My Fair Lady på skandinaviska : En studie i funktionell sångöversättning

The dissertation presents a functional model for analysis of song translation. The model is developed on the basis of an examination of theatrical songs and a comparison of three translations: the songs of the Broadway musical My Fair Lady (Lerner and Loewe, 1956), made for the premiere productions (1959–1960) in Swedish, Danish, and Norwegian. The analysis explores the three challenges of a song translator: the fitting of a text to existing music, the consideration of a prospective sung performance, and the verbal approximation of the content of the source lyric. The theoretical foundation is based on a functional approach to translation studies (Christiane Nord) and a structuralist/semiotic analysis of a theatrical message (Ivo Osolsobě, building on Roman Jakobson). Thus, three functional levels in the fitting of a text to music are explored: first, a prosodic/phonetic format; secondly, a poetic/rhetoric format; and thirdly, semantic/reflexive values (verbalizing musical expression). Similarly, three functional levels in the textual connections to a prospective performance are explored: first, a presentational goal; secondly, the theatrical potential; and thirdly, dramaturgic values (for example dramatic information and linguistic register). The functionality of Broadway musical theatre songs is analyzed, and the song score of My Fair Lady, source and target lyrics, is studied, with an in-depth analysis of seven of the songs. The three translations were all considered very well-made and are used in productions of the musical to this day. The study finds that the song translators appear to have worked from an understanding of the presentational goal, designed their target texts on the prosodic and poetic shape of the music, and pursued the theatrical functionality of the song, not by copying, but by recreating connections to relevant contexts, partly independently of the source lyrics, using the resources of the target languages. Besides metaphrases (closest possible transfer), paraphrases and additions seem normally to be expected in song translation, but song translators may also follow highly individual strategies – for example, the Norwegian translator is consistently more verbally faithful than the Danish and Swedish translators. As a conclusion, it is suggested that although linguistic and cultural difference play a significant role, a translator’s solution must nevertheless be arrived at, and assessed, in relation to the song as a multimedial piece of material. As far as a song can be considered a theatrical message – singers representing the voice, person, and situation of the song – the descriptive model presented in the study is also applicable to the translation of other types of song.

"Minäkin olen täällä löyhkäämässä" : Etnisyyden ja ruumiillisuuden representaatiot Veronica Pimenoffin romaanissa Maa ilman vettä

Tutkin työssäni, miten etnisyys ja ruumiillisuus representoituvat Veronica Pimenoffin romaanissa Maa ilman vettä (1999) ja millaisia merkityksiä nämä representaatiot saavat suhteessa kysymyksiin vallasta, väkivallasta, sukupuolesta, seksuaalisuudesta, hyvinvoinnista ja sairaudesta. Tutkimukseni teoreettisena viitekehyksenä on jälkikoloniaalinen teoria. Romaanissa on keskeisellä tavalla kyse konfliktista: nuoruudenystävykset, suomalainen Kristiina ja mosambikilainen Sofia Elena, kohtaavat jälkimmäisen kuolinvuoteella ja käyvät kiivasta kamppailua aatteista ja arvoista. Olen tulkinnut romaanin päähenkilöt allegorisiksi hahmoiksi, jotka edustavat kotimaitaan ja -mantereitaan. Näihin henkilöhahmoihin kiteytyy ominaisuuksia, jotka tavataan hahmottaa stereotyyppisiksi Euroopalle ja Afrikalle. Etnisyys representoituu paitsi Kristiinan ja Sofia Elenan tyypitellyissä luonteenpiirteissä ja käyttäytymismalleissa myös heidän ulkonäkönsä kuvauksessa. Kristiina kuvataan korostetun vaaleana ja Sofia Elena korostetun mustana, minkä voi tulkita kommentoivan imperialistiseen diskurssiin liittyvää binaarista ajattelua. Myös romaanin miehet ovat tulkittavissa allegorisiksi hahmoiksi: Kristiinan mies Otto edustaa vaimonsa tavoin vaurasta Eurooppaa, amerikkalainen pohatta Mark Hunter Yhdysvaltoja ja sen mahtia ja Kristiinan nuoruudenrakastettu Abdel läntistä kuvitelmaa eksoottisesta Orientista. Ruumiillisuus korostuu romaanissa seksuaalisuuden, sairauden ja väkivallan kuvauksissa. Kristiina on seksuaalinen toteuttaja, jonka kokemus omasta ruumiista määräytyy pitkältä eroottisten kokemusten perusteella. Sofia Elenaa taas ei kuvata seksuaalisena hahmona, vaan hänen kehonsa kuvausta hallitsee sairaus. Koska Sofia Elena on allegorinen hahmo, hänen ruumiinsa voi rinnastaa mantereeseen ja sitä riuduttava sairaus prosesseihin, jotka tunkeutuvat yhteiskuntien rakenteisiin ja nakertavat niitä sisältäpäin: hallitsemattomaan kansainväliseen muuttoliikkeeseen, rikollisuuteen ja terrorismiin. Sofia Elenalla on kokemusta myös väkivallasta: hän on sotinut ja pitää väkivaltaa ainoana keinona taistella Länttä vastaan. Romaani välittää kuitenkin pessimistisen kuvan väkivallan mahdollisuudesta vapauttaa (kolmannen maailman) naiset. Pessimistinen kuva välittyy myös ensimmäisen ja kolmannen maailman naisten mahdollisuuksista ymmärtää toisiaan. Nais-Afrikka ja nais-Eurooppa jäävät romaanissa etäälle toisistaan sekä henkisesti että fyysisesti.

