Influencia de seis portainjertos de vid sobre el comportamiento vitícola de la cv. Malbec y estudio de las relaciones hídricas que se establecen

El uso de portainjertos en la vid se ha difundido por su resistencia a filoxera y nemátodos, pero también por su tolerancia a condiciones adversas del suelo. Por otro lado, los portainjertos modifican las relaciones fuente-destino, influyendo en el comportamiento vegetativo y reproductivo de las plantas y en la composición de la uva, lo cuál puede ser utilizado como una herramienta de manejo agronómico. A fin de evaluar si existe un comportamiento diferencial de los portainjertos en cuanto a expresión vegetativa, vigor, rendimiento y composición de la uva, y explicar dichas diferencias en términos de exploración radical, relaciones hídricas, asimilación de carbono, eficiencia en el uso del agua y partición de asimilados se realizó un ensa-yo a campo de cv. Malbec sobre seis portainjertos (3309 C, 1103 P, 140 Ru, SO4, Harmony y Cereza) y a pie franco. Los portainjertos 140 Ru, 1103 P y SO4 tuvieron una mayor tendencia a la producción de uva (mayor Índice de Ravaz), y Franco, Cereza y 3309 C a vegetar, mostrando Harmony una situación intermedia. Las ba-yas sobre el pie Cereza tuvieron un mayor peso (1,96 g) que sobre Harmony (1,75 g). No se encontraron diferencias en los polifenoles de las bayas entre portainjertos. La fotosíntesis de la planta entera (Amax) de Franco, 1103 P y SO4 fue mayor que la de Harmony. La conductancia hidráulica foliar específica (kL) de Harmony fue me-nor que la de Cereza, y su conductancia hidráulica (kH) fue menor que la de Franco, Cereza y SO4. El número de raíces totales de 140 Ru fue mayor que el de 1103 P, SO4 y Harmony. El portainjerto 140 Ru se destacó por privilegiar el desarrollo radi-cal y reproductivo sobre el vegetativo, y por su mayor eficiencia en el uso del agua (EUA). Las diferencias entre portainjertos pueden ser explicadas en parte por dife-rencias en la kL que a su vez incide en el estado hídrico de las plantas (ΨL). De ma-nera que cuando la kL es más baja, el ΨL es menor (i.e., Harmony), y cuando la kL es más alta, el ΨL es mayor (i.e., Franco y Cereza). Mayores ΨL se asocian con mayores superficies foliares.

Chlorophyll a concentration and zooplankton abundance and biomass below melting sea ice in the Amundsen Gulf

Early summer in the Arctic with extensive ice melt and break-up represents a dramatic change for sympagic-pelagic fauna below seasonal sea ice. As part of the International Polar Year-Circumpolar Flaw Lead system study (IPY-CFL), this investigation quantified zooplankton in the meltwater layer below landfast ice and remaining ice fauna below melting ice during June (2008) in Franklin Bay and Darnley Bay, Amundsen Gulf, Canada. The ice was in a state of advanced melt, with fully developed melt ponds. Intense melting resulted in a 0.3- to 0.5-m-thick meltwater layer below the ice, with a strong halocline to the Arctic water below. Zooplankton under the ice, in and below the meltwater layer, was sampled by SCUBA divers. Dense concentrations (max. 1,400 ind./m**3) of Calanus glacialis were associated with the meltwater layer, with dominant copepodid stages CIV and CV and high abundance of nauplii. Less abundant species included Pseudocalanus spp., Oithona similis and C. hyperboreus. The copepods were likely feeding on phytoplankton (0.5-2.3 mg Chl-a/m**3) in the meltwater layer. Ice amphipods were present at low abundance (<10 ind./m**2) and wet biomass (<0.2 g/m**2). Onisimus glacialis and Apherusa glacialis made up 64 and 51% of the total ice faunal abundance in Darnley Bay and Franklin Bay, respectively. During early summer, the autochthonous ice fauna becomes gradually replaced by allochthonous zooplankton, with an abundance boom near the meltwater layer. The ice amphipod bust occurs during late stages of melting and break-up, when their sympagic habitat is diminished then lost.

