La consulta previa a pueblos indígenas y tribales de medidas administrativas en Colombia: naturaleza y alcance

La presente tesis pone de presente las oscilaciones que la Corte Constitucional de Colombia ha tenido en torno al derecho de la Consulta Previa, dando cuenta de los alcances y vicisitudes en cuanto a la manera como se ha interpretado el Convenio 169 de la OIT ratificado por Colombia en la Ley 21 de 1991 y cómo éste derecho, dada la omisión legislativa al respecto, ha sido de construcción pretoriana, que no obstante sus vaivenes, ha contribuido a darle cuerpo a la consulta previa, por lo que, teniendo en cuenta la enorme variedad de medidas administrativas, susceptibles de ser consultadas, se hace énfasis en el otorgamiento de licencias ambientales, en el marco de la democracia participativa colombiana, constituyendo un tema poco pacífico de la antropología jurídica en Colombia y otros países de la región, pues hay una aparente tensión entre los derechos de las minorías y el derecho ambiental con el desarrollo industrial que concierne a la generalidad de los asociados. Este Derecho fundamental está conformado por otros dos derechos fundamentales, como son el de preservar su integridad étnica y el de la participación. Por lo que se hace necesaria la implementación de espacios de interlocución, para cada caso particular, en donde activamente, dichos pueblos, expresen sus inquietudes frente al proyecto o actividad; y que conjuntamente con quien va a desarrollarlos, diseñen medidas tendientes a prevenir, mitigar, corregir o compensar los impactos derivados de tales obras o actividades.

Igualdad, familia y matrimonio en la Constitución ecuatoriana del 2008

El presente trabajo investigativo evidencia la actual problemática de las personas gays, lesbianas, bisexuales, transgénero e intersexuales en Ecuador; fundamentalmente en relación al goce y garantía de los derechos y libertades constitucionales de familia y matrimonio; instituciones en constante evolución que deben ser tuteladas desde una visión progresiva y bajo los principios de igualdad e igualdad no discriminación, concebidos como pilar fundamental de las democracias y normas jus cogens. En tal virtud, el primer capítulo se desarrolla una discusión sobre la igualdad, familia y matrimonio, desde la doctrina y el derecho comparado. De igual forma se analiza al matrimonio como figura contractual a la cual las parejas deben acceder independientemente de la orientación sexual e identidad de género. Evidenciamos, que el derecho como agente regulador de una cultura heteropatriarcal, debe cambiar de enfoque para garantizar la igualdad, no discriminación y el libre desarrollo de la personalidad Posterior a ello, en el segundo capítulo se expone el reconocimiento y desarrollo del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos en torno a la igualdad, familia y matrimonio. Finalmente, en el tercer capítulo, se analiza la regulación constitucional de la familia y matrimonio, desde su concepción por el constituyente hasta la interpretación integral de la Constitución. En dicho capítulo se demuestra que una lectura constitucional desde la dignidad e igualdad y no discriminación como principios constitucionales, facultan al legislativo o al intérprete de la Constitución, el garantizar el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo; procurando en tal forma, la materialización de la justicia constitucional, e impidiendo que operadores judiciales vulneren derechos de un colectivo que exige ser igual en capacidad y derechos.

Análisis sociológico de las relaciones de poder en círculos académicos y sus modelos teóricos de gestión educativa

El estudio analiza cómo se aborda el "poder" en las Teorías de Gerencia Educativa y cómo a través de la violencia simbólica se invisibilizan las relaciones de poder; lo impositivo de la educación ha evolucionado al punto de no ser percibido. Este estudio ahonda sobre la presencia y efectos del poder en la gestión educativa de hoy, por un lado, y de la educación liberadora, por otro. Se examina el rol del director, las autoridades y demás agentes educativos a lo largo de las últimas décadas en el marco de lo dinámico de la institución educativa y su dirección política al ser un ente reproductor del orden social. Se considera también su institucionalidad, más allá de sus intereses momentáneos de preocupaciones inmediatas, la profesionalización o el conocimiento científico, para llegar a la conformación de relaciones robustas y justas socialmente entre los agentes. Esto, a través de examinar las funciones ocultas de la escuela como la reproducción de clases sociales, la supremacía de los dominantes, las relaciones de poder, etc. La investigación explora, desde sus inicios, el estructurar del sistema de enseñanza y cómo el gerenciamiento legitimó una imposición a expensas de los propósitos y valores educativos, según respectivas peculiaridades. Así los modelos teóricos de gestión educativa que van desde los más racionales y jerárquicos, pasando por los subjetivos hasta los más ambiguos, son analizados bajo la perspectiva de las teorías del poder en educación, tanto como sus técnicas e instrumentos. El conjunto de valores, capitales e historicidad de los agentes educativos más el sistema estructurante, coercitivo, vigilante y penalizador de los gerentes y sus modelos de gerencia educativa, darán como resultado la disposición, docilización y sumisión de unos versus la imposición y dominación de otros; es decir, estas relaciones determinarán el juego legitimado de pugna de poderes en lo educativo. La investigación revela que la humanización de esos modelos dependerá de la relación dialógica entre los agentes, su concienciación, lucha y liberación propia, en una batalla implacable que muchas veces les es oculta, suavizada e inculcada como inexistente.

