Bond quality of cross-laminated timber from Irish Sitka spruce

The potential use of Irish-grown Sitka spruce for cross-laminated timber (CLT) manufacture is investigated as this would present new opportunities and novel products for Irish timber in the home and export markets. CLT is a prefabricated multilayer engineered wood product made of at least three orthogonally bonded layers of timber. In order to increase rigidity and stability, successive layers of boards are placed cross-wise to form a solid timber panel. Load-bearing CLT wall and floor panels are easily assembled on site to form multi-storey buildings. This improves construction and project delivery time, reduces costs,
and maximises efficiency on all levels.

The paper addresses the quality of the interface bond between the laminations making up the panels, which is of fundamental importance to the load bearing capacity. Therefore, shear tests were carried out on nine test bars of three glue lines each. Moreover, delamination tests were performed on samples subjected to accelerated aging, in order to assess the durability of bonds subjected to severe environmental conditions. In addition, this paper gives an indication on thickness tolerances of planed Irish Sitka spruce lamellas, which is likely to be a critical factor for bonding quality and adhesive selection. The test results of bond quality presented in this study were within requirements of prEN 16351:2013.

Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children

Inorganic arsenic (As_i) is a chronic, non-threshold carcinogen. Rice and rice-based products can be the major source of As_i for many subpopulations. Baby rice, rice cereals and rice crackers are widely used to feed infants and young children. The As_i concentration in rice-based products may pose a health risk for infants and young children. As_i concentration was determined in rice-based products produced in the European Union and risk assessment associated with the consumption of these products by infants and young children, and compared to an identical US FDA survey. There are currently no European Union or United States of America regulations applicable to As_i in food. However, this study suggests that the samples evaluated may introduce significant concentration of As_i into infants’ and young children’s diets. Thus, there is an urgent need for regulatory limits on As_i in food, especially for baby rice-based products.

Operator Synthesis and Tensor Products

We show that Kraus' property $ S_{\sigma }$ is preserved under taking weak* closed sums with masa-bimodules of finite width and establish an intersection formula for weak* closed spans of tensor products, one of whose terms is a masa-bimodule of finite width. We initiate the study of the question of when operator synthesis is preserved under the formation of products and prove that the union of finitely many sets of the form $ \kappa \times \lambda $, where $ \kappa $ is a set of finite width while $ \lambda $ is operator synthetic, is, under a necessary restriction on the sets $ \lambda $, again operator synthetic. We show that property $ S_{\sigma }$ is preserved under spatial Morita subordinance.

Tensor products of subspace lattices and rank one density

We show that, if M is a subspace lattice with the property that the rank one subspace of its operator algebra is weak* dense, L is a commutative subspace lattice and P is the lattice of all projections on a separable Hilbert space, then L⊗M⊗P is reflexive. If M is moreover an atomic Boolean subspace lattice while L is any subspace lattice, we provide a concrete lattice theoretic description of L⊗M in terms of projection valued functions defined on the set of atoms of M . As a consequence, we show that the Lattice Tensor Product Formula holds for AlgM and any other reflexive operator algebra and give several further corollaries of these results.

Bricks vs. clicks: Which is better for marketing remanufactured products?

The economical and environmental benefits are the central issues for remanufacturing. Whereas extant remanufacturing research focuses primarily on such issues in remanufacturing technologies, production planning, inventory control and competitive strategies, we provide an alternative yet somewhat complementary approach to consider both issues related to different channels structures for marketing remanufactured products. Specifically, based on observations from current practice, we consider a manufacturer sells new units through an independent retailer but with two options for marketing remanufactured products: (1) marketing through its own e-channel (Model M) or (2) subcontracting the marketing activity to a third party (Model 3P). A central result we obtain is that although Model M is always greener than Model 3P, firms have less incentive to adopt it because both the manufacturer and retailer may be worse off when the manufacturer sells remanufactured products through its own e-channel rather than subcontracting to a third party. Extending both models to cases in which the manufacturer interacts with multiple retailers further reveals that the more retailers in the market, the greener Model M relative to Model 3P.

