La création poétique à travers la "Correspondance Jules Supervielle-Etiemble"

A travers l’étude de la Correspondance Jules Supervielle-Etiemble et sa confrontation avec les manifestes du poète que sont  « Eléments d’une poétique » et « En songeant à un art poétique », notre article tente de définir la spécificité de la conception supervilienne de la poésie tout en évoquant les difficultés du poète à extérioriser, dans les premières années de sa jeunesse, les images inhérentes à son univers intérieur, et en faisant l’inventaire de quelques principes qui régissent son activité poétique : le refus de toutes les esthétiques et de toutes les techniques qui régissent préalablement la création poétique, l’adoption d’une technique a posteriori ou d’une « technique mouvante qui ne se fixe qu’à chaque poème », le travail de corrections, de retouches et de ratures, et le culte de l’oubli considéré moins comme une défaillance de la mémoire que comme le catalyseur des associations et images inattendues.

Étude de la correspondance entre le développement moral et le développement des valeurs sexuelles chez l'adolescent

La présente étude tend à vérifier s'il y a concordance ou non entre l'évolution du jugement moral général par rapport au jugement moral sexuel. Une brève revue de littérature de la pensée grecque à nos jours, ainsi qu'une traduction du sens du "moral" à travers les valeurs nous permet de nous situer au coeur de notre recherche. En première partie, il est présenté une synthèse des théories de Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg et Erik H. Erikson sur le jugement moral ainsi qu'un regard sur le développement psycho-sexuel afin de bien situer toutes les données sur lesquelles s'établira l'expérimentation dont il est fait état en deuxième partie. L'expérimentation sur le niveau du jugement moral général par rapport au jugement moral sexuel a été réalisée selon l'approche que Lawrence Kohlberg a développée en utilisant un nouvel instrument qui s'intitule: "Opinionnaire sur certains thèmes de relations humaines". Cette expérimentation fut réalisée auprès de 165 adolescents de secondaire 111, à l'intérieur des cadres d'une école polyvalente. Les données suivantes ont été observées : - le sexe (garçons - filles) - les secteurs (régulier - professionnel) - les âges (14 - 15 - 16 ans) - les strates sociales (pauvre - moyen - riche) - le tissu familial (couple uni - famille monoparentale - famille d'accueil). Les résultats de cette recherche indiquent qu'il n'y a aucune différence entre le jugement moral général et le jugement moral sexuel par rapport aux données énoncées ci-haut. Cependant, certaines différences ont été observées entre les secteurs et entre les 14 et 15-16 ans, ainsi qu'entre les riches et les moyens-pauvres. Des éléments intéressants sont ressortis de cette observation, tels que: - Les étudiants plus favorisés pécuniérement et socialement ont un niveau de jugement moral général et de jugement moral sexuel plus élevé que les autres. - Les étudiants de 14 ans présentent également un niveau de jugement moral général et de jugement moral sexuel plus élevé que ceux de 15 et 16 ans. Comme conclusion, nous croyons que la recherche ayant trait au jugement moral général par rapport au jugement moral sexuel est actuellement dépassée et qu'il y aurait lieu de s'intéresser à d'autres aspects comme, par exemple, les angles d'entrée et de sortie pour l'évolution d'un stade vers un autre.

Un ciel qui s’assombrit : l’amitié entre Romain Rolland et Georges Duhamel vue à travers leur correspondance

Es una reseña de: Romain Rolland et Georges Duhamel: Correspondance (1912-1942) Bernard Duchatelet (ed. lit.), Paris : Éditions Classiques Garnier, 2014

"Je ne vous dirai point, mon très cher fils" Correspondance de Catherine de Charrière de Sévery 1780-1783

