Total lipid and fatty acid accumulation during basidiospore formation in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus sp.

The basidiospores of Pisolithus sp. contain large amounts of lipids, indicating provision for future germination in the host rhizosphere. However, the accumulation, composition, and mobilization of lipids during formation and germination of these spores are largely unknown. In this study, lipid storage and fatty acid composition during basidiosporogenesis were analyzed in fresh basidiocarps using bright-field microscopy and gas chromatography. Abundant lipid bodies are found in the hyphae, basidia, and basidiospores of fungal basidiocarps. This evidences a considerable C transport in the basidiocarp to meet the C demand during basidiospore formation. Fatty acid composition analysis revealed the presence of 24 compounds with chains of 9 to 18 C atoms, either saturated or insaturated, with one or two insaturations. The fatty acid composition and content varied according to the developmental stage of the peridioles. In free basidiospores, the predominant compounds were 16:0, 16:1w5c, 18:1w9c, and 18:2w6,9c/18:0ante, at concentrations of 76, 46, 192, and 51 ��g g-1 dry matter, respectively. Our results indicate that oleic acid is the major constituent of lipid reserves in Pisolithus sp. basidiospores. Further studies are being conducted to determine the factors that induce lipid mobilization during spore germination.

Qualidade de um sistema latossolo-argissolo como receptor de efluentes no munic��pio de Lins(SP)

Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar um sistema de solos, evidenciando a propriedades que possam esclarecer sua din��mica e contribuir para a defini����o de crit��rios que condicionem a aptid��o destes solos como receptores de efluentes. Trata-se de uma ��rea experimental de estudos, cont��gua �� Esta����o de Tratamento de Esgoto do munic��pio de Lins (SP), onde o efluente �� gerado a partir do tratamento de esgoto por sistema de lagoas de estabiliza����o. Os solos, situados ao longo de uma vertente com ligeira inclina����o, foram caracterizados por meio de an��lises, morfol��gica, granulom��trica, qu��mica, mineral��gica e micromorfol��gica, realizadas em amostras coletadas em cinco trincheiras em toposseq����ncia. Os solos s��o desenvolvidos a partir dos sedimentos arenosos da Forma����o Adamantina (Grupo Bauru) e constituem um sistema Latossolo - Argissolo onde a transi����o Bw - Bt ocorre lateralmente do topo para a base da vertente. Foram identificadas tr��s fases pedogen��ticas nesta associa����o de solos. A primeira, argiluvia����o e adensamento de part��culas, respons��vel pela forma����o dos horizontes texturais, foi superposta pelos processos de latossoliza����o e hidromorfismo, atuantes na din��mica atual destes solos. An��lises micromorfol��gicas mostraram tratar-se de solos com intensa porosidade, caracterizada pelo empilhamento dos gr��os do esqueleto quartzoso amplamente predominante e pelo arranjo entre os microagregados granulares. A permeabilidade �� ainda favorecida pela intensa a����o da mesofauna. Os solos s��o distr��ficos e compostos por caulinita e ��xidos de Fe na fra����o argilosa. Por constitu��rem um sistema fr��gil, a disposi����o de quaisquer tipos de res��duos nestes solos requer o monitoramento constante de suas propriedades, tanto para a manuten����o, quanto para a recupera����o da qualidade desta cobertura pedol��gica.

Atributos do solo e distin����o de pedoambientes para a agricultura na terra ind��gena Mbya em Ubatuba (SP)

