Biopotentials of marine sponges from China oceans: past and future

An extensive literature survey of over 17 Journals was carried out on Chinese sponges and their natural products in the period from 1980 to 2001. This review is thus intended to provide the first thorough overview of research on marine sponges from China Ocean territories. Information is provided about the rather-limited taxonomic study of Chinese marine sponges, with an analysis on their distribution and diversity. Research findings on the natural products and their bioactivity screening from Chinese sponges are summarized. The weaknesses, gaps and problems in the past R&D program of Chinese sponges are identified, which point to the future opportunities in exploiting these huge untapped sponge resources. The report is expected to serve as an entry point for understanding Chinese sponges and for furthering R&D on their bioactive compounds for new drug development. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

大西洋庸鲽Hippoglossus hippoglossus和大西洋鲑Salmo salar配子质量研究

种质问题是养殖健康发展的基础。在鱼类养殖中，卵子和精子的质量直接关系到受精、胚胎发育，仔稚鱼发育以及幼鱼生长等一系列过程。本论文针对大西洋庸鲽和大西洋鲑的配子质量进行研究。研究内容涉及大西洋庸鲽精子冷冻保存方法；促性腺激素释放激素类似物（GnRHa）使用对其精子冷冻保存效果、以及脂肪酸组成的影响；野生和驯养大西洋鲑卵子在脂肪酸、类胡萝卜素、矿物盐方面的差异比较。 精子冷冻保存通过提高对精子的利用效率，进而对于种质改良，推进鱼类养殖科研和生产具有重要意义。本实验建立了大西洋庸鲽精子大容量冷冻保存方法。八种抗冻剂冷冻保存实验结果表明：10% 及15% DMSO配以 HBSS 或KS 的抗冻剂组合冷冻保存效果最佳，4 mL体积冷冻保存可获得与1.6 mL同样的保存效果。 在繁殖季节后期注射GnRHa激素缓释剂，可获得质量稳定的大西洋庸鲽精液，将激素注射方法与精子冷冻保存方法相结合对于提高雄鱼利用率，扩大生产规模具有重要实用价值。本项研究分三个时间采集注射GnRHa激素后的雄鱼精子以及同期未注射激素的雄鱼精子，对所有精子样品使用同样的方法进行冷冻保存，检测冷冻保存后解冻精子的受精率与活力。结果表明，激素注射与否对于冷冻保存后精子的受精率和活力无显著影响，两类冷冻精液均达到鲜精水平。实验结果还表明，注射激素14天后的精子的密度显著的降低。说明GnRHa激素的使用可以显著降低精子密度，但不会影响精子的冷冻保存效果。 本相研究同时对注射GnRHa 缓释激素和未注射GnRHa 缓释激素的大西洋庸鲽精液脂肪酸成分进行分析，以检测该激素使用对精子生化组分的影响。结果表明激素的使用对在DHA (22:6n-3,二十二碳六烯酸)、EPA(20:5n-3,二十碳五烯酸)、AA(20:4n-6，花生四烯酸)等重要脂肪酸，不饱和脂肪酸、饱和脂肪酸以及n-3、n-6等重要种类的脂肪酸总量及其比例没有显著影响。精液脂肪酸中DHA含量最高，约占25%；PUFA约为44%。 作为世界性的重要养殖品种，野生和驯养大西洋鲑在形态、生化组成以及遗传 等方面表现出的差异被广泛关注。本论文，对野生和驯养大西洋鲑受精卵关键生化成分进行分析，通过与野生受精卵比较阐明驯养受精卵的质量状况，为亲鱼营养需求提供指导依据。本实验中野生配子和驯养配子的受精率没有显著差异，但重要脂肪酸组成、类胡萝卜素以及矿物盐含量都存在多方面显著差异。两类受精卵脂肪酸中含量最高的依次为18:1n-9（油酸）、DHA（二十二碳六烯酸）、16:0（棕榈酸）、EPA（二十碳五烯酸）。野生受精卵的单不饱和脂肪酸总量显著高于驯养受精卵，而多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）比例显著低于驯养的受精卵。在主要必需不饱和脂肪酸（EFA）中，DHA和EPA在野生受精卵中的比例高于驯养受精卵，AA（花生四烯酸）低于驯养受精卵。野生受精卵虾青素（Ax）的含量低于驯养受精卵而鸡油菌素（Cx）含量高于驯养受精卵。野生受精卵中多种矿物盐的含量（铝、铜、铁、硒和锌）含量显著高于驯养的受精卵。差别最大的为铜。诸多方面的差异表明，野生亲鱼与驯养亲鱼产出的卵子确实存在显著差异，因此关注亲鱼的营养极为重要。

