Historia e identidad nacional

Existe cierta tensión irresuelta entre dos lógicas que articularon la enseñanza de la historia desde el origen de los estados liberales hasta mediados del siglo XX: la racionalidad crítica de la Ilustración y la emotividad identitaria del Romanticismo. Aunque la historia fue una asignatura escolar vinculada en sus orígenes a la formación de la identidad nacional, desde aproximadamente mediados del siglo pasado los objetivos ilustrados -enseñar a pensar críticamente sobre pasado y presente- fueron consagrados oficialmente como centrales, solapando la existencia de los objetivos románticos. Sin embargo, los objetivos romántico-identitarios no desaparecieron y la historia escolar continúa fuertemente arraigada como baluarte en la construcción cultural de la identidad y la transmisión de la memoria social. En este trabajo presentamos algunos avances en torno a una investigación en curso acerca de la construcción identidad nacional y su vínculo con el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la historia (PICT 1217). A partir de narrativas construidas por jóvenes de entre 18 y 20 años que se encuentran en el ingreso a la Universidad de Buenos Aires (CBC), acerca de la llamada "Campaña del Desierto", hemos indagado qué idea de nación tienen los mismos y cómo se identifican con ella. Pudimos vislumbrar que las narrativas serían de carácter más esencialista y ontológico, que historiográfico y conceptualmente político. Así mismo, la concepción de nación en los jóvenes, se sustentaría en mayor medida sobre elementos identitarios (identificación con la nación propia), que sobre elementos puramente conceptuales

La (im)plasticidad de las viviendas sociales y su adaptación a partir de las estrategias de reproducción de sus residentes. Aproximaciones al Conjunto Urbano "Sector Polideportivo Ex Villa 1.11.14" del Bajo Flores

En el siguiente trabajo se tratarán algunas aproximaciones sobre las adaptaciones en los usos del espacio predeterminado del Conjunto Habitacional "Polideportivo". Este Conjunto es construido en 1998, producto de la implementación del "Programa de Radicación y Transformación de Villas y Barrios Carenciados" del Gobierno de la Ciudad en la Villa 1.11.14. Siguiendo a la concepción de vivienda de Bourdieu, ésta no es una mera inversión económica sino también es considerada una inversión social bajo la forma de reproducción social y biológica, ligando a la familia en tanto hogar. En este sentido, nuestra aproximación busca indagar hasta qué punto los espacios rígidos previstos por las tipologías del Conjunto han sido susceptibles de ser adaptados por parte de sus residentes para dar cuenta de sus estrategias habitacionales y de reproducción. Asimismo, queremos indagar estas estrategias en tanto se vinculan con una creciente informalización de los usos del espacio en la formalidad de los conjuntos, implicando una adaptación del espacio a las lógicas de habitar de sus residentes

La implementación del Programa de Autogestión de Vivienda (Ley No341/964) en un estudio de caso : La cooperativa de vivienda "La Fábrica"

En nuestro país, la autoproducción masiva del hábitat popular ha madurado desde necesidades sociales que rebasaron las lógicas estatales y mercantiles instituidas para su canalización. Estos procesos del hábitat popular promovieron organizaciones de base y dirigencias vecinales inéditas, alentando el surgimiento de ONGs con equipos técnicos que ejercitaron una planificación de ?abajo hacia arriba?, pergeñadas a partir de las necesidades concretas de los afectados, la capacitación, la organización y la movilización colectiva. Dado el carácter masivo y estructural que estos procesos fueron adquiriendo con el tiempo, conjuntamente al surgimiento de nuevas modalidades de participación social en la ejecución de las políticas públicas, el estado ha tendido a implementar progresivamente políticas que involucraron estas modalidades populares de producción de vivienda, incorporando a los sectores sociales que no logran satisfacer sus necesidades habitacionales a través de las capacidades de cobertura del mercado, como beneficiarios, y en algunos casos, como actores con diversos grados de decisión en la gestión de las políticas. En este sentido, el Programa de Autogestión de Vivienda ejecutado en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (reglamentado por la Ley No341/00 y su modificatoria Ley No964/02) forma parte de este nuevo complejo de políticas públicas habitacionales. En este marco, la propuesta de esta ponencia es analizar la ejecución de este Programa en una operatoria en particular, la cooperativa de vivienda "La Fábrica" adherida al Movimiento de 1Ocupantes e Inquilinos (MOI), con el fin de rastrear en esta experiencia la modalidad de implementación del programa. Para ello se trabajó con fuentes secundarias, tales como la revisión de trabajos de investigación realizados previamente sobre esta temática, informes institucionales, artículos de orden periodístico y estadísticas oficiales, y fuentes primarias, como la realización de entrevistas en profundidad a informantes claves del proceso autogestionario seleccionado

