Heat transfer and flow behind a step in high enthalpy superorbital flow

Heat transfer levels have been investigated behind a rearward-facing step in a superorbital expansion tube. The heat transfer was measured along a flat plate and behind 2 and 3mm steps with the same length to step height ratio. Results were obtained with air as the test gas at speeds of 6.76kms(-1) and 9-60kms(-1) corresponding to stagnation enthalpies of 26MJ/kg and 48MJ/kg respectively. A laminar boundary layer was established on the flat plate and measured heat transfer levels were consistent with classical empirical correlations. In the case of flow behind a step, the measurements showed a gradual rise in heat transfer from the rear of the step to a plateau several step heights downstream for both flow conditions. Reattachment distance was estimated to be approximately 1.6 step heights downstream of the 2mm step at the low enthalpy condition through the use of flow visualisation.

Skin-friction measurements in high-enthalpy hypersonic boundary layers

Skin-friction measurements are reported for high-enthalpy and high-Mach-number laminar, transitional and turbulent boundary layers. The measurements were performed in a free-piston shock tunnel with air-flow Mach number, stagnation enthalpy and Reynolds numbers in the ranges of 4.4-6.7, 3-13 MJ kg(-1) and 0.16 x 10(6)-21 x 10(6), respectively. Wall temperatures were near 300 K and this resulted in ratios of wall enthalpy to flow-stagnation enthalpy in the range of 0.1-0.02. The experiments were performed using rectangular ducts. The measurements were accomplished using a new skin-friction gauge that was developed for impulse facility testing. The gauge was an acceleration compensated piezoelectric transducer and had a lowest natural frequency near 40 kHz. Turbulent skin-friction levels were measured to within a typical uncertainty of +/-7%. The systematic uncertainty in measured skin-friction coefficient was high for the tested laminar conditions; however, to within experimental uncertainty, the skin-friction and heat-transfer measurements were in agreement with the laminar theory of van Driest (1952). For predicting turbulent skin-friction coefficient, it was established that, for the range of Mach numbers and Reynolds numbers of the experiments, with cold walls and boundary layers approaching the turbulent equilibrium state, the Spalding & Chi (1964) method was the most suitable of the theories tested. It was also established that if the heat transfer rate to the wall is to be predicted, then the Spalding & Chi (1964) method should be used in conjunction with a Reynolds analogy factor near unity. If more accurate results are required, then an experimentally observed relationship between the Reynolds analogy factor and the skin-friction coefficient may be applied.

Use of a thermodilution catheter to measure core body temperature, central venous pressure and cardiac output during anaesthesia and surgery in the dog

The use of thermodilution and other methods of monitoring in dogs during surgery and critical care was evaluated. Six Greyhounds were anaesthetised and then instrumented by placing a thermodilution catheter into the pulmonary artery via the jugular vein. A catheter in the dorsal pedal artery also permitted direct measurement of arterial pressures. Core body temperature (degreesC) and central venous pressure (mmHg) were measured, while cardiac output (mL/min/kg) and mean arterial pressure (mmHg) were calculated. A mid-line surgical incision was performed and the physiological parameters were monitored for a total of two hours. All physiological parameters generally declined, although significant increases (P<0.05) were noted for cardiac output following surgical incision. Central venous pressure was maintained at approximately 0mmHg by controlling an infusion of sterile saline. Core body temperature decreased from 37.1+/-0.6degreesC (once instrumented) to 36.6+/-0.60degreesC (at the end of the study), despite warming using heating pads. Physiological parameters indicative of patient viability will generally decline during surgery without intervention. This study describes an approach that can be undertaken in veterinary hospitals to accurately monitor vital signs in surgical and critical care patients.

Recent advances on the role of CD40 and dendritic cells in immunity and tolerance

CD40 is a key signaling pathway for the function of B cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells in the immune system, and plays an important role in inflammatory pathways of nonhemopoietic cells. The NFkappaB family of transcription factors is a critical mediator in inflammation. NFkappaB is involved both in the regulation of CD40 expression and in cell signaling after CD40 ligation. This positive feedback loop linking NFkappaB and CD40 plays an important role in the control of the adaptive immune response, with fundamental implications for immunity and tolerance in vivo.