This dissertation examines the principles of education imbued in a three year correspondence between an eighteenth century woman and her teenage son from the French speaking region of Vaud, current day Switzerland. Despite her great respect for the literature and ideas of the new pedagogues of the Enlightenment, especially J.J. Rousseau and Mme de Genlis, Catherine de Charrière de Sévery maintained the traditional perspective of education of the Ancien Régime. To explore the concepts of education and instruction through the epistolary practice, this research is based on the corpus of 107 letters that Mme de Sévery wrote to her son Vilhelm between 1780 and 1783. Additional documents - among them Mme de Sévery’s diaries - from the particularly rich archival holdings of this aristocratic family have been used to complement her correspondence. Most previous studies on family correspondence have dealt with mothers to daughters, or fathers to sons, whereas this research is centered on letters between a mother and her son. The location of this family – Lausanne and the Pays de Vaud – provides a particular regional perspective due to two factors: immersion into a region uniformly Protestant, and the dual-influence of Germanic and French cultures. The study analyzes the educational principles that appear throughout Mme de Sévery’s letters by comparison with three literary works of the 18th century: a familiar correspondence, the Lettres du Lord Chesterfield à son fils (1776); the fundamental education treatise by J.J. Rousseau, Émile, ou de l’Éducation (1762); and a pedagogical treatise written by Mme de Genlis as an epistolary novel, Adèle et Théodore, ou lettres sur l’éducation. Using letters as the main tool to guide her son’s upbringing, Mme de Sévery highlights the moral and family values that are most important to her and leads him to find his place in society.

La correspondance entre Albert Camus et Michel Vinver: entre dramaturgie et engagement (RE)lire Albert Camus. Études interdisciplinaires

Cette communication propose une approche du thème de l'engagement chez Camus à partir de la correspondance que l'écrivain a échangée avec le dramaturge Michel Vinaver dans les années de l'après-guerre. Ces lettres révèlent une relation à la fois amicale et ouverte, entre un écrivain déjà célèbre et un jeune homme qui sait seulement qu'il veut, lui aussi, devenir écrivain. Elles montrent aussi les divergences entre les deux écrivains sur le thème de l'engagement qui, à la fois littéraires et politiques, se situent notamment sur le territoire de l'écriture théâtrale face à la fonction politique et sociale de cet art.

En recuerdo de Herbert Simon (1916-2001)

Las ciencias sociales padecen esquizofrenia aguda en su tratamiento de la racionalidad. Tenemos, a un extremo, a los economistas, que atribuyen al hombre económico una racionalidad absurdamente omnisciente. El hombre económico dispone de un sistema completo y consistente de preferencias, que le permite elegir siempre entre las alternativas que se le presentan; se da siempre perfecta cuenta de lo que son estas alternativas; no existen límites en la complejidad de los cálculos que puede realizar para determinar qué alternativas son mejores; los cálculos de probabilidad no le asustan ni encierran misterios para él. Durante la última década este cuerpo de teoría ha alcanzado, en relación con las situaciones de juego competitivo y la toma de decisiones en situación de incertidumbre, un estado de refinamiento tomístico que posee considerable interés normativo, pero escasa relación discernible con el comportamiento real o posible de los seres humanos de carne y hueso.

Early Modern Trading Networks in Europe. Cooperation and the case of Simon Ruiz.

In the early modern period, trade became a truly global phenomenon. The logistics, financial and organizational complexity associated with it increased in order to connect distant geographies and merchants from different backgrounds. How did these merchants prevent their partners from dishonesty in a time where formal institutions and legislation did not traverse these different worlds? This book studies the mechanisms and criteria of cooperation in early modern trading networks. It uses an interdisciplinary approach, through the case study of a Castilian long-distance merchant of the sixteenth century, Simon Ruiz, who traded within the limits of the Portuguese and Spanish overseas empires. Early Modern Trading Networks in Europe discusses the importance of reciprocity mechanisms, trust and reputation in the context of early modern business relations, using network analysis methodology, combining quantitative data with qualitative information. It considers how cooperation and prevention could simultaneously create a business relationship, and describes the mechanisms of control, policing and punishment used to avoid opportunism and deception among a group of business partners. Using bills of exchange and correspondence from Simon Ruiz’s private archive, it charts the evolution of this business network through time, debating which criteria should be included or excluded from business networks, as well as the emergence of standards. This book intends to put forward a new approach to early modern trade which focuses on individuals interacting in self-organized structures, rather than on states or empires. It shows how indirect reciprocity was much more frequent than direct reciprocity among early modern merchants and how informal norms, like ostracism or signaling, helped to prevent defection and deception in an effective way.