Un sacrificio ilustrado. La dialéctica sí mismo-natural a partir de Entre las cuerdas de Loïc Wacquant

La intención de este trabajo es reflexionar en torno a la noción de "sacrificio" y a su particular lugar en el entrenamiento y la práctica deportiva; para ello nos concentraremos en los diarios de campo producto de la etnografía realizada por Loïc Wacquant en una sala de en- trenamiento de boxeo en la ciudad de Chicago, y publicados bajo el título Entre las cuerdas. El centro de nuestra labor se dirigirá a dar cuenta no sólo de la perspectiva propia de los "nativos" y de los sentidos allí presentes (como tiende a primar en la etnografía), sino a buscar las lógicas relacionales subyacentes que se articulan en derredor de la práctica del sacrificio. En este sentido resulta clave en nuestro trabajo la puesta en juego de algunas de las lentes con- ceptuales forjadas por Max Horkheimer y Theodor W. Adorno en Dialéctica de la ilustración, particularmente de cómo se concibe allí la relación (dialéctica) entre sí mismo y naturaleza (interna y externa). Pues en la tensión entre esos términos, así como en su entrelazamiento, la lógica del sacrificio es un momento central en la constitución del sí mismo que domina a la naturaleza, así como en su disolución a manos de ésta

Miradas desde el otro. La escuela actual en un contexto de vulnerabilidad

Esta comunicación pretende describir la confrontación que se produce en el marco de la Escuela Pública entre un logos universalizante y unificador, por un lado, y unas prácticas y discursos a las que denomino doxa (en el sentido griego de mera opinión, aquí ampliado al sentido de práctica y discurso concreto). Una de los objetivos que se propone esta reflexión es alcanzar elementos de análisis en las áreas de formación docente para comprender mejor esta situación descripta. Se sostiene que la escuela está regida fundamentalmente por este logos desde el que dimanan los principios democráticos, los valores morales y las prácticas socializadoras con que se instituyeron los estados a partir de la modernidad, con sus particularidades específicas en Latinoamérica. Paradójicamente, los jóvenes a los que alude el discurso que promueven las políticas públicas en educación, son tenidos en cuenta como aquellos sujetos morales y de derecho pleno a los que abriga y contiene este logos universalista e incluyente. Sin embargo, la faz discursiva se ve cercenada por la implementación concreta de políticas para la educación pública en las escuelas enclavadas en el territorio de la juventud más vulnerabilizada, donde operan estas lógicas a las que denomino doxas entre ellas la doxa asistencialista -que concibe a la escuela en meramente desde un rol de contención-, y en el ámbito específico de los contextos sociales más vulnerables, con similares objetivos a la doxa contenedora; una doxa recurrentemente discriminatoria, basada en el demérito y la marginación de los sujetos, e incluso una doxa punitiva. La dinámica exclusora que dimana de estas políticas hacia el sector educativo tiene como correlato la praxis docente concreta que busca revertir la acción de estas doxas. Desde la Filosofía de la Educación es que proponemos la posibilidad de reflexionar sobre las razones que construyeron estas prácticas, la deconstrucción de aquello que se ha cristalizado, y la reconstrucción de las razones de educar. ¿En qué marco está planteada la enseñanza que es objetivo de la ética y ciudadana en la formación docente cuando está orientada a sectores en contextos de vulnerabilidad social? Esta primera pregunta que orienta la búsqueda de esta comunicación se responde afirmandoque es la escuela anclada en una trama de pobreza aguda, constituida con una relativa homogeneidad de su población de alumnos provenientes de sectores -nos centramos específicamente en jóvenes- pobres, de las denominadas "familias con bajos logros educativos", resultantes de estratos constituidos por los denominados "viejos" pobres (pobres estructurales), tanto como de la denominada "nueva" pobreza. Proceden de familias que han migrado para establecerse donde actualmente moran, precariamente en principio, para luego constituir su arraigo a partir de un desarraigo original (quizás son la primera, la segunda o hasta la tercera generación de aquellos desarraigados). Los jóvenes forjados en estos contextos ya no conciben esa perspectiva de volver a transitar la vivencia del desarraigo, son ya adolescentes afincados, arraigados a su territorio, con perspectivas de seguir viviendo en sus barrios, un territorio propio -a pesar de lo amenazante que puede resultar- que no está ya en revisión constante. El marco de crisis que dio origen a la migración y reacomodamiento en un nuevo territorio, no es vivido ya como impasse o coyuntura, sino que ahora es algo permanente