Cannibalism contributes significantly to the diet of cultured sand crabs, Portunus pelagicus (L.): A dual stable isotope study

The significance of cannibalism in the diet of juvenile pond-cultured blue swimmer crabs (Portunus pelagicus (L.)) was investigated using dual stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen. In a laboratory feeding experiment, δ15N demonstrated a constant trophic shift (Δδ15N ≈+ 1.6‰), and therefore seemed to be a reliable indicator for assessing trophic position for P. pelagicus. This agrees with previously reported trends. Difference in growth rate did not seem to influence δ15N values. In contrast, δ13C did not display consistent shifts between trophic levels (range of Δδ13C: + 1 to + 1.7‰). The results from the pond experiment showed that larger individuals had a more enriched δ15N than smaller individuals, which, when compared to the results from the laboratory experiment, indicates that larger individuals were at a higher trophic level. This is most likely due to cannibalism prevailing in the pond rather than a direct result of faster growth rate. Cannibalistic behaviour might further increase growth, resulting in the observed positive correlation between size and δ15N.

Cognitive Functioning in Young Adults with Depression, Anxiety Disorders, or Burnout Symptoms : Findings from a Population-based Sample

Background. Evidence of cognitive dysfunction in depressive and anxiety disorders is growing. However, the neuropsychological profile of young adults has received only little systematic investigation, although depressive and anxiety disorders are major public health problems for this age group. Available studies have typically failed to account for psychiatric comorbidity, and samples derived from population-based settings have also seldom been investigated. Burnout-related cognitive functioning has previously been investigated in only few studies, again all using clinical samples and wide age groups. Aims. Based on the information gained by conducting a comprehensive review, studies on cognitive impairment in depressive and anxiety disorders among young adults are rare. The present study examined cognitive functioning in young adults with a history of unipolar depressive or anxiety disorders in comparison to healthy peers, and associations of current burnout symptoms with cognitive functioning, in a population-based setting. The aim was also to determine whether cognitive deficits vary as a function of different disorder characteristics, such as severity, psychiatric comorbidity, age at onset, or the treatments received. Methods. Verbal and visual short-term memory, verbal long-term memory and learning, attention, psychomotor processing speed, verbal intelligence, and executive functioning were measured in a population-based sample of 21-35 year olds. Performance was compared firstly between participants with pure non-psychotic depression (n=68) and healthy peers (n=70), secondly between pure (n=69) and comorbid depression (n=57), and thirdly between participants with anxiety disorders (n=76) and healthy peers (n=71). The diagnostic procedure was based on the SCID interview. Fourthly, the associations of current burnout symptoms, measured with the Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey, and neuropsychological test performance were investigated among working young adults (n=225). Results. Young adults with depressive or anxiety disorders, with or without psychiatric comorbidity, were not found to have major cognitive impairments when compared to healthy peers. Only mildly compromised verbal learning was found among depressed participants. Pure and comorbid depression groups did not differ in cognitive functioning, either. Among depressed participants, those who had received treatment showed more impaired verbal memory and executive functioning, and earlier onset corresponded with more impaired executive functioning. In anxiety disorders, psychotropic medication and low psychosocial functioning were associated with deficits in executive functioning, psychomotor processing speed, and visual short-term memory. Current burnout symptoms were associated with better performance in verbal working memory and verbal intelligence. However, lower examiner-rated social and occupational functioning was associated with problems in verbal attention, memory, and learning. Conclusions. Depression, anxiety disorders, or burnout symptoms may not be associated with major cognitive deficits among young adults derived from the general population. Even psychiatric comorbidity may not aggravate cognitive functioning in depressive or anxiety disorders among these young adults. However, treatment-seeking in depression was found to be associated with cognitive deficits, suggesting that these deficits relate to increased distress. Additionally, early-onset depression, found to be associated with executive dysfunction, may represent a more severe form of the disorder. In anxiety disorders, those with low symptom-related psychosocial functioning may have cognitive impairment. An association with self-reported burnout symptoms and cognitive deficits was not detected, but individuals with low social and occupational functioning may have impaired cognition.

Fox management in south-eastern Australia: management strategies and cost-efficiencies

The European red fox is one of Australia´s most devastating vertebrate affecting both biodiversity and agricultural production. Fox management strategies rely heavily on poisoning using baits impregnated with sodium fluoroacetate (1080). Factors such as the ability of foxes to locate bait, palatability and toxicity of bait, pattern and density of bait distribution, and cost/benefits of specific use patterns all affect the overall efficiency of management programs. It is essential to examine and refine all such factors to manage the damaging impacts of this pest species. This book examines the problems associated with management of the fox in south-eastern Australia, highlights deficiencies in ´best-practice´ baiting techniques, and provides recommendations to improve current management strategies and guide future research.