As terras ind��genas s��o destinadas �� reprodu����o f��sica e cultural, segundo os usos, costumes e tradi����es de seus povos. A experi��ncia de agricultores Guarani Mbya na terra ind��gena Boa Vista do Sert��o do Promirim foi considerada pela distin����o de atributos de solo em tr��s pedoambientes agr��colas denominados yvy por�� (terra boa, TB ; terra para o cultivo do milho avaxi etei). A pesquisa de campo (etnogr��fica e pedogr��fica) foi realizada em ambiente de floresta ombr��fila densa submontana, em Ubatuba, SP. Foram feitas an��lises morfol��gicas, f��sicas e qu��micas, em perfis dos solos de tr��s ��reas yvy por�� (Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo e Cambissolo H��plico) e em amostras de terra, das camadas de 0,0-0,05 e 0,05-0,10 m. A aptid��o das terras foi avaliada segundo o Sistema de Avalia����o da Aptid��o Agr��cola das Terras (SAAAT). As ��reas foram definidas por quatro informantes Guarani Mbya, que localizaram as yvy por�� e as ordenaram pelo potencial agr��cola. Na profundidade de 0,0-0,05 m, os atributos teores de argila total (AT), Ca + Mg e Ca, soma de bases, V% e pH definiram a TB3 como a de maior potencial. Na profundidade de 0,05-0,10 m, os atributos foram os teores de H, Ca, H + Al e AT, o valor T, a soma de bases, o volume total de poros (VTP) e o di��metro m��dio ponderado (DMP), e o pH. A an��lise de componente principal permitiu explicar a qualifica����o das yvy por�� (TB3 > TB1 > TB2) segundo os Mbya, em termos dos atributos do solo, e corroborar TB3 como a ��rea de maior potencial para a cultura do milho tradicional. Contudo, o SAAAT n��o diferenciou a aptid��o agr��cola entre as yvy por�� e, em fun����o do fator defici��ncia de fertilidade, o grupo de aptid��o seria regular para pastagem natural (5n). A incongru��ncia nas avalia����es evidencia a relev��ncia do conhecimento tradicional na gest��o agroambiental das terras ind��genas, visando �� sua sustentabilidade.

Madot tappoivat suden H��meess�� : kuolemaan johtanut Alaria sp. -imumatoinfektio sudella

Summary: Alaria sp. causing fatal enteritis in a wolf

Identification of opsA, a gene involved in solute stress mitigation and survival in soil, in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium Novosphingobium sp. strain LH128.

The aim of this study was to identify genes involved in solute and matric stress mitigation in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading Novosphingobium sp. strain LH128. The genes were identified using plasposon mutagenesis and by selection of mutants that showed impaired growth in a medium containing 450 mM NaCl as a solute stress or 10% (wt/vol) polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 as a matric stress. Eleven and 14 mutants showed growth impairment when exposed to solute and matric stresses, respectively. The disrupted sequences were mapped on a draft genome sequence of strain LH128, and the corresponding gene functions were predicted. None of them were shared between solute and matric stress-impacted mutants. One NaCl-affected mutant (i.e., NA7E1) with a disruption in a gene encoding a putative outer membrane protein (OpsA) was susceptible to lower NaCl concentrations than the other mutants. The growth of NA7E1 was impacted by other ions and nonionic solutes and by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), suggesting that opsA is involved in osmotic stress mitigation and/or outer membrane stability in strain LH128. NA7E1 was also the only mutant that showed reduced growth and less-efficient phenanthrene degradation in soil compared to the wild type. Moreover, the survival of NA7E1 in soil decreased significantly when the moisture content was decreased but was unaffected when soluble solutes from sandy soil were removed by washing. opsA appears to be important for the survival of strain LH128 in soil, especially in the case of reduced moisture content, probably by mitigating the effects of solute stress and retaining membrane stability.

Brachiaria sp yield and nutrient contents after nitrogen and sulphur fertilization

Among the production factors, adequate fertilization is an important tool to raise the productivity of pastoral systems and consequently increase the share of Brazil in the supply chain of primary agricultural products at the global level. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction of nitrogen and sulfur fertilization in BRACHIARIA DECUMBENS: Stapf. The experiment in pots with Dystrophic Oxisol was evaluated in a completely randomized design with four replications in a 5 x 3 factorial arrangement, involving five N doses (0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg dm-3) in the form of ammonium nitrate and three S doses (0, 20 and 80 mg dm-3) in the form of calcium sulfate, with a total of 15 treatments. In the treatments with low S dose, calcium was provided as calcium chloride, to ensure a homogeneous Ca supply in all treatments. The results showed that the tiller production and dry weight of green leaves and of stems + sheaths and total dry weight were favored by the combination of N and S fertilizer, while the proportion of dry leaves was reduced. Nitrogen fertilization raised the N contents in green leaves and stems + sheaths and reduced K contents in fresh and dry leaves. The response to S rates in the N content of green leaves was quadratic.

