Nonuniformity Effect of Surface-Nanocrystalline Materials in Nanoindentation Test

In the present research, microstructures of the surface-nanocrystalline Al alloy material are observed and measured based on the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique, and the corresponding mechanical behaviors are investigated experimentally and theoretically. In the experimental research, the nanoindentation test method is used, and the load and microhardness curves are measured, which strongly depend on the grain size and grain size nonuniformity. Two kinds of the nanoindentation test methods are adopted: the randomly selected loading point method and the continuous stiffness method. In the theoretical modeling, based on the microstructure characteristics of the surface-nanocrystalline Al alloy material, a dislocation pile-up model considering the grain size effect and based on the Mott theory is presented and used. The hardness-indent depth curves are predicted and modeled.

Assessment of Microscale Test Methods of Peeling and Splitting along Surface of Thin-Film/Substrates

Peel test methods are assessed through being applied to a peeling analysis of the ductile film/ceramic substrate system. Through computing the fracture work of the system using the either beam bend model (BB model) or the general plane analysis model (GPA model), surprisingly, a big difference between both model results is found. Although the BB model can capture the plastic dissipation phenomenon for the ductile film case as the GPA model can, it is much sensitive to the choice of the peeling criterion parameters, and it overestimates the plastic bending effect unable to capture crack tip constraint plasticity. In view of the difficulty of measuring interfacial toughness using peel test method when film is the ductile material, a new test method, split test, is recommended and analyzed using the GPA model. The prediction is applied to a wedge-loaded experiment for Al-alloy double-cantilever beam in literature.

Deformation and Failure of Polymer Bonded Explosives under Diametric Compression Test

The tensile deformation and failure of polymer bonded explosives (PBXs), a particulate composite, is studied in this paper. Two HMX-based PBXs with different binder were selected for study. A diametric compression test, in which a disc-shaped specimen is loaded diametrically, was chosen to generate tensile failure in the materials. The quasi-static tensile properties and the tensile creep properties were studied by using conventional displacement transducers to measure the lateral strain along the horizontal diameter. The whole-field in-plane creep deformation was measured by using the technique of high resolution moire´ interferometry. Real time microscopic examination was conducted to monitor the process of deformation and failure of PBXs by using a scanning electron microscope equipped with a loading stage. A manifold method (MM) was used to simulate the deformation and failure of PBX samples under the diametric compression test, including the crack initiation, crack propagation and final cleavage fracture. The mechanisms of deformation and failure of PBXs under diametric compression were analyzed. The diametric compression test and the techniques developed in this research have proven to be applicable to the study of tensile properties of PBXs.

Size Effect and Geometrical Effect of Solids in Micro-Indentation Test

Micro-indentation tests at scales of the order of sub-micron show that the measured hardness increases strongly with decreasing indent depth or indent size, which is frequently referred to as the size effect. At the same time, at micron or sub-micron scale, another effect, which is referred to as the geometrical size effects such as crystal grain size effect, thin film thickness effect, etc., also influences the measured material hardness. However, the trends are at odds with the size-independence implied by the conventional elastic-plastic theory. In the present research, the strain gradient plasticity theory (Fleck and Hutchinson) is used to model the composition effects (size effect and geometrical effect) for polycrystal material and metal thin film/ceramic substrate systems when materials undergo micro-indenting. The phenomena of the "pile-up" and "sink-in" appeared in the indentation test for the polycrystal materials are also discussed. Meanwhile, the micro-indentation experiments for the polycrystal Al and for the Ti/Si_3N_4 thin film/substrate system are carried out. By comparing the theoretical predictions with experimental measurements, the values and the variation trends of the micro-scale parameter included in the strain gradient plasticity theory are predicted.

Fractography and Crack Initiation of Very-High-Cycle Fatigue for a High Carbon Low Alloy Steel

Very-High-Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) is the phenomenon of fatigue damage and failure of metallic materials or structures subjected to 108 cycles of fatigue loading and beyond. This paper attempts to investigate the VHCF behavior and mechanism of a high strength low alloy steel (main composition: C-1% and Cr-1.5%; quenched at 1108K and tempered at 453K). The fractography of fatigue failure was observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The observations reveal that, for the number of cycles to fatigue failure between 106 and 4108 cycles, fatigue cracks almost initiated in the interior of specimen and originated at non-metallic inclusions. An “optical dark area” (ODA) around initiation site is observed when fatigue initiation from interior. ODA size increases with the decrease of fatigue stress, and becomes more roundness. Fracture mechanics analysis gives the stress intensity factor of ODA, which is nearly equivalent to the corresponding fatigue threshold of the test material. The results indicate that the fatigue life of specimens with crack origin at the interior of specimen is longer than that with crack origin at specimen surface. The experimental results and the fatigue mechanism were further analyzed in terms of fracture mechanics and fracture physics, suggesting that the primary propagation of fatigue crack within the fish-eye local region is the main characteristics of VHCF.

Determination Ofinterfacial Mechanical Parameters For An Al/Epoxy/Al2O3 System Byusing Peel Test Simulations

Peel test measurements and simulations of the interfacial mechanical parameters for the Al/Epoxy/Al2O3 system are performed in the present investigation. A series of Al film thicknesses between 20 and 250 microns and three peel angles of 90, 135 and 180 degrees are considered. Two types of epoxy adhesives are adopted to obtain both strong and weak interface adhesions. A finite element model with cohesive zone elements is used to identify the interfacial parameters and simulate the peel test process. By simulating and recording normal stress near the crack tip, the separation strength is obtained. Furthermore, the cohesive energy is identified by comparing the simulated steady-state peel force and the experimental result. It is found from the research that both the cohesive energy and the separation strength can be taken as the intrinsic interfacial parameters which are dependent on the thickness of the adhesive layer and independent of the film thickness and peel angle.