Density Functional Study on Reaction Activity of Steam Decomposition Products Adsorbed on Carbonaceous Surface

A systematic theoretical study on the adsorption of steam and its thermal decomposition products on carbon both zigzag and armchair surface was performed to provide molecular-level understanding of the reaction activity of all these reactants in biomass steam gasification process. All the calculations were carried out using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31+g(d,p) level. The structures of carbonaceous surfaces, all reactants and surface complexes were optimized and characterized. Based on the value of adsorption heat been obtained from the calculation, the activity of all reactants can be ordered as: O > O2 >H2 >H >OH >H2O for both zigzag and armchair surface, and the adsorption style is physisorption to water molecule and chemisorption to the other dissociated components.

Consistency of arsenic speciation in global tobacco products with implications for health and regulation

Background: Tobacco smoke is a major risk to the health of its users and arsenic is among the components of smoke present at concentrations of toxicological concern. There are significant variations in human toxicity between inorganic and organic arsenic species and the aim of this study was to determine whether there are predictable relationships among major arsenic species in tobacco that could be useful for risk assessment.

Methods: 14 samples of tobacco were studied spanning a wide range of concentrations in samples from different geographical regions, including certified reference materials and cigarette products. Inorganic and major organic arsenic species were extracted from powdered tobacco samples by nitric acid using microwave digestion. Concentrations of arsenic species in these extracts were determined using HPLC-ICPMS.

Results: The concentrations of total inorganic arsenic species range from 144 to 3914 mu g kg(-1), while organic species dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) ranges from 21 to 176 mu g As kg(-1), and monomethylarsonic acid (MA) ranges from 30 to 116 mu g kg(-1). The percentage of species eluted compared to the total arsenic extracted ranges from 11.1 to 36.8% suggesting that some As species (possibly macro-molecules, strongly complexed or in organic forms) do not elute from the column. This low percentage of column-speciated arsenic is indicative that more complex forms of arsenic exist in the tobacco. All the analysed species correlate positively with total arsenic concentration over the whole compositional range and regression analysis indicates a consistent ratio of about 4:1 in favour of inorganic arsenic compared with MA + DMA.

Conclusions: The dominance of inorganic arsenic species among those components analysed is a marked feature of the diverse range of tobaccos selected for study. Such consistency is important in the context of a WHO expert panel recommendation to regulate tobacco crops and products using total arsenic concentration. If implemented more research would be required to develop models that accurately predict the smoker's exposure to reduced inorganic arsenic species on the basis of leaf or product concentration and product design features.

Convergence of products from Povarov and von Miller reactions: approaches to helquinoline

Yttrium triflate or triflic acid catalysed Povarov reaction of methyl anthranilate with ethyl vinyl ether, both as aldehyde surrogate and as alkene, gave the desired 2-methyl-4-ethoxytetrahydroquinoline diastereoisomers as the major products along with four component coupling von Miller adducts. A proton NMR-study, using yttrium triflate as catalyst, revealed that the cis-diastereoisomers were the initial major products in both the Povarov and von Miller reactions but that these isomerised to the trans-diastereoisomers under the reaction conditions. Two distinct pathways for forming von Miller adducts were uncovered with the initial Povarov products being converted to von Miller adducts under the reaction conditions. Replacement of the 4-ethoxy with a 4-methoxy group under acidic conditions gave predominantly the trans-diastereoisomer, which was subsequently converted to a cis/trans mixture of the tetrahydroquinoline antibiotic helquinoline. It was also possible to convert the von Miller products to Povarov products under acidic conditions

Aza-annulation of enaminones with itaconic anhydride:kinetic preference for exocyclic enamide products

Enaminones react with itaconic anhydride in methylene chloride at room temperature to give exocyclic enamides sis the major products. These can be readily equilibrated to the thermodynamically more stable endocyclic enamides. In substrates where the exocyclic isomer could not be formed only intractable materials were produced from this reaction. An intermediate in this two step process was detected and identified by proton and C-13 NMR spectroscopy. In two cases chiral enaminones were employed and the relative stereochemistry at the new chiral centre in the product was established by a crystal structure of compound 27.