Saccamoeba lacustris, sp. nov. (Amoebozoa: Lobosea: Hartmannellidae), a new lobose amoeba, parasitized by the novel chlamydia 'Candidatus Metachlamydia lacustris' (Chlamydiae: Parachlamydiaceae).

An amoeba isolated from an aquatic biotope, identified morphologically as Saccamoeba limax, was found harbouring mutualistic rod-shaped gram-negative bacteria. During their cultivation on agar plates, a coinfection also by lysis-inducing chlamydia-like organisms was found in some subpopulations of that amoeba. .Here we provide a molecular-based identification of both the amoeba host and the two bacterial endosymbionts. Analysis of the 18S rRNA gene revealed that this strain is the sister-group to Glaeseria, for which we proposed the name Saccamoeba lacustris. The rod-shaped endosymbiont was identified as a member of Variovorax paradoxus group (Comamonadaceae, Beta-Proteobacteria). No growth on bacteriological agars was recorded, hence this symbiont might be strictly intracellular. The chlamydia-like parasite was unable to infect Acanthamoeba and other amoebae in coculture, showing high host specificity. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rDNA indicated that it is a new member of the family Parachlamydiaceae (order Chlamydiales), for which we proposed the name 'Candidatus Metachlamydia lacustris'.

Ciclagem e balan��o de nutrientes no sistema solo-planta em um plantio de Eucalyptus sp., no Distrito Federal

As esp��cies do g��nero Eucalyptus s��o as mais plantadas no mundo, tornando-se solu����o para diminuir a press��o sobre as florestas nativas. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a biomassa seca e sua distribui����o nos diferentes compartimentos das ��rvores (folhas, galhos, casca, lenho e ra��zes), bem como examinar o conte��do de macronutrientes dela e o balan��o de nutrientes no sistema solo-planta, em um plantio de Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis, aos 60 meses de idade, na Fazenda ��gua Limpa, no Distrito Federal. Os dados foram obtidos de tr��s ��rvores de eucalipto, que foram cubadas rigorosamente e tiveram as ra��zes escavadas at�� a profundidade de 60 cm. Esses dados foram submetidos �� an��lise estat��stica pela correla����o de Pearson. Grande parte da biomassa seca das ��rvores foi verificada no compartimento lenho (69,19 %), seguido de ra��zes (10,15 %), galhos (9,75 %), casca (6,06 %) e folhas (4,85 %). Os maiores teores de macronutrientes foram detectados nas folhas (N = 13,55 g kg-1; P = 1,33 g kg-1; K = 8,52 g kg-1; Ca = 7,12 g kg-1; Mg = 2,44 g kg-1; e S = 1,76 g kg-1), enquanto o lenho apresentou os menores (N = 1,73 g kg-1; P = 0,23 g kg-1; K = 0,34 g kg-1; Ca = 0,20 g kg-1; Mg = 0,03 g kg-1; e S = 0,43 g kg-1). A ordem dos conte��dos totais de macronutrientes verificada para a parte a��rea foi: N > K > Ca >S > Mg > P, enquanto para as ra��zes, N > Ca > K > Mg > S > P. As ra��zes s��o respons��veis por acumular aproximadamente 11,90 % dos nutrientes contidos na biomassa das ��rvores; essa quantidade diminui com o aumento da profundidade. O balan��o de nutrientes indica que P e S n��o s��o suficientes para um novo ciclo da floresta.

Exposure to solute stress affects genome-wide expression but not the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading activity of Sphingomonas sp. strain LH128 in biofilms.