The Evolution of Norms in Trade and Financial Networks in the First Global Age: the case of Simon Ruiz's network

In the 16th century, merchants and bankers gained a social influence and political relevance, due to their capacity of ‘faire travailler l’argent des autres’ (Benassar 1972:50). For the success of their activity, they built evolving networks with cooperative partners. These networks were much more than the sum of all partners. In the case study of the Castilian merchant Simon Ruiz, the network functioned in an unique way and independent from any formal institutional control. Its functioning varied in how different partners were associated and the particular characteristics and contents of these social ties. Being a self-organized network, since the formal institutions of trade regulation and the Crown control didn’t influence the network functioning, the Simon Ruiz network was deeply embedded in the economic and financial performance of the Hispanic Empires, in two different ways. The first, purely commercial. The monopolistic regime which was applied by the two crowns in the trade of certain colonial goods was insufficient to the costs of imperial maintenance. In such manner, particulars tried to rent a contract of exploration of trade, paying an annual sum to the crown, as in the Portuguese trade. Some of these agents also moved along Simon Ruiz’s network. But others were involved in relations with the imperial crowns on a second way, the finance. Maintaining Empires implied a lot of human, technical but also financial means, and most of the times Kings were forced to recur to these merchants, as we will demonstrate. What were the implications of these collaborative relations in both parts? The main goal of this paper is to comprehend the evolution of informal norms within Simon Ruiz’s network and how they influenced cooperative behavior of the agents, particularly analyzing mechanisms of sanctioning, control, punishment and reward, as well as their consequences in different dimensions: future interactions, social repercussions and in agent’s economic health and activity. The research is based in the bills of exchange and commercial correspondence of the private archive of Simon Ruiz, located in the Provincial Archive of Valladollid, Spain.

Physiological and symptomatic responses to cycling and walking in intermittent claudication

To shed light on the potential efficacy of cycling as a testing modality in the treatment of intermittent claudication (IC), this study compared physiological and symptomatic responses to graded walking and cycling tests in claudicants. Sixteen subjects with peripheral arterial disease (resting ankle: brachial index (ABI) < 0.9) and IC completed a maximal graded treadmill walking (T) and cycle (C) test after three familiarization tests on each mode. During each test, symptoms, oxygen uptake (VO2), minute ventilation (VE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and heart rate (HR) were measured, and for 10 min after each test the brachial and ankle systolic pressures were recorded. All but one subject experienced calf pain as the primary limiting symptom during T; whereas the symptoms were more varied during C and included thigh pain, calf pain and dyspnoea. Although maximal exercise time was significantly longer on C than T (690 +/- 67 vs. 495 +/- 57 s), peak VO2, peak VE and peak heart rate during C and T were not different; whereas peak RER was higher during C. These responses during C and T were also positively correlated (P < 0.05) with each other, with the exception of RER. The postexercise systolic pressures were also not different between C and T. However, the peak decline in ankle pressures from resting values after C and T were not correlated with each other. These data demonstrate that cycling and walking induce a similar level of metabolic and cardiovascular strain, but that the primary limiting symptoms and haemodynamic response in an individual's extremity, measured after exercise, can differ substantially between these two modes.

The ILC's Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts: Completion of the Second Reading

In 2001 the International Law Commission finally adopted on second reading the Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with commentaries, bringing to an end nearly 50 years of ILC work on the subject. This article reviews the final group of changes to the text, focusing on the definitions of ‘injury’ and ‘damage’, assurances of non&hyphen;repetition in the light of the LaGrand case, procedural aspects of countermeasures and the controversy over measures taken in response to a breach by states which are not individually injured. The focus of debate now turns to the UNGA Sixth Committee, which will have to decide what to make of the Draft Articles. The ILC itself recommended an initial resolution taking note of the Articles, with subsequent consideration (after a period of years) of a possible diplomatic conference with a view to concluding a convention. This modest proposal allows for further reflection on the text and may help to avoid possibly divisive and inconclusive debate in the Sixth Committee. At the same time it allows time for better understanding of the many changes made as compared with the first reading text (1996).