El derecho a la resistencia en el marco de la Constitución de la República del Ecuador de 2008

El neoconstitucionalismo nos enmarca dentro de una nueva propuesta de Estado constitucional de derechos y justicia, idea que nos permite comprender que como nunca antes en la historia del constitucionalismo ecuatoriano, múltiples derechos vinculados con la participación social han sido reivindicados y reconocidos como una novedad en la Constitución de Montecristi. Entre estos derechos se encuentra el de resistencia, necesario e insustituible para que el pueblo de forma individual o colectiva pueda ejercer el derecho innato de defensa ante la arbitrariedad y abuso de los poderes públicos o privados y también para utilizarlo como “un medio directo de participación del pueblo en la política.” En esta tesis reviso como sería entendida por la sociedad ecuatoriana la invocación del derecho a la resistencia en el marco sistemático de la Constitución del 2008 y señalo que una comprensión sobre unos límites débiles del derecho a la protesta, podría llevarnos a pensar que existiría un conflicto de derechos constitucionales en las diferentes manifestaciones de actos de resistencia colectiva, mismos que podrían haber sido zanjados con la aplicación de normas infraconstitucionales en la sustanciación de diferentes procesos penales; de ahí la importancia de que los operadores de justicia dejen de lado un criterio de solución estándar al momento de resolver los casos en los que se ha invocado este derecho constitucional, y de que consideren también que podría existir una trilogía en el ejercicio de la resistencia colectiva, pues la protesta social sería entendido como un medio para la invocación de este derecho, ya que la resistencia al ser entendida como un derecho de participación en el marco constitucional actual, podría considerarse como el fin de estos actos colectivos de protesta. Finalmente en este planteamiento, los actos de resistencia colectiva encontrarían protección no solo constitucional sino internacional porque existiría una conexidad de éstos con los derechos a la libertad de expresión, reunión, manifestación y asociación.

Determining the effect of asymmetric data on the variogram. I. Underlying asymmetry

Matheron's usual variogram estimator can result in unreliable variograms when data are strongly asymmetric or skewed. Asymmetry in a distribution can arise from a long tail of values in the underlying process or from outliers that belong to another population that contaminate the primary process. This paper examines the effects of underlying asymmetry on the variogram and on the accuracy of prediction, and the second one examines the effects arising from outliers. Standard geostatistical texts suggest ways of dealing with underlying asymmetry; however, this is based on informed intuition rather than detailed investigation. To determine whether the methods generally used to deal with underlying asymmetry are appropriate, the effects of different coefficients of skewness on the shape of the experimental variogram and on the model parameters were investigated. Simulated annealing was used to create normally distributed random fields of different size from variograms with different nugget:sill ratios. These data were then modified to give different degrees of asymmetry and the experimental variogram was computed in each case. The effects of standard data transformations on the form of the variogram were also investigated. Cross-validation was used to assess quantitatively the performance of the different variogram models for kriging. The results showed that the shape of the variogram was affected by the degree of asymmetry, and that the effect increased as the size of data set decreased. Transformations of the data were more effective in reducing the skewness coefficient in the larger sets of data. Cross-validation confirmed that variogram models from transformed data were more suitable for kriging than were those from the raw asymmetric data. The results of this study have implications for the 'standard best practice' in dealing with asymmetry in data for geostatistical analyses. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mesoporous concentric magnetic FePt core-shells nanoparticle with functionalized surfaces for capturing metal ions and DNA molecules

It is demonstrated that monodisperse magnetic FePt nanoparticle can be engineered into a protective dense silica layer, followed by concentric outer mesoporous silica layers with tailored -SH, -SO3H and -NH2 surface groups, these new materials can be used to capture heavy metal ions and DNA molecules from solution specifically by their internal or/and external functionalised surfaces by magnetic means.