叠前地震数据规则化、重建及噪音压制

I address of reconstruction of spatial irregular sampling seismic data to regular grids. Spatial irregular sampling data impairs results of prestack migration, multiple attenuations, spectra estimation. Prestack 5-D volumes are often divided into sub-sections for further processing. Shot gathers are easy to obtain from irregular sampling volumes. My strategy for reconstruction is as follows: I resort irregular sampling gathers into a form of easy to bin and perform bin regularization, then utilize F-K inversion to reconstruct seismic data. In consideration of poor ability of F-K regularization to fill in large gaps, I sort regular sampling gathers to CMP and proposed high-resolution parabolic Radon transform to interpolate data and extrapolate offsets. To strong interfering noise--multiples, I use hybrid-domain high-resolution parabolic Radon transform to attenuate it. F-K regularization demand ultimately for lower computing costs. I proposed several methods to further improve efficiency of F-K inversion: first I introduce 1D and 2D NFFT algorithm for a rapid calculation of DFT operators; then develop fast 1D and 2D CG method to solve least-square equations, and utilize preconditioner to accelerate convergence of CG iterations; what’s more, I use Delaunay triangulation for weight calculation and use bandlimit frequency and varying bandwidth technique for competitive computation. Numerical 2D and 3D examples are offered to verify reasonable results and more efficiency. F-K regularization has poor ability to fill in large gaps, so I rearrange data as CMP gathers and develop hybrid-domain high-resolution parabolic Radon transforms which be used ether to interpolate null traces and extrapolate near and far offsets or suppress a strong interfere noise: multiples. I use it to attenuate multiples to verify performances of our algorithm and proposed routines for industrial application. Numerical examples and field data examples show a nice performance of our method.

大别山高压-超高压带片麻岩锆石的研究

The zircons from gneisses in high and ultrahigh pressure (HP-UHP) metamorphic zones of the Dabie Mountains have been studied on three aspects in this paper, including (1) radiation damage of zircon using Laser Raman spectrum; (2) genesis determination of zircons based on geochemistry; (3) temperature estimate of the HP-UHP metamorphism using Ti-in-zircon thermometer. The zircons have the full widths at half-maximum less than 15 cm-1 at the 1008 cm-1 peak, suggesting that they are well crystallized to moderately damaged. The early inherited zircons from gneisses had undergone significant annealing and recrystallization during the HP-UHP metamorphic event. The α-doses that zircons suffered were accumulated from about 200Ma, indicating that HP-UHP metamorphic rocks have been exhumed to the surface of the earth at this time. The studies from the CL images, mineral inclusions, U-Pb ages and trace elements reveal that metamorphic zircons were formed as two kinds of mechanisms: metamorphic growth and recrystallization. The zircons of metamorphic growth and recrystallization zircons that were completely equilibrated during the HP-UHP metamorphic event have been chosen to carry out for temperature estimate using the Ti-in-zircon thermometer. The result shows that the HP-UHP terrain of the Dabie Mountains can be divided into five zones with temperature gaps, suggesting that the terrain consists of tectonic slices with different metamorphic history.