Three motAB stator gene products in Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus contribute to motility of a single flagellum during predatory and prey-independent growth

The predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus uses flagellar motility to locate regions rich in Gram-negative prey bacteria, colliding and attaching to prey and then ceasing flagellar motility. Prey are then invaded to form a "bdelloplast" in a type IV pilus-dependent process, and prey contents are digested, allowing Bdellovibrio growth and septation. After septation, Bdellovibrio flagellar motility resumes inside the prey bdelloplast prior to its lysis and escape of Bdellovibrio progeny. Bdellovibrio can also grow slowly outside prey as long flagellate host-independent (HI) cells, cultured on peptone-rich media. The B. bacteriovorus HD100 genome encodes three pairs of MotAB flagellar motor proteins, each of which could potentially form an inner membrane ion channel, interact with the FliG flagellar rotor ring, and produce flagellar rotation. In 2004, Flannagan and coworkers (R. S. Flannagan, M. A. Valvano, and S. F. Koval, Microbiology 150:649-656, 2004) used antisense RNA and green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression to downregulate a single Bdellovibrio motA gene and reported slowed release from the bdelloplast and altered motility of the progeny. Here we inactivated each pair of motAB genes and found that each pair contributes to motility, both predatorily, inside the bdelloplast and during HI growth; however, each pair was dispensable, and deletion of no pair abolished motility totally. Driving-ion studies with phenamil, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), and different pH and sodium conditions indicated that all Mot pairs are proton driven, although the sequence similarities of each Mot pair suggests that some may originate from halophilic species. Thus, Bdellovibrio is a "dedicated motorist," retaining and expressing three pairs of mot genes.

On the halogenation of N(1),N(2)-di-t-Boc-5-hydroxy-piperazic acid esters and the conformational preferences of their 5-halo-piperazic acid products. The importance of A1,3 rotameric-strain in determining N(2)-acyl piperazic acid ring conformation

In this Letter, an unambiguous synthetic strategy is reported for the preparation of enantiomerically purecis-5-halo-piperazic acid derivatives in single diastereoisomer form. Contrary to the recent report by Shin and co-workers (Chem. Lett. 2001, 1172), in which it is claimed that the Ph₃P and N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS)-mediated chlorination of (3R,5S)-trans-N(1),N(2)-di-t-Boc-5-hydroxy-piperazic acid derivative 1proceeds with retention of configuration at C(5) to give 2, we now show that this and related Ph₃P-mediated halogenations all occur with S_N2 inversion at the alcohol center, as is customary for such reactions. Specifically, we demonstrate that the (3R,5S)-trans-5-Cl-piperazic acid derivative 2 claimed by Shin and co-workers (Chem. Lett. 2001, 1172) is in actual fact the chlorinated (3S,5R)-enantiomer 6, which must have been prepared from the cis-(3S,5S)-alcohol 3, a molecule whose synthesis is not formally described in the Shin paper. We further show here that the cis-(3R,5R)-5-Cl-Piz 13 claimed by Shin and co-workers inChem. Lett. 2001, 1172, is also (3S,5R)-trans-5-Cl-Piz 6. Authentic 13 has now been synthesized by us, for the very first time, here. Since Lindsley and Kennedy have recently utilized the now invalid Shin and co-workers’ retentive Ph₃P/NCS chlorination procedure on 1 in their synthetic approach to piperazimycin A (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 2493), it follows that their claimed 5-Cl-Piz-containing dipeptide 25 probably has the alternate structure 26, where the 5-Cl-Piz residue has a 3,5-cis-configuration. The aforementioned stereochemical misassignments appear to have come from a mix-up of starting materials by Shin and co-workers (Chem. Lett. 2001, 1172), and an under-appreciation of the various steric and conformational effects that operate in N(2)-acylated piperazic acid systems, most especially rotameric A^1,3-strain. The latter has now been unambiguously delineated and defined here under the banner of the A^1,3-rotamer effect.