OxyR acts as a repressor of catalase expression in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

It has been reported that Neisseria gonorrhoeae possesses a very high level of catalase activity, but the regulation of catalase expression has not been investigated extensively. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, it has been demonstrated that OxyR is a positive regulator of hydrogen peroxide-inducible genes, including the gene encoding catalase. The oxyR gene from N. gonorrhoeae was cloned and used to complement an E. coli oxyR mutant, confirming its identity and function. The gene was inactivated by inserting a kanamycin resistance cassette and used to make a knockout allele on the chromosome of N. gonorrhoeae strain 1291. In contrast to E. coli, the N. gonorrhoeae oxyR::kan mutant expressed ninefold-more catalase activity and was more resistant to hydrogen peroxide killing than the wild type. These data are consistent with OxyR in N. gonorrhoeae acting as a repressor of catalase expression.

A protective effect of early pregnancy factor on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced in Lewis rats by inoculation with myelin basic protein

Experimental antoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease characterised by inflammation and demyelination of the central nervous system and is the best available animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Since previous studies have shown that EAE is less severe or is delayed in onset during pregnancy and that administration of the pregnancy hormone early pregnancy factor (EPF) down-regulates EAE, experiments in the present study were designed to explore further the role of EPF in EAE. By using the rosette inhibition test, the standard bioassay for EPF and, by semi-quantitative RT-PCR techniques, we have now shown that inflammatory cells from the spinal cord of rats with EAE can produce and secrete EPF, with production being greatest during recovery from disease. Administration of EPF to rats with EAE resulted in a significant increase in the expression of IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA and a significant decrease in IFN-gamma mRNA expression in spinal cord inflammatory cells. Encephalitogenic MBP-specific T cell lines were prepared from popliteal lymph nodes of rats with EAE. Proliferation assays using these cells demonstrated the ability of exogenous EPF to down-regulate the responses of T lymphocytes to MBP. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Estudo da camada limite atmosférica em regiões metropolitanas costeiras com simulações de brisa marítima

O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e caracterizar a evolução diária da Camada Limite Atmosférica (CLA) na Região da Grande Vitória (RGV), Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil e na Região de Dunkerque (RD), Departamento Nord Pas-de-Calais, França, avaliando a acurácia de parametrizações usadas no modelo meteorológico Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) em detectar a formação e atributos da Camada Limite Interna (CLI) que é formada pelas brisas marítimas. A RGV tem relevo complexo, em uma região costeira de topografia acidentada e uma cadeia de montanhas paralela à costa. A RD tem relevo simples, em uma região costeira com pequenas ondulações que não chegam a ultrapassar 150 metros, ao longo do domínio de estudos. Para avaliar os resultados dos prognósticos feitos pelo modelo, foram utilizados os resultados de duas campanhas: uma realizada na cidade de Dunkerque, no norte da França, em Julho de 2009, utilizando um sistema light detection and ranging (LIDAR), um sonic detection and ranging (SODAR) e dados de uma estação meteorológica de superfície (EMS); outra realizada na cidade de Vitória – Espírito Santo, no mês de julho de 2012, também usando um LIDAR, um SODAR e dados de uma EMS. Foram realizadas simulações usando três esquemas de parametrizações para a CLA, dois de fechamento não local, Yonsei University (YSU) e Asymmetric Convective Model 2 (ACM2) e um de fechamento local, Mellor Yamada Janjic (MYJ) e dois esquemas de camada superficial do solo (CLS), Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) e Noah. Tanto para a RGV quanto para a RD, foram feitas simulações com as seis possíveis combinações das três parametrizações de CLA e as duas de CLS, para os períodos em que foram feitas as campanhas, usando quatro domínios aninhados, sendo os três maiores quadrados com dimensões laterais de 1863 km, 891 km e 297 km, grades de 27 km, 9 km e 3 km, respectivamente, e o domínio de estudo, com dimensões de 81 km na direção Norte-Sul e 63 km na Leste-Oeste, grade de 1 km, com 55 níveis verticais, até um máximo de, aproximadamente, 13.400 m, mais concentrados próximos ao solo. Os resultados deste trabalho mostraram que: a) dependendo da configuração adotada, o esforço computacional pode aumentar demasiadamente, sem que ocorra um grande aumento na acurácia dos resultados; b) para a RD, a simulação usando o conjunto de parametrizações MYJ para a CLA com a parametrização Noah produziu a melhor estimativa captando os fenômenos da CLI. As simulações usando as parametrizações ACM2 e YSU inferiram a entrada da brisa com atraso de até três horas; c) para a RGV, a simulação que usou as parametrizações YSU para a CLA em conjunto com a parametrização Noah para CLS foi a que conseguiu fazer melhores inferências sobre a CLI. Esses resultados sugerem a necessidade de avaliações prévias do esforço computacional necessário para determinadas configurações, e sobre a acurácia de conjuntos de parametrizações específicos para cada região pesquisada. As diferenças estão associadas com a capacidade das diferentes parametrizações em captar as informações superficiais provenientes das informações globais, essenciais para determinar a intensidade de mistura turbulenta vertical e temperatura superficial do solo, sugerindo que uma melhor representação do uso de solo é fundamental para melhorar as estimativas sobre a CLI e demais parâmetros usados por modelos de dispersão de poluentes atmosféricos.