Evaluación de la comprensión de emociones en niños mediante el Test de Rorschach

El presente estudio plantea como objetivo evaluar la comprensión de emociones en niños, aspecto central del funcionamiento reflexivo, a través del Test de Rorschach. Para lograrlo se seleccionó una muestra de 30 niños a quienes se administró el “Test of Emotion Comprehension” y el Test de Rorschach. Se presentan los resultados obtenidos a partir de la correlación entre los datos arrojados por ambas técnicas, lo cual permitió identificar determinados indicadores Rorschach (determinantes/ contenidos/ localizaciones/ cómputos) que se modifican de acuerdo al nivel de comprensión de emociones del niño y que, por ende, podrían resultar útiles para evaluarlo. Además, dichos resultados muestran que los niños con alto nivel de comprensión de emociones presentan un protocolo Rorschach mucho más rico, de lo cual se deduce la presencia de mayor cantidad de recursos emocionales en este grupo en comparación con los niños de bajo nivel de comprensión de emociones.

Determination of interface properties between micron-thick metal film and ceramic substrate using peel test

Peel test measurements have been performed to estimate both the interface toughness and the separation strength between copper thin film and Al2O3 substrate with film thicknesses ranging between 1 and 15 mu m. An inverse analysis based on the artificial neural network method is adopted to determine the interface parameters. The interface parameters are characterized by the cohesive zone (CZ) model. The results of finite element simulations based on the strain gradient plasticity theory are used to train the artificial neural network. Using both the trained neural network and the experimental measurements for one test result, both the interface toughness and the separation strength are determined. Finally, the finite element predictions adopting the determined interface parameters are performed for the other film thickness cases, and are in agreement with the experimental results.

Diagnóstico de la brucelosis bovina por el método del "ring-test"

El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo entre los meses de Julio a Septiembre del año 1965, en los Laboratorios de la Escuela Nacional de Agricultura y Ganadería. Se recurrió a la prueba del Ring-Test, para diagnosticar la Brucelosis en hatos situados en los departamentos de Managua, León, Carazo, Masaya, Granada, Rivas y Boaco; se obtuvieron ciertos datos estadísticos al objeto de hacer un estudio de productividad de leche. Los resultados de este trabajo fueron: 1). Las fincas positivas se encuentran localizadas en los departamentos de Managua, Carazo, Granada y Rivas. 2). Los porcentajes de hatos Negativos, positivos y sospechosos por departamento fueron los siguientes: % de hatos N., Managua 80,76. % de hatos P. 9.62, % de hatos S. 3.91, Leon % de hatos N. 100.00, % de hatos P. 9.62, % de hatos S. 0, Granada % de hatos N. 86.66, % de Hatos P. 0, % de hatos S. 0, Rivas % de hatos N. 46.15, % de hatos P. 53.85, % de hatos S. 0. No se hace mención de los porcentajes de los departamentos de Masaya, Carazo y Boaco, debido a los pocos hatos examinados en ellos. 3). El porcentaje de vacas en producción del total de vacas adultas es de 54.10% en la cuenca lechera y la zona del pacifico y el 54% en los hatos examinados. 4). La cantidad de leche para la venta es de 3.22 litros por vaca.

Estudio comparativo entre los métodos diagnósticos para mastitis subclínicas, California Test y DRAMINSKI 4Q en vacas Jersey, Diriamba – Carazo, Agosto –Octubre, 2015

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de proporcionar una nueva herramienta de diagnóstico de mastitis subclínica bovina a nivel de campoy reducir las pérdidas económicas ocasionadas por la mastitis subclínica a los productores mediante el diagnóstico temprano, esto se pretende lograr mediante la comparación de dos métodos de diagnóstico como son California Mastitis Test y Detector de mastitis subclínica DRAMINSKI 4Q, el estudio se realizó en la finca “Santana” ubicada en el municipio de Diriamba, departamento de Carazo, ubicada en las coordenadas 11°49´59.9” latitud norte y de 86°14´21.1”longitud oeste con una altura aproximada a 580msnm, fueron utilizados 19 hembras las cuales estaban entre dos y tres lactancias, fueron muestreadas por cinco semanas consecutivas en el segundo ordeño, se utilizaron ambos métodos de diagnóstico iniciando por el DRAMINSKI debido a las indicaciones del equipo, se deben utilizar los primeros chorros de leche para obtener mejores resultados, posteriormente se utilizó la prueba california en las mismas vacas, de los cuartos que dieron positivo a uno o ambos métodos de diagnóstico se procedió a tomar la muestra de leche para llevarlo al laboratorio y de esta forma verificar el resultado mediante aislamiento e identificación bacteriana. Los datos fueron analizados mediante la realización de bases de datos Excel y mediante la utilización de la prueba de dependencia para CHI-CUADRADO, en los resultados se obtuvo que no hubo dependencia entre los métodos diagnósticos, pero las diferencias obtenidas no fueron significativas entre uno y otro. En el porcentaje de efectividad en los diagnósticos, para los resultados de DRAMINSKI se obtuvo un 97.38 % de efectividad en el diagnóstico correcto y un 2.62 % de diagnósticos incorrectos versus un 96.11 % de diagnósticos correctos y un 3.89 % de diagnósticos incorrectos que obtuvo la prueba California, los microorganismos aislados causantes de mastitis fueron Staphylococos aureus y Pseudomona aeruginosa.