花岗岩-LiF-NaF-H_2O体系液相不混溶的实验研究

Liquid segregation phenomena have been found and explained in the F(Li)-rich granites in south China by Wang Linakui et al. (1979; 1983). A number of experimental investigations into the liquid immiscibilities in the granites systems have been carried out (Anfilogov et al., 1983; Glyuk et al., 1971; Glyuk et al., 1973a; 1973b; kovalenko, 1978; Wang Liangkui et al., 1987). Nevertheless, the detailed scenarios of the liquid immiscibilities in the granitic magmas are much less understood. This experimental study is amide to get access to this problem. Starting materials are biotite granite +LiF(3-10%)+NaF(3-10%)+H_2O(30%). The experimental results have shown that the liquid immiscibilities of melts of different compositions occur at 1 kbar and 840 ℃ when 5wt% (LiF + NaF) are added to the granite samples. three kinds of glasses indicating of three types of coexisting immiscible melts have been observed: light blue matrix glass, melanocratic glass balls and leucocratic glass balls. It is interesting that we have observed various kinds of textures as follows: spherulitic texture, droplets, flow bands, swirls. All these textures can be comparable to those in the natural granitic bodies. Electron microprobe data suggest that these different kinds of glasses are of different chemical compositions respectively; matrix glasses are F-poor silicate melts; melanocratic balls correspond to F-rich silicate melts; and leucocratic balls are the melts consisting mainly of fluorides. Raman spectrometric data have indicated that different glasses have different melt structures. TFM Diagrams at 1000 * 10~5 Pa have been plotted, in which two miscible gaps are found. One of the two gaps corresponds to the immiscibility between F - poor silicate melt and F-rich silicate melt, another to that between the silicate melt and fluoride melt. The experiments at different pressures have suggested that the decreases in pressures are favorable to the liquid immiscibility. Several reversal experiments have indicated that the equilibria in different runs have been achieved. We have applied the experimental results to explain the field evidence of immiscibilities in some of granites associated with W-Sn-Nb-Ta mineralization. These field phenomena include flow structure, globular structures,mineralized globular patche and glass inclusions in topaz. We believe that the liquid immiscibility (liquid segregation) is a possible way of generation of F(Li)-rich granites. During the evolution of the granitic magmas, the contents of Li, F, H_2O and ore-forming elements in the magmas become higher and higher. The granites formed in the extensional tectonic settings commonly bear higher abundences of the above-mentioned elements. the pressures of the granitic magmas are relatively lower during the processes of their emplacements and cooling. The late-staged magmas will produce liquid immiscibilities, leading to the production of several coexisting immiscible melts with different chemical compositions. The flow of immiscible consisting magmas will produce F(Li)-rich granites. It is also considered that liquid immiscibilities are of great significance in the production of rare metal granites. The ore-forming processes and magmatic crystallization and metasomatic processes can be occur at the same time. The mineralisations of rare metals are related to both magmatic and hydrothermal processes.

公众个人捐赠动机及其影响因素

Along with Chinese general national power upgrades constantly, the gaps between the rich and the poor in different areas and groups increased by contraries. Charity career in China attracts more and more attention. In western society, there is consanguineous correlativity between the development of charity career and charity marketing, and donation motivation is one of the most important factors. It’s mainly focus on two issues, one is the process of donation behavior and the other one is the drive of donation behavior. There are great differences between domestic studies on donation motivation and the current correlative theory due to different cultures, religions, regions and so on. In this article, western theory of donation motivation has been summarized and meanwhile the unique domestic donation motivation has been analyzed. The article includes two studies. Firstly, investigated domestic individual donation motivation as well as primary donation behavior, secondly studied the structure of donation motivation by questionnaire. Results show that, firstly, there are four factors in Chinese individual donation motivation which were cost-income balance, passive donation, to do good and accumulate merit, public morality and habit-share. Organization disadvantage and ability limit are the two factors in unwilling donation motivation. Secondly, in this survey, there are no significant differences between cost-income balance and demographic variables. Passive donation motivation shows significant differences only on gender and occupation. To do good and accumulate merit shows significant difference only on occupation. To do good and accumulate merit and habit-share also show significant differences on age. Passive donation is one of special factors in China. Thirdly, donors are prefer to help children who unable to go to school and people who hit by a natural calamity than to help agriculture labourer and laid-off worker. At last, donors concern more about the information feedback such as how was their donation has been used. If the charity organization can not meet the donors’demands in this aspect, it will be surely result in unwilling donation.