Estudio de métodos de extracción de compuestos fenólicos de orujos provenientes de vinificación de uvas cv Malbec

Los polifenoles contenidos en orujos de uvas cv Malbec pudieron extraerse en corto tiempo utilizando altas temperaturas y solución hidroalcohólica, resultando beneficioso para la agroindustria por que reduce los costos de energía

Stable isotope record, Mg/Ca ratios and age model of St. Stephens Quarry, Alabama

In the largest global cooling event of the Cenozoic Era, between 33.8 and 33.5 Myr ago, warm, high-CO2 conditions gave way to the variable 'icehouse' climates that prevail today. Despite intense study, the history of cooling versus ice-sheet growth and sea-level fall reconstructed from oxygen isotope values in marine sediments at the transition has not been resolved. Here, we analyse oxygen isotopes and Mg/Ca ratios of benthic foraminifera, and integrate the results with the stratigraphic record of sea-level change across the Eocene-Oligocene transition from a continental-shelf site at Saint Stephens Quarry, Alabama. Comparisons with deep-sea (Sites 522 (South Atlantic) and 1218 (Pacific)) d18O and Mg/Ca records enable us to reconstruct temperature, ice-volume and sea-level changes across the climate transition. Our records show that the transition occurred in at least three distinct steps, with an increasing influence of ice volume on the oxygen isotope record as the transition progressed. By the early Oligocene, ice sheets were ~25% larger than present. This growth was associated with a relative sea-level decrease of approximately 105 m, which equates to a 67 m eustatic fall.

Plio-Pleistocene Mg/Ca and TEX86 sea surface temperature records of ODP Sites 184-1143 and 165-999,

The western warm pools of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans are a critical source of heat and moisture for the tropical climate system. Over the past five million years, global mean temperatures have cooled by 3-4 °C. Yet, current reconstructions of sea surface temperatures indicate that temperature in the warm pools has remained stable during this time. This stability has been used to suggest that tropical sea-surface temperatures are controlled by some sort of thermostat-like regulation. Here we reconstruct sea surface temperatures in the South China Sea, Caribbean Sea and western equatorial Pacific Ocean for the past five million years, using a combination of the Mg/Ca, TEXH86-and Uk'37 surface temperature proxies. Our data indicate that during the period of Pliocene warmth from about 5 to 2.6 million years ago, the western Pacific and western Atlantic warm pools were about 2 °C warmer than today. We suggest that the apparent lack of warming seen in the previous reconstructions was an artefact of low seawater Mg/Ca ratios in the Pliocene oceans. Taking this bias into account, our data indicate that tropical sea surface temperatures did change in conjunction with global mean temperatures. We therefore conclude that the temperature of the warm pools of the equatorial oceans during the Pliocene was not limited by a thermostat-like mechanism.

Radiocarbon ages, carbon and oxygen isotopes and Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of Globigerinoides in sediment core MD99-2203, Cape Hatteras

This study presents high-resolution foraminiferal-based sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity and upper water column stratification reconstructions off Cape Hatteras, a region sensitive to atmospheric and thermohaline circulation changes associated with the Gulf Stream. We focus on the last 10,000 years (10 ka) to study the surface hydrology changes under our current climate conditions and discuss the centennial to millennial time scale variability. We observed opposite evolutions between the conditions off Cape Hatteras and those south of Iceland, known today for the North Atlantic Oscillation pattern. We interpret the temperature and salinity changes in both regions as co-variation of activities of the subtropical and subpolar gyres. Around 8.3 ka and 5.2-3.5 ka, positive salinity anomalies are reconstructed off Cape Hatteras. We demonstrate, for the 5.2-3.5 ka period, that the salinity increase was caused by the cessation of the low salinity surface flow coming from the north. A northward displacement of the Gulf Stream, blocking the southbound low-salinity flow, concomitant to a reduced Meridional Overturning Circulation is the most likely scenario. Finally, wavelet transform analysis revealed a 1000-year period pacing the d18O signal over the early Holocene. This 1000-year frequency band is significantly coherent with the 1000-year frequency band of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) between 9.5 ka and 7 ka and both signals are in phase over the rest of the studied period.