The host-tourist interaction in a world heritage site: the case of Guimarães

Guimarães, in the northwest of Portugal, is a city of strong symbolic and cultural significance and its nomination by UNESCO as world heritage, in 2001, enlarged its tourism potential. In this paper we present a few results of a survey that envisaged capturing the Guimarães residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts and their attitudes towards tourists. Specifically, one analyzes the type of relationship that exists between some socio-demographic groups and the perceived tourism impacts, as well as their socio-characteristics and the existing level of interaction between residents and tourists. The survey was implemented between January and March 2010 to a convenience sample of 540 inhabitants of the municipality of Guimarães resulting in 400 questionnaires with complete data. For this, we made use of various statistical techniques. Using a factorial analysis, we can conclude that the three factors used explain 52.3% of the variance contained in the original variables obtained from the survey. By another side, using a logit model in the analysis and taking as the dependent variable the frequent or very frequent contact with tourists, we found that only the variables referred to perceived positive impacts of tourism, education and the place of residence in urban areas have shown to be statistically significant. We are aware of the multiple ways the issue of residents’ perceptions and attitudes towards tourism can be approached and of the difficulties to get useful policy-oriented insights. This paper is a step in that trail.

Motivation and Benefits of Implementation and Certification according ISO 9001 – the Portuguese Experience

The aim of the research is to analyze the different aspects associated with the motivation and benefits of certified ISO 9001 companies in Portugal. A total of 426 certified Portuguese companies were surveyed. The response rate was equal to 61.03 percent. Our results suggest that the main motivation for certification were “improvement of quality”, “improvement of company image”, “marketing advantage”, “give empowerment to workers / capturing workers knowledge” and “cost reduction”. The main benefits that Portuguese companies have gained from the referred certification have been, among others, the improvement of “procedures”, beneficial effect on the “company’s image”, the improvement of quality products/services, increase of the “customer satisfaction”, improvement of “on-time delivery”; improvement the “morale” of workers’ increase in productivity and decrease of “production costs”, among others. The surveyed firms belong only to the Minho region of the north of Portugal. This paper aims to provide a contribution to the research related to the motivation and benefits associated to the quality management systems. The selection of the motives and benefits were validated through statistical analysis and the relationship between expected and perceived benefits was discussed.

