obesity respectively. Hospital directors and heads of Internal Medicine of 43 hospitals were interested in offering some form of help to smokers provided they received outside support, primarily funding to get started or to continue. At two identical workshops, 100 health professionals (27 in Lausanne, 73 in Zurich) were trained for one day. After the programme, 22 (50%) hospitals had an active smoking cessation service staffed with at least 1 trained doctor and 1 nurse. A one-year, government-supported national intervention resulted in a substantial increase in the number of hospitals allocating trained staff and offering smoking cessation services to smokers. Compared to the offer for hypertension and obesity this offer is still insufficient.

“Un fol anar don es en fol venguz”: idas y venidas del desconocido Engles

Investigación elaborada a partir de una estancia en la Facoltà di Lettere e filosofia de la Università degli Studi dell'Aquila entre los meses de octubre del 2006 y marzo del 2007. Engles es uno de los trovadores occitanos de los siglos XII y XIII más misteriosos i desconocidos. Ante la falta de datos históricos o documentales, la única vía que queda es intentar descubrir las posibilidades comunicativas de los textos literarios que mencionan a Engles cuando son leídos en conjunto, como parte de un mismo grupo temático en torno a este personaje enigmático. De hecho, haciendo una lectura de este tipo, resulta evidente que parte de la información que podemos deducir hoy en día de Engles pudo haber sido, en cierto modo, alterada; o, como mínimo, leída erróneamente a lo largo del tiempo. Por ello resultan contradictorias las conclusiones que se derivan de la información que existe de él. Parte del problema es que a la falta de información archivística se suma la escasez del corpus de textos relacionados con Engles; y, sin embargo, a pesar de lo escaso en números, resulta de gran interés informativo. Partiendo del estudio de algunas de estas menciones, el artículo intenta establecer un diálogo coherente entre todos los textos, buscando dilucidar quién fue el misterioso Engles.

On the applicability of mathematics : philosophical and historical perspectives

The present thesis is a contribution to the debate on the applicability of mathematics; it examines the interplay between mathematics and the world, using historical case studies. The first part of the thesis consists of four small case studies. In chapter 1, I criticize "ante rem structuralism", proposed by Stewart Shapiro, by showing that his so-called "finite cardinal structures" are in conflict with mathematical practice. In chapter 2, I discuss Leonhard Euler's solution to the Königsberg bridges problem. I propose interpreting Euler's solution both as an explanation within mathematics and as a scientific explanation. I put the insights from the historical case to work against recent philosophical accounts of the Königsberg case. In chapter 3, I analyze the predator-prey model, proposed by Lotka and Volterra. I extract some interesting philosophical lessons from Volterra's original account of the model, such as: Volterra's remarks on mathematical methodology; the relation between mathematics and idealization in the construction of the model; some relevant details in the derivation of the Third Law, and; notions of intervention that are motivated by one of Volterra's main mathematical tools, phase spaces. In chapter 4, I discuss scientific and mathematical attempts to explain the structure of the bee's honeycomb. In the first part, I discuss a candidate explanation, based on the mathematical Honeycomb Conjecture, presented in Lyon and Colyvan (2008). I argue that this explanation is not scientifically adequate. In the second part, I discuss other mathematical, physical and biological studies that could contribute to an explanation of the bee's honeycomb. The upshot is that most of the relevant mathematics is not yet sufficiently understood, and there is also an ongoing debate as to the biological details of the construction of the bee's honeycomb. The second part of the thesis is a bigger case study from physics: the genesis of GR. Chapter 5 is a short introduction to the history, physics and mathematics that is relevant to the genesis of general relativity (GR). Chapter 6 discusses the historical question as to what Marcel Grossmann contributed to the genesis of GR. I will examine the so-called "Entwurf" paper, an important joint publication by Einstein and Grossmann, containing the first tensorial formulation of GR. By comparing Grossmann's part with the mathematical theories he used, we can gain a better understanding of what is involved in the first steps of assimilating a mathematical theory to a physical question. In chapter 7, I introduce, and discuss, a recent account of the applicability of mathematics to the world, the Inferential Conception (IC), proposed by Bueno and Colyvan (2011). I give a short exposition of the IC, offer some critical remarks on the account, discuss potential philosophical objections, and I propose some extensions of the IC. In chapter 8, I put the Inferential Conception (IC) to work in the historical case study: the genesis of GR. I analyze three historical episodes, using the conceptual apparatus provided by the IC. In episode one, I investigate how the starting point of the application process, the "assumed structure", is chosen. Then I analyze two small application cycles that led to revisions of the initial assumed structure. In episode two, I examine how the application of "new" mathematics - the application of the Absolute Differential Calculus (ADC) to gravitational theory - meshes with the IC. In episode three, I take a closer look at two of Einstein's failed attempts to find a suitable differential operator for the field equations, and apply the conceptual tools provided by the IC so as to better understand why he erroneously rejected both the Ricci tensor and the November tensor in the Zurich Notebook.