Structural Saliency: The Detection of Globally Salient Structures Using a Locally Connected Network

Certain salient structures in images attract our immediate attention without requiring a systematic scan. We present a method for computing saliency by a simple iterative scheme, using a uniform network of locally connected processing elements. The network uses an optimization approach to produce a "saliency map," a representation of the image emphasizing salient locations. The main properties of the network are: (i) the computations are simple and local, (ii) globally salient structures emerge with a small number of iterations, and (iii) as a by-product of the computations, contours are smoothed and gaps are filled in.

Transition Space

Informal causal descriptions of physical systems abound in sources such as encyclopedias, reports and user's manuals. Yet these descriptions remain largely opaque to computer processing. This paper proposes a representational framework in which such descriptions are viewed as providing partial specifications of paths in a space of possible transitions, or transition space. In this framework, the task of comprehending informal causal descriptions emerges as one of completing the specifications of paths in transition space---filling causal gaps and relating accounts of activity varied by analogy and abstraction. The use of the representation and its operations is illustrated in the context of a simple description concerning rocket propulsion.

Extracting Salient Curves from Images: An Analysis of the Saliency Network

The Saliency Network proposed by Shashua and Ullman is a well-known approach to the problem of extracting salient curves from images while performing gap completion. This paper analyzes the Saliency Network. The Saliency Network is attractive for several reasons. First, the network generally prefers long and smooth curves over short or wiggly ones. While computing saliencies, the network also fills in gaps with smooth completions and tolerates noise. Finally, the network is locally connected, and its size is proportional to the size of the image. Nevertheless, our analysis reveals certain weaknesses with the method. In particular, we show cases in which the most salient element does not lie on the perceptually most salient curve. Furthermore, in some cases the saliency measure changes its preferences when curves are scaled uniformly. Also, we show that for certain fragmented curves the measure prefers large gaps over a few small gaps of the same total size. In addition, we analyze the time complexity required by the method. We show that the number of steps required for convergence in serial implementations is quadratic in the size of the network, and in parallel implementations is linear in the size of the network. We discuss problems due to coarse sampling of the range of possible orientations. We show that with proper sampling the complexity of the network becomes cubic in the size of the network. Finally, we consider the possibility of using the Saliency Network for grouping. We show that the Saliency Network recovers the most salient curve efficiently, but it has problems with identifying any salient curve other than the most salient one.

A dichotomic search algorithm for mining and learning in domain-specific logics

Ferr?, S. and King, R. D. (2004) A dichotomic search algorithm for mining and learning in domain-specific logics. Fundamenta Informaticae. IOS Press. To appear

Theory and practice in strategic planning for health information systems

Bradshaw, K. & Urquhart, C. (2005). Theory and practice in strategic planning for health information systems. In: D. Wainwright (Ed.), UK Academy for Information Systems 10th conference 2005, 22-24 March 2005 (CD-ROM). Newcastle upon Tyne: Northumbria University.

NHS Wales user needs study including knowledgebase tools report. Report for Informing Healthcare Strategy implementation programme.

Thomas, R., Spink, S., Durbin, J. & Urquhart, C. (2005). NHS Wales user needs study including knowledgebase tools report. Report for Informing Healthcare Strategy implementation programme. Aberystwyth: Department of Information Studies, University of Wales Aberystwyth. Sponsorship: Informing Healthcare, NHS Wales

Action research in developing knowledge networks

Seeley, H. & Urqhart, C. (2007). Action research in developing knowledge networks. In P. Bath, K. Albright & T. Norris (Eds.), Proceedings of ISHIMR 2007, The twelfth international symposium on health information management research (pp. 217-235.) Sheffield: Centre for Health Information Management Research, University of Sheffield.

Understanding student information behavior in relation to electronic information services: lessons from longitudinal monitoring and evaluation Part 1

Rowley, J.& Urquhart, C. (2007). Understanding student information behavior in relation to electronic information services: lessons from longitudinal monitoring and evaluation Part 1. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58(8), 1162-1174. Sponsorship: JISC

Zmienne graficzne sygnatur punktowych w mobilnym systemie rozszerzonej rzeczywistości

Wydział Nauk Geograficznych i Geologicznych