Stable oxygen isotope and Mg/Ca ratios of planktonic foraminifera from the Holocene and the Last Glacial Maximum

We measured oxygen isotopes and Mg/Ca ratios in the surface-dwelling planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber (white s.s.) and the thermocline dweller Pulleniatina obliquiloculata to investigate upper ocean spatial variability in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP). We focused on three critical time intervals: the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 18-21.5 ka), the early Holocene (8-9 ka), and the late Holocene (0-2 ka). Our records from 24 stations in the South China Sea, Timor Sea, Indonesian seas, and western Pacific indicate overall dry and cool conditions in the IPWP during the LGM with a low thermal gradient between surface and thermocline waters. During the early Holocene, sea surface temperatures increased by ~3°C over the entire region, indicating intensification of the IPWP. However, in the eastern Indian Ocean (Timor Sea), the thermocline gradually shoaled from the LGM to early Holocene, reflecting intensification of the subsurface Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). Increased surface salinity in the South China Sea during the Holocene appears related to northward displacement of the monsoonal rain belt over the Asian continent together with enhanced influx of saltier Pacific surface water through the Luzon Strait and freshwater export through the Java Sea. Opening of the freshwater portal through the Java Sea in the early Holocene led to a change in the vertical structure of the ITF from surface- to thermocline-dominated flow and to substantial freshening of Timor Sea thermocline waters.

Efecto de ácido abscísico y giberelina A3 sobre la anatomía de tejidos vasculares y la expresión génica de transportadores de azúcares en plantas de vid (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Malbec

La calidad de los vinos es dependiente de la calidad de las bayas, y ésta, a su vez, es dependiente de la acumulación y metabolismo de azúcares. Se conoce que el ácido abscísico (ABA) y las giberelinas (GAs) regulan la acumulación de carbohidratos en muchos cultivos de importancia económica, pero los mecanismos por los cuales sucede aún se desconocen. El trabajo desarrollado en la presente tesis tuvo como objetivo principal determinar si la mayor concentración de azúcares en bayas de vid (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Malbec, mediada por ABA y GAs, se debe a una modificación en la carga floemática de órganos fuentes (hojas), en el área del floema y/o en la expresión de genes que codifican para transportadores de azúcares. Para lograr el objetivo propuesto, se planteó un experimento con plantas de vid (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Malbec en macetas sometidas a condiciones de campo y asperjadas con ABA (250 mg L-1) y ácido giberélico (GA3, 500 mg L-1). Se midieron variables de crecimiento, fisiológicas, bioquímicas, anatómicas y expresión de genes. En ambos tratamientos se observó una mayor concentración de sacarosa en las hojas, en envero, y una disminución significativa en la expresión relativa de los genes que codifican para transportadores de azúcares en dicho tejido. Además, las plantas tratadas con GA3 presentaron un crecimiento exacerbado de la parte aérea coincidente con una mayor partición de fotoasimilados hacia el tallo de las mismas. Por su parte las aplicaciones con ABA favorecieron el transporte de carbono hacia las bayas durante envero, coincidente con la sobre-expresión de los genes VvHT2, VvHT3 y VvHT6. Debido a este comportamiento diferencial, el tratamiento con ABA aceleró el inicio de la maduración de las bayas mientras que el tratamiento con GA3 lo retrasó. Contrariamente, las bayas tratadas con GA3 mostraron las mayores concentraciones de monosacáridos en post-envero, en correlación con la sobre-expresión de los genes VvHT2 y VvHT3. Por otro lado, ambos tratamientos incrementaron el área del floema y xilema en la nervadura central de las hojas, en tallos y en el pedicelo de las bayas. Como conclusión, se postula que la estimulación del transporte de carbono hacia las bayas y tallos mediada por ABA y GA3 respectivamente, fue producto de modificaciones en la concentración de carbohidratos no estructurales en hojas, en el área del tejido floemático como así también de la expresión de los transportadores de azúcares en las bayas.