Effects of Laurus nobilis (Lauraceae) on Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818)

Experiments were carried out using aqueous extracts from leaves and flowers of Laurus nobilis on Biomphalaria glabrata. Treatments were performed on blastula stage (± 15 h after first cleavage) and on adult snails (11-18 mm). In both instances they were exposed for 24 h to different concentrations of the extracts on snails (200 to 2500 ppm) and embryos (20 to 300 ppm) at 25 ± 1ºC. The embryos were observed for a period of 20 days after treatment and the snails for 10 days. Results obtained with leaf aqueous extracts have shown a degree of toxicity on embryos starting at a concentration of 125 ppm, the flower extract being effective at 35 ppm. The malformation obtained with the different concentrations falls into the unespecific type category, however some cephalic and shell malformations were found in embryos treated with concentrations over 50 ppm (leaves) and 25 ppm (flowers). The LD90 on adult snails obtained by treatments with flower and leaf extract was observed at concentrations of 340 ppm and 1900 ppm respectively.

Etude des propriétés dynamiques de la sécrétion régulée des vésicules glutamatergiques des astrocytes

RESUME GRAND PUBLICLe cerveau est composé de différents types cellulaires, dont les neurones et les astrocytes. Faute de moyens pour les observer, les astrocytes sont très longtemps restés dans l'ombre alors que les neurones, bénéficiant des outils ad hoc pour être stimulés et étudiés, ont fait l'objet de toutes les attentions. Le développement de l'imagerie cellulaire et des outils fluorescents ont permis d'observer ces cellules non électriquement excitables et d'obtenir des informations qui laissent penser que ces cellules sont loin d'être passives et participent activement au fonctionnement cérébral. Cette participation au fonctionnement cérébral se fait en partie par le biais de la libération de substances neuro-actives (appellées gliotransmetteurs) que les astrocytes libèrent à proximité des synapses permettant ainsi de moduler le fonctionnement neuronal. Cette libération de gliotransmetteurs est principalement causée par l'activité neuronale que les astrocytes sont capables de sentir. Néanmoins, nous savons encore peu de chose sur les propriétés précises de la libération des gliotransmetteurs. Comprendre les propriétés spatio-temporelles de cette libération est essentiel pour comprendre le mode de communication de ces cellules et leur implication dans la transmission de l'information cérébrale. En utilisant des outils fluorescents récemment développés et en combinant différentes techniques d'imagerie cellulaire, nous avons pu obtenir des informations très précises sur la libération de ces gliotransmetteurs par les astrocytes. Nous avons ainsi confirmé que cette libération était un processus très rapide et qu'elle était contrôlée par des augmentations de calcium locales et rapides. Nous avons également décrit une organisation complexe de la machinerie supportant la libération des gliotransmetteurs. Cette organisation complexe semble être à la base de la libération extrêmement rapide des gliotransmetteurs. Cette rapidité de libération et cette complexité structurelle semblent indiquer que les astrocytes sont des cellules particulièrement adaptées à une communication rapide et qu'elles peuvent, au même titre que les neurones dont elles seraient les partenaires légitimes, participer à la transmission et à l'intégration de l'information cérébrale.RESUMEDe petites vésicules, les « SLMVs » ou « Synaptic Like MicroVesicles », exprimant des transporteurs vésiculaires du glutamate (VGluTs) et libérant du glutamate par exocytose régulée, ont récemment été décrites dans les astrocytes en culture et in situ. Néanmoins, nous savons peu de chose sur les propriétés précises de la sécrétion de ces SLMVs. Contrairement aux neurones, le couplage stimulussécrétion des astrocytes n'est pas basé sur l'ouverture des canaux calciques membranaires mais nécessite l'intervention de seconds messagers et la libération du calcium par le reticulum endoplasmique (RE). Comprendre les propriétés spatio-temporelles de la sécrétion astrocytaire est essentiel pour comprendre le mode de communication de ces cellules et leur implication dans la transmission de l'information cérébrale. Nous avons utilisé des outils fluorescents récemment développés pour étudier le recyclage des vésicules synaptiques glutamatergiques comme les colorants styryles et la pHluorin afin de pouvoir suivre la sécrétion des SLMVs à l'échelle de la cellule mais également à l'échelle des évènements. L'utilisation combinée de l'épifluorescence et de la fluorescence à onde évanescente nous a permis d'obtenir une résolution temporelle et spatiale sans précédent. Ainsi avons-nous confirmé que la sécrétion régulée des astrocytes était un processus très rapide (de l'ordre de quelques centaines de millisecondes). Nous avons découvert que cette sécrétion est contrôlée par des augmentations de calcium locales et rapides. Nous avons également décrit des compartiments cytosoliques délimités par le RE à proximité de la membrane plasmique et contenant les SLMVs. Cette organisation semble être à la base du couplage rapide entre l'activation des GPCRs et la sécrétion. L'existence de compartiments subcellulaires indépendants permettant de contenir les messagers intracellulaires et de limiter leur diffusion semble compenser de manière efficace la nonexcitabilité électrique des astrocytes. Par ailleurs, l'existence des différents pools de vésicules recrutés séquentiellement et fusionnant selon des modalités distinctes ainsi que l'existence de mécanismes permettant le renouvellement de ces pools lors de la stimulation suggèrent que les astrocytes peuvent faire face à une stimulation soutenue de leur sécrétion. Ces données suggèrent que la libération de gliotransmetteurs par exocytose régulée n'est pas seulement une propriété des astrocytes en culture mais bien le résultat d'une forte spécialisation de ces cellules pour la sécrétion. La rapidité de cette sécrétion donne aux astrocytes toutes les compétences pour pouvoir intervenir de manière active dans la transmission et l'intégration de l'information.ABSTRACTRecently, astrocytic synaptic like microvesicles (SLMVs), that express vesicular glutamate transporters (VGluTs) and are able to release glutamate by Ca2+-dependent regulated exocytosis, have been described both in tissue and in cultured astrocytes. Nevertheless, little is known about the specific properties of regulated secretion in astrocytes. Important differences may exist between astrocytic and neuronal exocytosis, starting from the fact that stimulus-secretion coupling in astrocytes is voltage independent, mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors and the release of Ca2+ from internal stores. Elucidating the spatiotemporal properties of astrocytic exo-endocytosis is, therefore, of primary importance for understanding the mode of communication of these cells and their role in brain signaling. We took advantage of fluorescent tools recently developed for studying recycling of glutamatergic vesicles at synapses like styryl dyes and pHluorin in order to follow exocytosis and endocytosis of SLMVs at the level of the entire cell or at the level of single event. We combined epifluorescence and total internal reflection fluorescence imaging to investigate, with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution, the events underlying the stimulus-secretion in astrocytes. We confirmed that exo-endocytosis process in astrocytes proceeds with a time course on the millisecond time scale. We discovered that SLMVs exocytosis is controlled by local and fast Ca2+ elevations; indeed submicrometer cytosolic compartments delimited by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubuli reaching beneath the plasma membrane and containing SLMVs. Such complex organization seems to support the fast stimulus-secretion coupling reported here. Independent subcellular compartments formed by ER, SLMVs and plasma membrane containing intracellular messengers and limiting their diffusion seem to compensate efficiently the non-electrical excitability of astrocytes. Moreover, the existence of two pools of SLMVs which are sequentially recruited suggests a compensatory mechanisms allowing the refill of SLMVs and supporting exocytosis process over a wide range of multiple stimuli. These data suggest that regulated secretion is not only a feature of cultured astrocytes but results from a strong specialization of these cells. The rapidity of secretion demonstrates that astrocytes are able to actively participate in brain information transmission and processing.

