Single and double photoionization of Be and Mg

A new version of the time-dependent close-coupling method is used to calculate the single and double photoionization of the Be and Mg atoms. Total cross sections are calculated using an implicit time propagator with a core orthogonalization method on a variable radial mesh. The double to single photoionization cross section ratios are found to be in good agreement with experiment for both Be and Mg.

A comparison of theoretical Mg VI emission line strengths with active-region observations from SERTS

R-matrix calculations of electron impact excitation rates in N-like Mg VI are used to derive theoretical electron-density-sensitive emission line ratios involving 2s²2p³ - 2s2p⁴ transitions in the 269-403 Å wavelength range. A comparison of these with observations of a solar active region, obtained during the 1989 flight of the Solar EUV Rocket Telescope and Spectrograph (SERTS), reveals good agreement between theory and observation for the 2s²2p^{3 4}S - 2s2p ^{4 4}p transitions at 399.28, 400.67, and 403.30 Å, and the 2s²2p^{3 2}p - 2s2p^{4 2}D lines at 387.77 and 387.97 Å. However, intensities for the other lines attributed to Mg VI in this spectrum by various authors do not match the present theoretical predictions. We argue that these discrepancies are not due to errors in the adopted atomic data, as previously suggested, but rather to observational uncertainties or mis-identifications. Some of the features previously identified as Mg VI lines in the SERTS spectrum, such as 291.36 and 293.15 Å, are judged to be noise, while others (including 349.16 Å) appear to be blended.

Heat Activated Prestressing of Shape Memory Alloys for Active Confinement of Concrete Sections

This paper presents the results from the experimental investigation on heat activated prestressing of Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) wires for active confinement of concrete sections. Active confinement of concrete is found to be much more effective than passive confinement which becomes effective only when the concrete starts to dilate. Active confinement achieved using conventional prestressing techniques often faces many obstacles due to practical limitations. A class of smart materials that has recently drawn attention in civil engineering is the super elastic SMA which has the ability to undergo reversible hysteretic shape change known as the shape memory effect. The shape memory effect of SMAs can be utilized to develop a convenient prestressing technique for active confinement of concrete sections.
In this study a series of experimental tests are conducted to study Heat Activated Prestress (HAP) in SMAs. Three different types of tests are conducted with different loading protocol to determine parameters such as HAP, residual strain after heating and range of strain that can be used for effective active confinement after HAP. Test results show a maximum HAP of about 500 MPa can be achieved after heating and approximately 450MPa is retained at 25oC in specimens pre-strained by 6%. A substantial amount of strain recovery upon unloading and after heating the SMA wires is recorded. About 2.5% elastic strain recovery upon unloading from 6% strain level is observed. In the specimen pre-strained by 6%, a total of 4% strain is recovered when unloaded after heating. A strain range of 3% is found available for effective confinement after HAP. Test results demonstrate that SMAs have unique features that can be intelligently employed in many civil engineering applications including active confinement of concrete sections.

Severe plastic deformation of Al–Zn alloys

In this work, the R&D work mainly focused on the mechanical and microstructural analysis of severe plastic deformation (SPD) of Al–Zn alloys and the development of microstructure–based models to explain the observed behaviors is presented. Evolution of the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–30wt% Zn alloy after the SPD by the high–pressure torsion (HPT) has been investigated in detail regarding the increasing amount of deformation. SPD leads to the gradual grain refinement and decomposition of the Al–based supersaturated solid solution. The initial microstructure of the Al–30wt% Zn alloy contains Al and Zn phases with grains sizes respectively of 15 and 1 micron. The SPD in compression leads to a gradual decrease of the Al and Zn phase grain sizes down to 4 microns and 252 nm, respectively, until a plastic strain of 0.25 is reached. At the same time, the average size of the Zn particles in the bulk of the Al grains increases from 20 to 60 nm and that of the Zn precipitates near or at the grain boundaries increases as well. This microstructure transformation is accompanied at the macroscopic scale by a marked softening of the alloy. The SPD produced by HPT is conducted up to a shear strain of 314. The final Al and Zn grains refine down to the nanoscale with sizes of 370 nm and 170 nm, respectively. As a result of HPT, the Zn–rich (Al) supersaturated solid solution decomposes completely and reaches the equilibrium state corresponding to room temperature and its leads to the material softening. A new microstructure–based model is proposed to describe the softening process occurring during the compression of the supersaturated Al–30wt% Zn alloy. The model successfully describes the above–mentioned phenomena based on a new evolution law expressing the dislocation mean free path as a function of the plastic strain. The softening of the material behavior during HPT process is captured very well by the proposed model that takes into consideration the effects of solid solution hardening and its decomposition, Orowan looping and dislocation density evolution. In particular, it is demonstrated that the softening process that occurs during HPT can be attributed mainly to the decomposition of the supersaturated solid solution and, in a lesser extent, to the evolution of the dislocation mean free path with plastic strain.