A copa do mundo FIFA na África do Sul/2010:como foi a experiência e o que podemos aprender com ela?

Neste ensaio pretendemos problematizar algumas lógicas sociais não explícitas que se articulam ao domínio de realização da Copa do Mundo FIFA. Para tanto, privilegiamos como recorte analítico a edição de 2010 deste evento, de modo a desvelarmos algumas das retóricas e ações estratégicas que permearam o contexto de sua realização na África do Sul. Com base em dados obtidos na literatura acadêmica e mídia, buscamos apresentar que as motivações para o evento se baseavam em discursos desenvolvimentistas por parte tanto da FIFA quanto das elites locais sul-africanas visando o convencimento e apoio por parte de diferentes grupos sociais. Entretanto, as consequências não foram necessariamente aquelas prometidas, sendo essas instituições as reais beneficiadas em seus interesses econômicos e políticos. Nesse ponto, argumentamos que a sociedade brasileira pode e deve aprender com essa experiência para avaliar de forma crítica os motivos menos aparentes de sediar eventos desse porte. In this essay, we intend to discuss some social logics not explicit that articulate the domain of the FIFA World Cup. Therefore, the 2010 edition of this event is used as analytical approach to reveal some of the rhetoric and strategic actions that permeated the context of its realization. Based on data obtained in the academic literature and media, we present that the motivations for the event were based on developmental discourses by both FIFA as well as local elites South African aiming to convince different social groups and conquer their support. However, the consequences are not necessarily those promised, and these institutions were the real beneficiaries in their economic and political mutual interests. At this point, we argue that Brazilian society can and should learn from the experience of South Africa to assess critically the motives less apparent to host such events.

Entre missas e batuques: Irmandade de Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Homens Pretos em Recife, Goiana e Olinda - Século XVIII

This work is a comparative study of three black brotherhoods that existed in Pernambuco in the eighteenth century, it is the Brotherhood of Our Lady of the Rosary of Black Men of Recife, Olinda and Goiás. The goal was to understand the similarities and differences between them, taking as benchmark their operating statutes, called Appointments. From the data analysis of the commitments associated with other documents produced by the Brotherhoods and the administrative and religious authorities, we sought the social profile of the villages in evidence, as well as the participation of black people inside. We sought to understand the historical conditions of that period, from the fact that the slave society, the black was placed in a position of subordination. However, as a carrier element of culture, although this condition, was able to overcome social obstacles, opening possibilities for own cultural manifestations of his group could occur. The coexistence in the Brotherhoods of the Rosary, which in addition to organizations for mutual assistance within the Catholic religion, is also constituted as fields mediators between high culture and popular culture, made those organizations become social spaces and representation allowed the existing order. The Brotherhoods of the Rosary in Recife, Olinda and Goiás, had their own hierarchical logic that engendered the construction of new black identities marked by cultural circularity that became possible due to the Atlantic diaspora process