Significados sociales y culturales del envio de remesas de la migracion ecuatoriana en España

Proyecto realizado a partir de una estancia en la Facultad Latinoaméricana de Ciencias Sociales de Quito, Ecuador, entre julio y octubre del 2006. La estancia de investigación está enmarcada en la realización de una tesis doctoral sobre las connotaciones sociales y culturales que las remesas tienen para la migración ecuatoriana en España. Se pretende aportar conocimiento sobre las remesas partiendo de los posibles significados sociales y culturales que éstas guardan para los migrantes y sus familiares. En la mayor parte de los estudios sobre remesas han abundado una visión economicista y centrada únicamente en aspectos cuantitativos dejando a un margen aspectos como el papel que las remesas juegan en el mantenimiento del espacio social transnacional, su relación con el proyecto migratorio, o el uso y finalidad que se hace de estas remesas dentro del grupo doméstico. En este sentido, la estancia ha permitido realizar parte del trabajo de campo de la investigación (observación participante, realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas a familiares de migrantes, migrantes retornados, y migrantes que estaban de vacaciones, realización de grupos focales), así como contrastar y discutir algunas de las primeras conclusiones obtenidas en el trabajo con investigadores de este tema en Ecuador y realizar un vaciado de bibliografía publicada en Ecuador relacionada con el tema.