Portrait of Israel Meyerhof.

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Painted portrait of Hendel Meyerhof nee Behrend Portraits Women

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Painted portrait of Hirsch (Zwiven Israel) Oppenheimer with his wife Johanna (Chana bat Schmuel) nee Enoch. Portraits Couples

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Guests at Sophie Oppenheimer's 70th birthday celebration Portraits Groups

Handwritten on verso: (top l-r) Heinz Marcus, Hilde Marcus, Heinz Ascher, Else Stern, Gerhard Ascher, Hattie Wallerstein, Kurt Stern, Paula Stern, Lula Ascher and Hilde Marcus; (second row l-r) Otto Oppenheimer, Heinrich Ascher, Julius Stern, David Wallerstein, Max Marcus, Alex Goldschmidt and Ernst Oppenheimer; (third row l-r) Rose, Hans Oppenheimer, Gertrud Ascher, Oma Oppenheimer, Emma, Martha, Lene, Lucy, Hans, Lore; (front row l-r) Margot Ascher, Heinz Ascher, Golda Ascher, Edith Goldschmidt, Irma Ascher, Lotti Goldschmidt, Gretl Oppenheimer and Ilse Oppenheimer

New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10−8). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms.

Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology

Obesity is heritable and predisposes to many diseases. To understand the genetic basis of obesity better, here we conduct a genome-wide association study and Metabochip meta-analysis of body mass index (BMI), a measure commonly used to define obesity and assess adiposity, in up to 339,224 individuals. This analysis identifies 97 BMI-associated loci (P < 5 × 10−8), 56 of which are novel. Five loci demonstrate clear evidence of several independent association signals, and many loci have significant effects on other metabolic phenotypes. The 97 loci account for ~2.7% of BMI variation, and genome-wide estimates suggest that common variation accounts for >20% of BMI variation. Pathway analyses provide strong support for a role of the central nervous system in obesity susceptibility and implicate new genes and pathways, including those related to synaptic function, glutamate signalling, insulin secretion/action, energy metabolism, lipid biology and adipogenesis.

Solutions for archiving data in long-term studies: A reply to Whitlock et al.

In our recent paper [1], we discussed some potential undesirable consequences of public data archiving (PDA) with specific reference to long-term studies and proposed solutions to manage these issues. We reaffirm our commitment to data sharing and collaboration, both of which have been common and fruitful practices supported for many decades by researchers involved in long-term studies. We acknowledge the potential benefits of PDA (e.g., [2]), but believe that several potential negative consequences for science have been underestimated [1] (see also 3 and 4). The objective of our recent paper [1] was to define practices to simultaneously maximize the benefits and minimize the potential unwanted consequences of PDA.

Studio portrait of the six daughters of Solomon and Emilie Kohnberger: (l-r) Laura, Irene, Johanna, Melanie, Hermine and Martha.

Laura (1878-1917) died during a flu epidemic. She married Sigmund Stiassny and had two children, Lisbeth (Gersuny) (1900-1986) and Walter (1902-1912) who died of a ruptured appendix.

Magnetic superconductors: Model theories and experimental properties of rare-earth compounds

Superconducting and magnetically long-range ordered states were believed to be mutually exclusive phenomena. The discovery of rare-earth compounds in recent years, which exhibit both superconductivity and magnetic ordering (ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic or sinusoidal), has led to considerable theoretical and experimental work on such systems. In the present article, we give a review of various theoretical models and important experimental results. In the theoretical sections, we start with the Abrikosov-Gorkov pair breaking theory for dilute alloys and discuss its improvement in the work of Müller-Hartmann and Zittartz. Then, in the context of magnetic superconductors, various microscopic theories that have been advanced are presented. These predict re-entrant behaviour in some systems (ferromagnetic superconductors) and coexistence regions in others (particularly antiferromagnetic superconductors). Following this, phenomenological generalized Ginzburg-Landau theories for two kinds of orders (superconducting and magnetic) are presented. A section dealing with renormalization group analysis of phase diagrams in magnetic superconductors is given. In experimental sections, the properties of each rare-earth compounds (ternary as well as some tetranery) are reviewed. These involve susceptibility, heat capacity, resistivity, upper critical field, neutron scattering and magnetic resonance measurements. The anomalous behaviour of the upper critical field of antiferromagnetic superconductors near the Néel temperature is discussed both in theory sections and experimental section for various systems.

Schoenewald family portrait; Bad Nauheim, Germany.

Includes Rosi Schoenewald (sister of Dora), Dora Schoenewald (wife of Alfred Apfel and mother of Hannah Busoni), Henni Apfel, Tilly Schoenewald, Luise Schoenewald, Max Schoenewald (brother of Dora), Felix Schoenewald (brother of Dora), Samuel Schoenewald (brother of Dora), and Gerhardt Schoenewald