Members of the genus Sphingomonas are important catalysts for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil, but their activity can be affected by various stress factors. This study examines the physiological and genome-wide transcription response of the phenanthrene-degrading Sphingomonas sp. strain LH128 in biofilms to solute stress (invoked by 450 mM NaCl solution), either as an acute (4-h) or a chronic (3-day) exposure. The degree of membrane fatty acid saturation was increased as a response to chronic stress. Oxygen consumption in the biofilms and phenanthrene mineralization activities of biofilm cells were, however, not significantly affected after imposing either acute or chronic stress. This finding was in agreement with the transcriptomic data, since genes involved in PAH degradation were not differentially expressed in stressed conditions compared to nonstressed conditions. The transcriptomic data suggest that LH128 adapts to NaCl stress by (i) increasing the expression of genes coping with osmolytic and ionic stress such as biosynthesis of compatible solutes and regulation of ion homeostasis, (ii) increasing the expression of genes involved in general stress response, (iii) changing the expression of general and specific regulatory functions, and (iv) decreasing the expression of protein synthesis such as proteins involved in motility. Differences in gene expression between cells under acute and chronic stress suggest that LH128 goes through changes in genome-wide expression to fully adapt to NaCl stress, without significantly changing phenanthrene degrading activity.

��rf��os tutelados nas malhas do judici��rio (Bragan��a-SP, 1871-1900)

Este artigo analisa autos de tutoria e contrato de ��rf��os pobres e desvalidos, entre 1871 e 1900, do Poder Judici��rio da Comarca de Bragan��a Paulista, e identifica situa����es que envolvem explora����o do trabalho de menores de idade, viol��ncia e maus-tratos. S��o rastreadas as iniciativas educacionais para esse grupo de crian��as e adolescentes, associadas ��s rela����es de trabalho que se estabeleceram entre elas e seus tutores. Com base nas pr��ticas da administra����o da Justi��a, uma vez que os ��rf��os ficavam sob sua jurisdi����o, verifica-se de que forma se processava o acesso �� educa����o dos menores e os mecanismos de controle sobre a inf��ncia pobre no momento de conforma����o do trabalho assalariado no pa��s. Notadamente, �� nessa ��poca que crian��as e adolescentes pobres, desvalidos, passam a ser vistos mais pontualmente. Isso porque a cren��a no trabalho para as classes pobres, a fim de evitar a marginalidade, ia ao encontro do discurso da car��ncia de m��o de obra, relacionado ��s vis��es sobre o trabalho que estavam sendo constru��das no momento da aboli����o/imigra����o.

Syd��npussiin eksynyt Contracaecum sp. -sukkulamato aiheutti kirjoahvenen kuoleman : tapausselostus

Summary: Contracaecum sp. in the pericardial sac as a cause of death in a cichlid (Pseudotropheus saulosi) - a case report

Domicola lithodesi n.gen n.sp. (Amphipoda: Calliopiidae), inhabitant of thepleonal cavity of a South African lithodid crab

Domicola lithodesi, a new genus and species of gammaridean amphipod is described. It is placed in the family Calliopiidae. Two specimens, a male and a preparatory female, were collected in August 1990 from the pleonal cavity of the lithodid crab Lithodes ferox (Filhol, 1885), an anomuran crab caught at 300 m depth from off Namibia. The more relevant characters are: anophtalmous; body smooth, gammarid-like, male smaller than female, urosomite 1 with a prepeduncular spine; telson broad, entire, unlobed and unarmed; short rostrum; accessory flagellum scale-like, calceoli absent; lower lip without inner lobes; coxa 4 posteriorly excavated; gnathopods basic, subequal, with numerous palmar spines; dactyls on P3-7 with specialized adhesive organs; coxal gill 7 present; uropods eusirid type.

Metodologia para projeto de planejamento estrat��gico de informa����es alinhado ao planejamento estrat��gico: a experi��ncia do Senac-PR

O objetivo desse artigo �� descrever uma metodologia para projeto de Planejamento Estrat��gico de Informa����es (PEI) alinhado ao Planejamento Estrat��gico Organizacional, a partir de um estudo de caso no Servi��o Nacional de Aprendizagem Comercial do Paran��, e os seus respectivos desafios e dificuldades. Os resultados e as contribui����es relatam sobre a viabilidade pr��tica do projeto PEI e os detalhes da execu����o de sua metodologia. A conclus��o reitera a import��ncia da metodologia do PEI, implementada e aceita como uma ferramenta para contribuir de forma efetiva nas intelig��ncias interna, competitiva e organizacional do Senac-PR.