Contribuições para o processo de verificação de satisfatibilidade módulo teoria em Event-B

Event-B is a formal method for modeling and verification of discrete transition systems. Event-B development yields proof obligations that must be verified (i.e. proved valid) in order to keep the produced models consistent. Satisfiability Modulo Theory solvers are automated theorem provers used to verify the satisfiability of logic formulas considering a background theory (or combination of theories). SMT solvers not only handle large firstorder formulas, but can also generate models and proofs, as well as identify unsatisfiable subsets of hypotheses (unsat-cores). Tool support for Event-B is provided by the Rodin platform: an extensible Eclipse based IDE that combines modeling and proving features. A SMT plug-in for Rodin has been developed intending to integrate alternative, efficient verification techniques to the platform. We implemented a series of complements to the SMT solver plug-in for Rodin, namely improvements to the user interface for when proof obligations are reported as invalid by the plug-in. Additionally, we modified some of the plug-in features, such as support for proof generation and unsat-core extraction, to comply with the SMT-LIB standard for SMT solvers. We undertook tests using applicable proof obligations to demonstrate the new features. The contributions described can potentially affect productivity in a positive manner.

Mudanças na relação entre estado e mercado na produção de habitação de interesse social em Parnamirim-RN

The formulation of public policies, particularly those relating to social housing – SH -, follow a dialectical process of construction, which are involved in the figures of the State and tha Market.The combination of the State and Market remains in constant tension and struggle for power, which provides beyond products (policies, programs and projects), periods of crises and disruptions that can give rise to new institutional arrangements. It is possible to verify a change in the relationship between the State and the Market in the formulation of public policies of SH financing, justified by the context of the Brazilian economy growth, especially after 2003, year that began the first Lula Federal Government , and through the international financial crisis (in 2008). Thus, the State and the Real Estate Market has been undergoing a process of redefinition of their interrelations, articulating new arrangements, new scales of action and new logics of financial valorization of urban space. This peculiarity demanded the rapid thinning of speech and the proposals in the reformulation of housing policies, with the primary result within the pre-existing Growth Acceleration Program – PAC -, the release of My House , My Life – PMCMV -, established by Law 1.977 of the year 2009. Given the above, this research has as study object the relationship between financing public policies of SH, promoted by the State, and behavior of Formal Housing Market. It is believed that the established roles for each agent in the new housing finance model introduced with the PMCMV, have been adapted according to the needs of each location to make this a workable policy. It remains to identify the nature of these adaptations, in other words, what has changed in the performance of each agent involved in this process. Knowing that private capital remains where there is more chance of profit, we tend to believe that most of the adjustments were made on scale of State action. The recommendation of easing urban legislation taken by PMCMV points to how the State has been making these changes in activity to implement the production of social housing by this program. We conclude that in the change for PMCMV, the direct relationship for construction and housing projects financing began to be made between the Caixa Econômica Federal bank and the builders. The city was liberated from the direct interlocutor role between all actors involved in the production of SH and could concentrate on negotiating with the parties, focused on the effectiveness of SH public policies proposed by PMCMV. This ability and willingness for dialogue and negotiation of municipal government (represented by their managers), undoubtedly, represents a key factor for rapprochement between State and Real Estate Market in the City of Parnamirim.

