Risk-based methodology for parameter calibration of a reservoir flood control model

Flash floods are of major relevance in natural disaster management in the Mediterranean region. In many cases, the damaging effects of flash floods can be mitigated by adequate management of flood control reservoirs. This requires the development of suitable models for optimal operation of reservoirs. A probabilistic methodology for calibrating the parameters of a reservoir flood control model (RFCM) that takes into account the stochastic variability of flood events is presented. This study addresses the crucial problem of operating reservoirs during flood events, considering downstream river damages and dam failure risk as conflicting operation criteria. These two criteria are aggregated into a single objective of total expected damages from both the maximum released flows and stored volumes (overall risk index). For each selected parameter set the RFCM is run under a wide range of hydrologic loads (determined through Monte Carlo simulation). The optimal parameter set is obtained through the overall risk index (balanced solution) and then compared with other solutions of the Pareto front. The proposed methodology is implemented at three different reservoirs in the southeast of Spain. The results obtained show that the balanced solution offers a good compromise between the two main objectives of reservoir flood control management

Testing the performance of a green wall system on an experimental building in the summer

It is known that a green wall brings some advantages to a building. It constitutes a barrier against solar radiation, thus decreasing and delaying the incoming heat flux. The aim of this study is to quantify such advantages through analytical comparison between two facades, a vegetal facade and a conventional facade. Both were highly insulated (U-value = 0.3 W/m2K) and installed facing south on the same building in the central territory of Spain. In order to compare their thermal trend, a series of sensors were used to register superficial and indoor air temperature. The work was carried out between 17th August 2012 and 1st October 2012, with a temperature range of 12°C-36°C and a maximum horizontal radiation of 1020 W/m2. Results show that the indoor temperature of the green wall module was lower than the other. Besides, comparing superficial outdoor and indoor temperatures of the two walls to outdoor air temperatures, it was noticed that, due to the shading plants, the green wall superficial temperature was 5 °C lower on the facade, while the bare wall temperature was 15 °C higher. The living wall module temperature was 1.6 °C lower than the outdoor, while the values of the conventional one were similar to the outdoor air temperature.

El fitness como factor determinante en el riesgo de discapacidad, su relación con la composición corporal y el estado cognitivo en población mayor institucionalizada y de vida independiente = Fitness as a determinant factor in the risk of disability, and its relationship to body composition and cognitive status in institutionalized elderly population and independent living