Ética e Responsabilidade Social Empresarial – A contribuição das empresas na promoção da equidade e da justiça social: análise a partir da experiência de algumas empresas do setor têxtil do Norte de Minas – MG – Brasil

Os efeitos da mundialização do capital e as implicações do neoliberalismo reconfiguraram os mercados e geraram alterações no comportamento dos indivíduos. Esses novos cenários de produção do social alteram as definições dos papéis dos atores tradicionais e conduzem-nos ao questionamento do sentido das suas ações. Assim, interessa-nos, particularmente, analisar a corresponsabilidade das empresas no desenvolvimento social e humano e no processo de transformação social. Essa reflexão obriga-nos a tecer considerações sobre a definição do estatuto económico das empresas e as suas finalidades éticas, ou a articulação entre, por um lado, os constrangimentos de gestão que pesam sobre as empresas a curto prazo e o plano singular e, por outro lado, as suas funções económicas a médio e a longo prazo e o plano do conjunto da sociedade. Esta discussão tem sido feita dentro dos esforços de teorização sobre a “responsabilidade social das empresas” (RSE). O presente estudo busca contribuir para uma discussão sobre o significado desta responsabilidade. Para tal, fizemos um inventário das dimensões associadas na literatura às práticas de RSE a partir das quais construímos uma tipologia das diferentes modalidades de responsabilidade que podem ser invocadas. Procurámos perceber como, e em que medida, as dimensões em que são promovidas como marcas da responsabilidade social das empresas se encontram distribuídas em tecidos económicos comuns, ou seja, tecidos económicos significativos de um ponto de vista intencional ou compreensivo e representativos, ao mesmo tempo, no plano extensivo, de práticas responsáveis nos planos da equidade e da justiça social. Esta orientação justifica-se pelo facto de, para além do conhecimento de práticas emblemáticas, o nosso estudo visa a compreensão de contextos socioeconómicos marcados por grandes disparidades na distribuição dos indicadores de equidade económica e de justiça social e onde, portanto, práticas empresariais responsáveis poderiam ter um significado e um efeito importantes na perspetiva da transformação das situações. Na realização da pesquisa empírica, optámos pela região Norte de Minas Gerais, no Brasil. Optámos, ainda, pelo setor do téxtil, tendo em conta: a sua importância para a região; a sua interdependência entre níveis de responsabilidade diferentes; a grande abrangência das atividades económicas envolvidas; a distribuição da atividade por empresas de diferentes dimensões e escalas e o número importante de trabalhadores abrangidos. Esta escolha do setor e do território possibilitou a consideração de diferentes vetores de análise: os modos de produção; as dimensões de empresas; os níveis de implicação no processo de globalização; os modos de inserção na economia; os setores implicados na cadeia produtiva; os tipos de trabalho – responsável e irresponsável. Neste estudo, procura-se identificar as práticas responsáveis, de acordo com a tipologia que construímos, com intuito de elencar quais têm sido as boas (ou más) práticas das empresas no Norte de Minas na perspetiva da RSE. Isto significa que, em oposição às modalidades de prática que se ajustam à definição de RSE, se perfilam outras que não obedecem aos critérios da certificação, existindo ainda muitas que poderemos considerar de irresponsabilidade, à luz dos valores éticos e de justiça social promovidos pelo label RSE.

Positron measurements in Mg-doped GaN and development of digital Doppler broadening spectroscopy

In this work parameters of Mg-doped GaN samples were studied using positron annihilation spectroscopy and analyzed. It is shown that gallium vacancies exist in an unintentionally doped sample. Next, the sample with higher concentration of Mg and low growth temperature contains vacancy clusters. In case of low concentration of Mg the growth temperature does not affect the formation of defects. Analog electronics can be replaced by a modern digital device. While promising a high quantity of benefits, the performance of these digitizers requires thorough adjustment. A 14-bit two channel digitizer has been tested in order to achieve better performance than the one of a traditional analog setup, and the adjustment process is described. It has been shown that the digital device is unable to achieve better energy resolution, but it is quite close to the corresponding attribute of the available analog system, which had been used for measurements in Mg-doped GaN.

Infrared spectroscopy of Mg-doped SrRuO3 thin films /

The reflectance of thin films of magnesium doped SrRu03(Mg-SR0) produced by pulsed laser deposition on SrTiOa (100) substrates has been measured at room temperature between 100 and 7500 cm~^. The films were chosen to have wide range of thickness, stoichiometry and electrical properties. As the films were very thin (less than 300 nm), and some were insulating the reflectance data shows structures due to both the film and the substrate. Hence, the data was analyzed using Kramers-Kronig constrained variational fitting (VDF) method to extract the real optical conductivity of the Mg-SRO films. Although the VDF technique is flexible enough to fit all features of the reflectance spectra, it seems that VDF could not eliminate the substrate's contribution from fllm conductivity results. Also the comparison of the two different programs implementing VDF fltting shows that this technique has a uniqueness problem. The optical properties are discussed in light of the measured structural and transport properties of the fllms which vary with preparation conditions and can be correlated with differences in stoichiometry. This investigation was aimed at checking the VDF technique and also getting answer to the question whether Mg^"*" substitutes in to Ru or Sr site. Analysis of our data suggests that Mg^+ goes to Ru site.