A atenção à crise e o apoio matricial: analisadores da estratégia atenção psicossocial

The National Policy on Mental Health is characterized as a territorial - political community , and it has the Psychoso cial Care Strategy (Eaps) as guideline for the proposal and the development of their actions. In its design, CAPS is idealized to be a strategic equipment within the Psychoso cial Care Network/RAPS. Matricial support and at tention to the crisis constitute strategic areas of action of CAPS in its replacement mission , and as it is g uided by the scope of deinstitutionalization, those are essential to the success of these services. We argue that sustain crises in existential territories of life is a condition for the effectiveness of psychosocial care and, ultimately, to the sustainability of its Reform. In this direction, the matricial support tool reveals a territorial supporter, intercessory and powerful in building a psychosocial care to the crisis. Recognized as one of the major challenges by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, forward these fronts materializes for workers in their mi cropolitical crafts. Our research arises as an investment toward empower them , and aimed to understand the operationalization of attention to the crisis and matricial support in a CAPS II, in the view of its workers . Besides, it aims to examine such practi ces forward the principles and purposes of Psychosocial Care Strategy. Inspired by the research - intervention and by the political and social ideas of Institutiona l Analysis, we offer a space for reflection and exchange, by implicational interviews , enablin g workers to launch them in analysis of practices in the EAPs view. We have done a documentary consulting CAPS Technical Project, and a return stage to the institution, by organizing workshop and conversation groups with CAPS workers. The results have show n that there are institutional logics in competition on that service. When operating the logic risk, some difficulties in sustaining most intense crisis situations were identified, the psychiatric hospital internment is used as a facility, particularly in view of some cases, in which the aggressiveness of the person in crises becomes aggressive, and when the brackets SAMU, the CAPS III and Comprehensive Care Beds do not respond satisfactorily to their users requests. Order weaknesses were indicated in this thesis as macropolitical and micropolitical interfering in network support. The matricial actions were identified as a powerful intercessor resource in crisis care appeared weakened, and indicates little porosity in the relationship between the Service and the territory where it takes place. Noticed by the logic of home care, without operate primarily as a knowledge exchange device, we saw capture points in the logic of assistance with ambulatoriza tion production of CAPS, welfare practices and "ext empore " . T he E APs , although it emerge s as a guiding, it is not seen to workers as effective practice. On the one hand, the results signaled that the attention to the crisis and the matricial actions are developed without tenacious connection with the purposes of EA Ps, on the other hand, successful cases were indicated with the main leads to conducting wire of intersectoral actions to the powerful bonds and to the participation of user in their care process es , indicating insurgent forces tha t intend by traditional lo gic .

O som ao redor do baile: retomada e pós-retomada no cinema produzido em Pernambuco

This dissertation uncovers the path of Pernambuco’s independent cinema of the Retomada, of its production in the second half of the 1990s until mid 2012 when the sector manages to secure a funding edict (Funcultura) for its films and at the same time establishes a few symbolic mechanisms which contributed to the consolidation of a new cycle, the post-Retomada, namely: cinephilia and brodagem. Because it is a cinematography (pernambucana) outside the Rio-São Paulo axis, that is, outside the great center of the brazillian culture industry, the cinema produced in Pernambuco built a very specific modus operandi, in which a material basis, the consolidation of Funcultura, intercrossed with two symbolic practices feeding on each other, cinephilia and brodagem. In this regard, we seek not to establish the material perspective as the primary determination as opposed to the symbolic one. Futhermore, we followed the path of cinephilia in its direct commucation with the brodagem, and how both these logics pressured authorities to institute an incentive funding separated from other artforms in the state. From this point of view, we attempted to trace the trajectory of this cinematography in its external nuances, but also taking into account the internal nuances of its works of art (films). Following this, we created categories to define and distinguish the nuances of the Retomada and post-Retomada productions regarding ethical and aesthetical choices made by directors from both generations.