Mesoporous concentric magnetic FePt core-shells nanoparticle with functionalized surfaces for capturing metal ions and DNA molecules

It is demonstrated that monodisperse magnetic FePt nanoparticle can be engineered into a protective dense silica layer, followed by concentric outer mesoporous silica layers with tailored -SH, -SO3H and -NH2 surface groups, these new materials can be used to capture heavy metal ions and DNA molecules from solution specifically by their internal or/and external functionalised surfaces by magnetic means.

Comparison of the antidiabetic activity of Berberis lyceum root extract and berberine in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Berberine has been shown to have hypoglycaemic activity in several in vitro and in vivo models, although the mechanism of action is not fully known. Berberis lyceum Royle root produces high concentrations of berberine, and in traditional medicine, the whole extract of this plant is used widely to treat diabetes. The antidiabetic activity of the ethanol root extract of Berberis lyceum was compared with pure berberine in normal and alloxan-diabetic rats using similar doses of each. The concentration of berberine in the extract was determined to be 80% dry weight with only trace amounts of other alkaloids present. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of berberine and a whole extract of Berberis lyceum on blood glucose and other parameters associated with diabetes, to compare the effects of the crude extract with those of pure berberine and thus validate its use as a therapeutic agent, and finally to identify any contribution of the other components of the extract to these effects. Oral administration of 50 mg/kg of Berberis extract and berberine to normal and experimental diabetic rats produced a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in blood glucose levels from days 3-7 days of treatment. Significant effects were also observed on the glucose tolerance, glycosylated haemoglobin, serum lipid profiles and body weight of experimental animals. Berberis extract and berberine demonstrated similar effects on all parameters measured, and although the extract was comparable in efficacy to berberine, it did not produce any effects additional to those shown by pure berberine. The results support the use of the extract in traditional medicine, and demonstrate that apart from being a highly cost-effective means of treating with berberine, the total extract does not appear to confer any additional benefits or disadvantages compared with the pure compound. Copyright (c) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Microglial activation correlates with severity in Huntington disease: a clinical and PET study

Background: Huntington disease ( HD) is characterized by the progressive death of medium spiny dopamine receptor bearing striatal GABAergic neurons. In addition, microglial activation in the areas of neuronal loss has recently been described in postmortem studies. Activated microglia are known to release neurotoxic cytokines, and these may contribute to the pathologic process. Methods: To evaluate in vivo the involvement of microglia activation in HD, the authors studied patients at different stages of the disease using [ C-11]( R)-PK11195 PET, a marker of microglia activation, and [ C-11] raclopride PET, a marker of dopamine D2 receptor binding and hence striatal GABAergic cell function. Results: In HD patients, a significant increase in striatal [ C-11]( R)-PK11195 binding was observed, which significantly correlated with disease severity as reflected by the striatal reduction in [ C-11] raclopride binding, the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale score, and the patients' CAG index. Also detected were significant increases in microglia activation in cortical regions including prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate. Conclusions: These [ C-11]( R)-PK11195 PET findings show that the level of microglial activation correlates with Huntington disease ( HD) severity. They lend support to the view that microglia contribute to the ongoing neuronal degeneration in HD and indicate that [ C-11]( R)-PK11195 PET provides a valuable marker when monitoring the efficacy of putative neuroprotecting agents in this relentlessly progressive genetic disorder.

Thalassaemia: its diagnosis and interpretation in past skeletal populations

The diagnosis of thalassaemia in archaeological populations has long been hindered by a lack of pathogonomic features, and the non-specific nature of cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis. In fact, clinical research has highlighted more specific diagnostic criteria for thalassaemia major and intermedia based on changes to the thorax (‘rib-within-a-rib’ and costal osteomas). A recent re-examination of 364 child skeletons from Romano-British Poundbury Camp, Dorset revealed children with general ‘wasting’ of the bones and three children who demonstrated a variety of severe lesions (e.g. zygomatic bone and rib hypertrophy, porotic hyperostosis, rib lesions, osteopenia and pitted diaphyseal shafts) that are inconsistent with dietary deficiency alone, and more consistent with a diagnosis of genetic anaemia. Two of these children displayed rib lesions typical of those seen in modern cases of thalassaemia. The children of Poundbury Camp represent the first cases of genetic anaemia identified in a British archaeological population. As thalassaemia is a condition strongly linked to Mediterranean communities, the presence of this condition in a child from England, found within a mausoleum, suggests that they were born to wealthy immigrant parents living in this small Roman settlement in Dorset. This paper explores the diagnostic criteria for genetic anaemia in the archaeological literature and what its presence in ancient populations can contribute to our knowledge of past human migration.