Conflitos ambientais na microrregião de Viçosa-MG : O conflito entre a legislação ambiental e os produtores agrícolas e o excesso de penalização dos pequenos casos de infração à legislação ambiental

The research presented in this article aims to identify and to analyze the cases of environmental conflicts in the microrregião de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. For this were performed data surveys were conducted in the archives of the Ministério Público regarding the municipalities of microrregião in study and a workshop with various social movements of the mesorregião da Zona da Mata. From this survey on we check the conflict established between environmental legislation and farm workers, and also the concentration of the penalty on small cases of violations of environmental legislation. Thus, we conclude that to think about environmental conflicts is require the recognition of inequalities of power and the different types of knowledge and rationalities involved in the appropriation of natural resources by society.

Conflitos ambientais na microrregião de Viçosa-MG : O conflito entre a legislação ambiental e os produtores agrícolas e o excesso de penalização dos pequenos casos de infração à legislação ambiental

The research presented in this article aims to identify and to analyze the cases of environmental conflicts in the microrregião de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. For this were performed data surveys were conducted in the archives of the Ministério Público regarding the municipalities of microrregião in study and a workshop with various social movements of the mesorregião da Zona da Mata. From this survey on we check the conflict established between environmental legislation and farm workers, and also the concentration of the penalty on small cases of violations of environmental legislation. Thus, we conclude that to think about environmental conflicts is require the recognition of inequalities of power and the different types of knowledge and rationalities involved in the appropriation of natural resources by society.

Conflitos ambientais na microrregião de Viçosa-MG : O conflito entre a legislação ambiental e os produtores agrícolas e o excesso de penalização dos pequenos casos de infração à legislação ambiental

The research presented in this article aims to identify and to analyze the cases of environmental conflicts in the microrregião de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. For this were performed data surveys were conducted in the archives of the Ministério Público regarding the municipalities of microrregião in study and a workshop with various social movements of the mesorregião da Zona da Mata. From this survey on we check the conflict established between environmental legislation and farm workers, and also the concentration of the penalty on small cases of violations of environmental legislation. Thus, we conclude that to think about environmental conflicts is require the recognition of inequalities of power and the different types of knowledge and rationalities involved in the appropriation of natural resources by society.

Sample locations, CTD data, mean spring and annual temperatures and salinities from World Ocean Atlas (WOA, 2001), and ICP-OES Mg/Ca data

Due to its strong gradient in salinity and small temperature gradient the Mediterranean provides an ideal setting to study the impact of salinity on the incorporation of Mg into foraminiferal tests. We have investigated tests of Globorotalia inflata and Globigerina bulloides in plankton tow and core top samples from the Western Mediterranean using ICP-OES for bulk analyses and LA-ICP-MS for analyses of individual chambers in single specimens. Mg/Ca observed in G. inflata are consistent with existing calibrations, whereas G. bulloides had significantly higher Mg/Ca than predicted, particularly in core top samples from the easterly stations. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Laser Ablation ICP-MS revealed secondary overgrowths on some tests, which could explain the observed high core top Mg/Ca. We suggest that the Mediterranean intermediate and deep water supersaturated with respect to calcite cause these overgrowths and therefore increased bulk Mg/Ca. However, the different species are influenced by diagenesis to different degrees probably due to different test morphologies. Our results provide new perspectives on reported anomalously high Mg/Ca in sedimentary foraminifera and the applicability of the Mg/Ca paleothermometry in high salinity settings, by showing that (1) part of the signal is generated by precipitation of inorganic calcite on the foraminifer test due to increased calcite saturation state of the water and (2) species with high surface-to-volume shell surfaces are potentially more affected by secondary Mg-rich calcite encrustation.