Filicídio e matricídio : quando a relação entre mãe e filho se torna fatal

RESUMO: A morte de um filho às mãos da sua mãe ou de uma mãe às mãos do seu filho, é uma realidade rara que provoca uma reacção colectiva de choque e repulsa. Por seu turno, a comunidade cientifica procura explicações, classificações e formas de prever e evitar novas tragédias. No presente estudo foram objecto de análise cinco casos de filicídio e seis casos de matricídio, tendo-se procedido à avaliação de características de personalidade e enquadramento social e familiar, através da realização de uma entrevista e a aplicação de dois testes de personalidade, um teste de inteligência geral e um teste de impulsividade. Com excepção de 4 casos de matricidas, os restantes sujeitos não apresentaram problemas mentais graves nem marcada perturbação anti-social de personalidade, sendo os factores determinantes mais comuns de natureza social e familiar, que, associados às respectivas características de personalidade e nível de inteligência, conduziram os sujeitos ao acto, levando a concluir pela necessidade do reforço das políticas sociais e de saúde mental, bem como, da necessidade de um maior conhecimento do sujeito que pratica o crime por parte de quem tem a responsabilidade de o julgar e de quem tem o encargo de o reabilitar. ABSTRACT: The death of a child at the hands of its mother or of a mother at the hands of her child is a rare reality that causes a collective reaction of shock and disgust. In turn, the scientific community seeks explanations, classifications and ways of predicting and preventing further tragedies. The current study examined five cases of filicide and six cases of matricide, and personality characteristics and social and family frameworks were assessed, through the application of an interview, two personality tests, a general intelligence test and an impulsivity test. With the exception of 4 cases of matricide, the remaining subjects did not show any serious mental problems or severe anti-social personality disturbance, the most common factors being of social and family nature. These factors, combined with their personality characteristics and intelligence level, led the subjects to the act, thus showing the need to strengthen social and mental health policies, as well as the need for a greater knowledge on the subject who commits the offence, from the part of those who are responsible for judging him and of those who are in charge of rehabilitating him.

A política de cooperação portuguesa com os PALOP: contributos do Ensino Superior Politécnico

RESUMO: É longínqua e indiscutível a ligação que se estabelece entre Portugal e os Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa. No entanto, a manutenção dos laços de entreajuda e cooperação, embora desejada e expressamente manifestada por ambas as partes, nem sempre se consubstancia em acções concretas. É neste contexto que se insere o presente trabalho, tendo como objectivo investigar de que modo se materializa a Política de Cooperação entre Portugal e os Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa, ao nível do Ensino Superior. Avaliamos concretamente a actuação das Instituições de Ensino Superior Politécnico, junto dos alunos oriundos daqueles países, no domínio da Acção Social e de que modo pode existir uma acção diferenciadora entre Instituições, capaz de captar alunos e de os acolher em melhores condições. Perante as carências e fragilidades encontradas naquela população, concluímos que existe um vasto campo de actuação onde as Instituições de Ensino Superior podem realizar os propósitos enunciados nos Acordos de Cooperação, estabelecidos com aqueles Países. Actuando em prol destes alunos efectivam assim as resoluções enunciadas para a Política de Cooperação Portuguesa em matéria de educação e divulgação da língua e cultura portuguesas, contribuindo ainda, para o desenvolvimento daqueles países. ABSTRACT: It is far and indisputable the link established between Portugal and the African Countries of Portuguese Official Language (PALOP). However, the maintenance of ties of mutual aid and cooperation, though desired and explicitly expressed by both sides, has not always been embodied in concrete actions. It is this context that frames the present work, aiming to investigate how the policy of cooperation between Portugal and the African Countries of Portuguese Official Language is materialized at the Higher Education level. We specifically evaluate the performance of Polytechnic Higher Education Institutions with the students from those countries in the field of social aid and how a differentiator action between institutions can be in place, capable of capturing students and welcoming them in a better way. In face of the needs and weaknesses found in that population, we conclude that there is a vast field of activity where HEI can realize the goals set out in the Cooperation Agreements established with those countries. Acting on behalf of these students they put to practice the resolutions set out for the Portuguese Cooperation Policy in education and dissemination of the Portuguese language and culture, thus contributing to the development of those countries.