O som ao redor do baile: retomada e pós-retomada no cinema produzido em Pernambuco

This dissertation uncovers the path of Pernambuco’s independent cinema of the Retomada, of its production in the second half of the 1990s until mid 2012 when the sector manages to secure a funding edict (Funcultura) for its films and at the same time establishes a few symbolic mechanisms which contributed to the consolidation of a new cycle, the post-Retomada, namely: cinephilia and brodagem. Because it is a cinematography (pernambucana) outside the Rio-São Paulo axis, that is, outside the great center of the brazillian culture industry, the cinema produced in Pernambuco built a very specific modus operandi, in which a material basis, the consolidation of Funcultura, intercrossed with two symbolic practices feeding on each other, cinephilia and brodagem. In this regard, we seek not to establish the material perspective as the primary determination as opposed to the symbolic one. Futhermore, we followed the path of cinephilia in its direct commucation with the brodagem, and how both these logics pressured authorities to institute an incentive funding separated from other artforms in the state. From this point of view, we attempted to trace the trajectory of this cinematography in its external nuances, but also taking into account the internal nuances of its works of art (films). Following this, we created categories to define and distinguish the nuances of the Retomada and post-Retomada productions regarding ethical and aesthetical choices made by directors from both generations.

O centro de Fortaleza como lugar de moradia

The present study has the objective of analyzing how the ways of dwelling influences the uses and the functional and symbolic appropriations of the urban space in Fortaleza city center, through the perspective of the residents and their relation with the living place. Scenarios of development and degradation of its urban space have marked the city center of Fortaleza. The intensification of the commercial and services occupation promoted through the years, paradoxically, the valorization of the land price and the devalorization of the residential use. Thus, the residential occupation was consolidated in a discontinuous way, being concentrated mainly in the external limits of the historical core of the neighborhood. The research is structured over the delimitation of an area and the selection of multifamily residential buildings, built since the 1960s, close to the central core of the neighborhood. The spatial configuration analysis of the selected residential buildings, and their relations with the urban surroundings and the land uses, reveals different aspects related to the urban vitality, producing impacts over the ways of dwelling constituted by the daily life of the residents. The study of the ways of dwelling involves the comprehension that the dwelling is beyond the private residential boundaries and the functional occupation. The conceptual base of this research is developed over the perspective that the dwelling represents a fundamental aspect of the human condition, allowing the person to relate with the space in an essential way (HEIDEGGER, 2012). In this perspective of the dwelling, the space reunites the mental and the cultural, the social and the historical, being marked by simultaneous logics of the conceived, the perceived and the lived space (LEFEVBRE, 2006). The development of this study, over the point of view of the neighborhood residents, is inserted in the perspective of the lived space, related to the concept of place, understood as a qualitative phenomenon, giving essence and identity to the space. The place of dwelling, marked by coexistences, is one of the structural elements of the urban land use, and potential for the rehabilitation of the central areas in big cities. Therefore, the study starts from the hypothesis that the location, the nearby land uses and the spatial configuration of the residential buildings affect the ways of dwelling, in other words the residents dissolve the boundaries of the shelter and experience the urban space, from the dwelling place. The requalification of the dwelling is opposed to the residential space based in functionality, in hierarchy, in self sufficiency, in standardization and in the reproduction of the urban space, materialized in the dense contemporary residential buildings, that are unrelated to the city. The stages of the research involved the spatial configuration analysis of the selected residential buildings and their surrounding, the land use mapping and interviews with the residents. The collected data allowed verifying that the buildings are located in areas presenting heterogeneous land uses, with a great number of residents and users. However, these aspects are not sufficient to promote the vitality of the public spaces in the neighborhood, since the people movement in the streets is controlled by the opening hours of the predominant commercial use in the area. The word of the residents, collected in interviews, indicate that the conservation conditions of the public spaces and the insecurity influences their everyday relations with the place of dwelling, affecting fundamental aspects for the dwelling requalification in the central area of Fortaleza.