Estudio de las capas de acoplamiento y alternativas al reflector de Bragg en estructuras BAW-CRF

Las capas de acoplamiento son un elemento clave en los dispositivos BAW CRF. El factor de acoplamiento K de estas capas permite el diseño de una determinada respuesta. Debido al limitado número de materiales con las que implementarlas, las soluciones que utilizan capas de λ/4 ofrecen un rango discreto de K. Por otra parte, el reflector de Bragg es un mecanismo de aislamiento mecánico entre el sustrato y la estructura BAW que está formado por capas alternas de alta y baja impedancia acústica de λ/4. El problema que presenta es la reducción del factor de calidad asociado a las pérdidas producida por las ondas shear. Este proyecto presenta un método para la obtención de un rango continuo de factores de acoplamiento y estudia la mejora del factor de calidad de las estructuras BAW con reflector de Bragg partiendo de dos materiales con alta y baja impedancia acústica.

Political alliances and organisational change in political parties: a framework for analysis

This article sets out a theoretical framework for the study of organisational change within political alliances. To achieve this objective it uses as a starting point a series of premises, the most notable of which include the definition of organisational change as a discrete, complex and focussed phenomenon of changes in power within the party. In accordance with these premises, it analyses the synthetic model of organisational change proposed by Panebianco (1988). After examining its limitations, a number of amendments are proposed to adapt it to the way political alliances operate. The above has resulted in the design of four new models. In order to test its validity and explanatory power in a preliminary manner, the second part looks at the organisational change of the UDC within the CiU alliance between 1978 and 2001. The discussion and conclusions reached demonstrate the problems of determinism of the Panebianco model and suggest, tentatively, the importance of the power balance within the alliance as a key factor.

Entorno de desarrollo para clusters

El presente trabajo expone los entornos de desarrollo de aplicaciones paralelas en sistemas distribuidos. Se ha dedicado especial atención a los entornos gráficos, como plataforma de acceso al cluster. Dada la cantidad de alternativas a seleccionar en este tipo de entornos, como puede ser la parametrización de las aplicaciones, especificación de la arquitectura a utilizar de los nodos, caracterización de la carga, políticas de planificación, etc, hace que este trabajo pueda servir de punto inicial de partida a usuarios que deseen iniciarse en este tipo de entornos.

Treatment of acute experimental schistosomiasis

A model of acute schistosomiasis of the mouse was used to observe whether curative treatment would be followed by an enhancement of the hepatic and splenic lesions, as a consequence of the massive destruction of worms and eggs within the portal system. Mice infected with 50 cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni were treated with both oxamniquine and praziquantel on the 50th day of infection and submitted to a sequential histologic examination from the 2nd to the 45th day after treatment. Although severe focal lesions due to dead and disintegranting worms were present in the livers of the treated animals, no aggravation of the general changes (reative hepatitis and splenitis, or periovular granulomas) was seen in comparison with a control non-treated group. Of 50 animals treated during the acute phase of schistosomiasis only one died espontaneously, while 16 ou of 30 infected controls died before the end of the experiment. The present investigation indicates that curative treatment during the acute phase of schistosomiasis does not enhance previous lesions at first and results in progressive disappearance of the lesions starting six days following chemotherapy.

PKS2: A link between phototropin signalling and auxin transport - a study on how plants sense and respond to light.

The blue light photoreceptors phototropins (phot1 and phot2 in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.)) carry out various light responses of great adaptive value that optimize plant growth. These processes include phototropism (the bending of an organ induced by unequal light distribution), chloroplast movements, stomatal opening, leaf flattening and solar tracking. The biochemical pathways controlling these important blue light responses are just starting to be elucidated. The PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE (PKS1-4) proteins - the subject of this research - have recently been identified as novel phototropism signalling components. PKS1 (the founding member of this family) interacts in a same complex in vivo with phot1 and the important phot1 signalling element NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 (NPH3). This suggested that the PKS may act as early components of phot signalling. This work further investigates the role of this protein family during phototropin signalling Genetic experiments clearly showed that the PKS do not control chloroplast movements or stomatal opening. However, PKS2 plays a critical role with NPH3 during leaf flattening and solar tracking. Epistasis data indicated that both proteins act in phot1 and phot2 pathways, which is consistent with their in vivo interaction with both phototropins. Because phototropism, leaf flattening and solar tracking are developmental processes regulated by the hormone auxin, the role of PKS2 and NPH3 during auxin homeostasis was also investigated. Interestingly, PKS2 loss-of-function restores leaf flattening in the auxin transporter mutant aux1. Moreover, PKS2 and NPH3 are found in a same complex with AUX1 in vivo. Taken together, these results suggest that PKS2 may act with NPH3 as a connecting point between phot signalling and auxin transport. Further experiments were performed to explore the molecular mode of action of PKS2 and NPH3 in this process. The significance of these results is discussed.

Noções de estrutura e biologia dos ácaros

Characterization of sub-classe Acari of importance in Agronomy, Veterinary and Medical Parasitology, based on morphology, behavior and environment of allergenic and parasitc species. Keys for the identification of the six families of Psoroptoidea, chiefly of Pyroglyphidae, starting from which various aspects of the acari of domectic dust and their allergenic behavior are studied.