Epidemia de dengue em Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil: nota prévia

Apresenta-se Nota preliminar de uma epidemia de dengue, ocorrida em Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil, no período de novembro de 1990 a março de 1991. Descreve-se a ocorrência de um caso de "Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever/Dengue Shock Syndrome" Grau II (DHF/DSS) e de dois óbitos associados ao dengue devido a síndrome de choque. Alerta clínicos e epidemiologistas quanto à possibilidade de ocorrência de casos isolados de DHF/DSS durante epidemias de dengue clássico em áreas antes indenes à doença.

Estudo da viabilidade de um processo de captura do dióxido de carbono emitido em gases de combustão

O presente trabalho descreve o estudo da viabilidade económica de implementar um processo de absorção química com monoetanolamina (MEA) numa central termoeléctrica, visando a captura de CO2 dos gases de exaustão da mesma, dado que na indústria, o sector de produção de energia eléctrica é o principal responsável pela emissão de CO2 para a atmosfera. A central em foco foi a TER (Central Termoeléctrica do Ribatejo) devido à quantidade de gases emitidos e ao teor em CO2 dos mesmos, além de ser a responsável por cerca de 18% da energia eléctrica em Portugal. O processo em causa ocorre em pós-combustão, dado tratar-se de uma central já existente, e engloba a absorção química com MEA, seguida de stripping, com remoção do CO2 e recirculação da MEA. Este sistema foi testado recorrendo a um modelo de simulação desenvolvido por T. Greer, na sua tese de mestrado ao tema “Modeling and simulation of post combustion CO2 capturing” com base em Matlab. De acordo com o disposto sobre o Comércio Europeu de Licenças de Emissão (CELE), para o período de 2008-2012, foi atribuído à TER um limite de emissão de 1.423.103 ton CO2/ano. Sendo esta responsável pela emissão anual de cerca de 2X106 toneladas, determinou-se um encargo de 17.277.000 € anuais por incumprimento. Os custos de implementação deste processo estimam-se, para um período de amortização de 5 anos, em 6.546.758€, e permitiria a captação de 78,7% do CO2 emitido. As taxas respeitantes ao incumprimento ficariam reduzidas a 13.597.020€; o que significa que, com a implementação desta tecnologia, se conseguirá uma economia de: 17.277.000 - 13.597.020 = 3.679.980 €/ano. Estes valores foram calculados de acordo com o valor cotado da tonelada de CO2 para 2008 de 30 euros/ton. No período de amortização considerado, 5 anos, obtém-se uma economia de 18.399.900 €, sendo possível amortizar totalmente o investimento efectuado com a unidade de captura de CO2 sendo economicamente viável a sua implementação.

Intervenção coronária percutânea no enfarte agudo do miocárdio: influência no prognóstico dos doentes

Mestrado em Tecnologia de Diagnóstico e Intervenção Cardiovascular. Área de especialização: Intervenção Cardiovascular.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa amidase: Aggregation in recombinant Escherichia coli

The effect of cultivation parameters such as temperature incubation, IPTG induction and ethanol shock on the production of Pseudomonasaeruginosa amidase (E.C.3.5.1.4) in a recombinant Escherichia coli strain in LB ampicillin culture medium was investigated. The highest yield of solubleamidase, relatively to other proteins, was obtained in the condition at 37 degrees C using 0.40 mM IPTG to induce growth, with ethanol. Our results demonstrate the formation of insoluble aggregates containing amidase, which was biologically active, in all tested growth conditions. Addition of ethanol at 25 degrees C in the culture medium improved amidase yield, which quantitatively aggregated in a biologically active form and exhibited in all conditions an increased specific activity relatively to the soluble form of the enzyme. Non-denaturing solubilization of the aggregated amidase was successfully achieved using L-arginine. The aggregates obtained from conditions at 37 degrees C by Furier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis demonstrated a lower content of intermolecular interactions, which facilitated the solubilization step applying non-denaturing conditions. The higher interactions exhibited in aggregates obtained at suboptimal conditions compromised the solubilization yield. This work provides an approach for the characterization and solubilization of novel reported biologically active aggregates of this amidase.