O centro de Fortaleza como lugar de moradia

The present study has the objective of analyzing how the ways of dwelling influences the uses and the functional and symbolic appropriations of the urban space in Fortaleza city center, through the perspective of the residents and their relation with the living place. Scenarios of development and degradation of its urban space have marked the city center of Fortaleza. The intensification of the commercial and services occupation promoted through the years, paradoxically, the valorization of the land price and the devalorization of the residential use. Thus, the residential occupation was consolidated in a discontinuous way, being concentrated mainly in the external limits of the historical core of the neighborhood. The research is structured over the delimitation of an area and the selection of multifamily residential buildings, built since the 1960s, close to the central core of the neighborhood. The spatial configuration analysis of the selected residential buildings, and their relations with the urban surroundings and the land uses, reveals different aspects related to the urban vitality, producing impacts over the ways of dwelling constituted by the daily life of the residents. The study of the ways of dwelling involves the comprehension that the dwelling is beyond the private residential boundaries and the functional occupation. The conceptual base of this research is developed over the perspective that the dwelling represents a fundamental aspect of the human condition, allowing the person to relate with the space in an essential way (HEIDEGGER, 2012). In this perspective of the dwelling, the space reunites the mental and the cultural, the social and the historical, being marked by simultaneous logics of the conceived, the perceived and the lived space (LEFEVBRE, 2006). The development of this study, over the point of view of the neighborhood residents, is inserted in the perspective of the lived space, related to the concept of place, understood as a qualitative phenomenon, giving essence and identity to the space. The place of dwelling, marked by coexistences, is one of the structural elements of the urban land use, and potential for the rehabilitation of the central areas in big cities. Therefore, the study starts from the hypothesis that the location, the nearby land uses and the spatial configuration of the residential buildings affect the ways of dwelling, in other words the residents dissolve the boundaries of the shelter and experience the urban space, from the dwelling place. The requalification of the dwelling is opposed to the residential space based in functionality, in hierarchy, in self sufficiency, in standardization and in the reproduction of the urban space, materialized in the dense contemporary residential buildings, that are unrelated to the city. The stages of the research involved the spatial configuration analysis of the selected residential buildings and their surrounding, the land use mapping and interviews with the residents. The collected data allowed verifying that the buildings are located in areas presenting heterogeneous land uses, with a great number of residents and users. However, these aspects are not sufficient to promote the vitality of the public spaces in the neighborhood, since the people movement in the streets is controlled by the opening hours of the predominant commercial use in the area. The word of the residents, collected in interviews, indicate that the conservation conditions of the public spaces and the insecurity influences their everyday relations with the place of dwelling, affecting fundamental aspects for the dwelling requalification in the central area of Fortaleza.

Of madness and many-valuedness: an investigation into Suszko's Thesis

Suszko’s Thesis is a philosophical claim regarding the nature of many-valuedness. It was formulated by the Polish logician Roman Suszko during the middle 70s and states the existence of “only but two truth values”. The thesis is a reaction against the notion of many-valuedness conceived by Jan Łukasiewicz. Reputed as one of the modern founders of many-valued logics, Łukasiewicz considered a third undetermined value in addition to the traditional Fregean values of Truth and Falsehood. For Łukasiewicz, his third value could be seen as a step beyond the Aristotelian dichotomy of Being and non-Being. According to Suszko, Łukasiewicz’s ideas rested on a confusion between algebraic values (what sentences describe/denote) and logical values (truth and falsity). Thus, Łukasiewicz’s third undetermined value is no more than an algebraic value, a possible denotation for a sentence, but not a genuine logical value. Suszko’s Thesis is endorsed by a formal result baptized as Suszko’s Reduction, a theorem that states every Tarskian logic may be characterized by a two-valued semantics. The present study is intended as a thorough investigation of Suszko’s thesis and its implications. The first part is devoted to the historical roots of many-valuedness and introduce Suszko’s main motivations in formulating the double character of truth-values by drawing the distinction in between algebraic and logical values. The second part explores Suszko’s Reduction and presents the developments achieved from it; the properties of two-valued semantics in comparison to many-valued semantics are also explored and discussed. Last but not least, the third part investigates the notion of logical values in the context of non-Tarskian notions of entailment; the meaning of Suszko’s thesis within such frameworks is also discussed. Moreover, the philosophical foundations for non-Tarskian notions of entailment are explored in the light of recent debates concerning logical pluralism.