Proposing a way forward: a review of standardisation in the use of age categories and ageing techniques in osteological analysis (2004 to 2009)

This study assesses the current state of adult skeletal age-at-death estimation in biological anthropology through analysis of data published in recent research articles from three major anthropological and archaeological journals (2004–2009). The most commonly used adult ageing methods, age of ‘adulthood’, age ranges and the maximum age reported for ‘mature’ adults were compared. The results showed a wide range of variability in the age at which individuals were determined to be adult (from 14 to 25 years), uneven age ranges, a lack of standardisation in the use of descriptive age categories and the inappropriate application of some ageing methods for the sample being examined. Such discrepancies make comparisons between skeletal samples difficult, while the inappropriate use of some techniques make the resultant age estimations unreliable. At a time when national and even global comparisons of past health are becoming prominent, standardisation in the terminology and age categories used to define adults within each sample is fundamental. It is hoped that this research will prompt discussions in the osteological community (both nationally and internationally) about what defines an ‘adult’, how to standardise the age ranges that we use and how individuals should be assigned to each age category. Skeletal markers have been proposed to help physically identify ‘adult’ individuals.

Antioxidant activity of selected phenols and herbs used in diets for medical conditions.

The antioxidant capacity of some herbs used in dietology practice was determined by the DPPH free radical method, which was calibrated with ascorbic acid. Partially hydrophilic phenolic compounds are the most active compounds in plants, and therefore water was used as the extraction agent. Besides antioxidant capacity, the content of total phenolic compounds was also measured and a strong correlation between these two variables was found. The extracts of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), Greek oregano (Origanum heracleoticum L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and winter savory (Satureja montana L.) showed very significant activity. It was comparable with the activity of green tea in the case of oregano and peppermint. Lower activity was observed in the case of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), marjoram (Majorana hortensis), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), and lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.). The inhibitory activity of the herb extracts was monitored also during the autooxidation of lard. Very high antioxidant capacity was observed mainly in sage samples, but also in marjoram and Greek oregano. The extracts of peppermint, oregano, rosemary, winter savory, lemon balm and hyssop showed middle activity comparable to that of alpha-tocopherol. The antioxidant capacity of sweet basil and lovage was insignificant.

Association between dietary phyto-oestrogens and bone density in men and postmenopausal women

Phyto-oestrogens have been associated with a decreased risk for osteoporosis, but results from intervention and observational studies in Western countries have been inconsistent. In the present study, we investigated the association between habitual phyto-oestrogen intake and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) of the calcanaeum as a marker of bone density. We collected 7 d records of diet, medical history and demographic and anthropometric data from participants (aged 45–75 years) in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer-Norfolk study. Phyto-oestrogen (biochanin A, daidzein, formononetin; genistein, glycitein; matairesinol; secoisolariciresinol; enterolactone; equol) intake was determined using a newly developed food composition database. Bone density was assessed using BUA of the calcanaeum. Associations between bone density and phyto-oestrogen intake were investigated in 2580 postmenopausal women who were not on hormone replacement therapy and 4973 men. Median intake of total phyto-oestrogens was 876 (interquartile range 412) μg/d in postmenopausal women and 1212 (interquartile range 604) μg/d in men. The non-soya isoflavones formononetin and biochanin A were marginally significant or significantly associated with BUA in postmenopausal women (β = 1·2; P < 0·1) and men (β = 1·2; P < 0·05), respectively; enterolignans and equol were positively associated with bone density in postmenopausal women, but this association became non-significant when dietary Ca was added to the model. In the lowest quintile of Ca intake, soya isoflavones were positively associated with bone density in postmenopausal women (β = 1·4; P < 0·1). The present results therefore suggest that non-soya isoflavones are associated with bone density independent of Ca, whereas the association with soya or soya isoflavones is affected by dietary Ca.