La condición física, o como mejor se la conoce hoy en día el “fitness”, es una variable que está cobrando gran protagonismo, especialmente desde la perspectiva de la salud. La mejora de la calidad de vida que se ha experimentado en los últimos años en las sociedades desarrolladas, conlleva un aumento de la esperanza de vida, lo que hace que cada vez más personas vivan más años. Este rápido crecimiento de la población mayor de 60 años hace que, un grupo poblacional prácticamente olvidado desde el punto de vista de la investigación científica en el campo de la actividad física y del deporte, cobre gran relevancia, con el fin de poder ayudar a alcanzar el dicho “no se trata de aportar años a la vida sino vida a lo años”. La presente memoria de Tesis Doctoral tiene como principal objetivo valorar los niveles de fitness en población mayor española, además de analizar la relación existente entre el fitness, sus condicionantes y otros aspectos de la salud, tales como la composición corporal y el estado cognitivo. Entendemos que para poder establecer futuras políticas de salud pública en relación a la actividad física y el envejecimiento activo es necesario conocer cuáles son los niveles de partida de la población mayor en España y sus condicionantes. El trabajo está basado en los datos del estudio multicéntrico EXERNET (Estudio Multi-céntrico para la Evaluación de los Niveles de Condición Física y su relación con Estilos de Vida Saludables en población mayor española no institucionalizada), así como en los datos de dos estudios, llevados a cabo en población mayor institucionalizada. Se han analizado un total de 3136 mayores de vida independiente, procedentes de 6 comunidades autónomas, y 153 mayores institucionalizados en residencias de la Comunidad de Madrid. Los principales resultados de esta tesis son los siguientes: a) Fueron establecidos los valores de referencia, así como las curvas de percentiles, para cada uno de los test de fitness, de acuerdo a la edad y al sexo, en población mayor española de vida independiente y no institucionalizada. b) Los varones obtuvieron mejores niveles de fitness que las mujeres, excepto en los test de flexibilidad; existe una tendencia a disminuir la condición física en ambos sexos a medida que la edad aumenta. c) Niveles bajos de fitness funcional fueron asociados con un aumento en la percepción de problemas. d) El nivel mínimo de fitness funcional a partir del cual los mayores perciben problemas en sus actividades de la vida diaria (AVD) es similar en ambos sexos. e) Niveles elevados de fitness fueron asociados con un menor riesgo de sufrir obesidad sarcopénica y con una mejor salud percibida en los mayores. f) Las personas mayores con obesidad sarcopénica tienen menor capacidad funcional que las personas mayores sanas. g) Niveles elevados de fuerza fueron asociados con un mejor estado cognitivo siendo el estado cognitivo la variable que más influye en el deterioro de la fuerza, incluso más que el sexo y la edad. ABSTRACT Fitness is a variable that is gaining in prominence, especially from the health perspective. Improvement of life quality that has been experienced in the last few years in developed countries, leads to an expanded life expectancy, increasing the numbers of people living longer. This population consisting of people of over 60 years, an almost forgotten population group from the point of view of scientific research in the field of physical activity and sport, is becoming increasingly important, with the main aim of helping to achieve the saying “do not only add years to life, but also add life to years”. The principal aim of the current thesis was to assess physical fitness levels in Spanish elderly people, of over 65 years, analyzing relationship between physical fitness, its determinants, and other aspects of health such as body composition and cognitive status. In order to establish further public health policies in relation to physical activity and active ageing it is necessary to identify the starting physical fitness levels of the Spanish population and their determinants. The work is based on data from the EXERNET multi-center study ("Multi-center Study for the Evaluation of Fitness levels and their relationship to Healthy Lifestyles in noninstitutionalized Spanish elderly"), and on data from two studies conducted in institutionalized elderly people: a total of 3136 non-institutionalized elderly, from 6 Regions of Spain, and 153 institutionalized elderly in nursing homes of Madrid. The main outcomes of this thesis are: a) sex- and age-specific physical fitness normative values and percentile curves for independent and non-institutionalized Spanish elderly were established. b) Greater physical fitness was present in the elderly men than in women, except for the flexibility test, and a trend toward decreased physical fitness in both sexes as their age increased. c) Lower levels of functional fitness were associated with increased perceived problems. d) The minimum functional fitness level at which older adults perceive problems in their ADLs, is similar for both sexes e) Higher levels of physical fitness were associated with a reduced risk of suffering sarcopenic obesity and better perceived health among the elderly. f) The elderly with sarcopenic obesity have lower physical functioning than healthy counterparts. g) Higher strength values were associated with better cognitive status with cognitive status being the most influencing variable in strength deterioration even more than sex and age.

Generating Adaptive Presentations of Hydrologic Behavior

This paper describes a knowledge-based approach for summarizing and presenting the behavior of hydrologic networks. This approach has been designed for visualizing data from sensors and simulations in the context of emergencies caused by floods. It follows a solution for event summarization that exploits physical properties of the dynamic system to automatically generate summaries of relevant data. The summarized information is presented using different modes such as text, 2D graphics and 3D animations on virtual terrains. The presentation is automatically generated using a hierarchical planner with abstract presentation fragments corresponding to discourse patterns, taking into account the characteristics of the user who receives the information and constraints imposed by the communication devices (mobile phone, computer, fax, etc.). An application following this approach has been developed for a national hydrologic information infrastructure of Spain.

Impact of introducing longer and heavier vehicles on regional consumer price index and Spanish road freight transport system

This paper applies an integrated modeling approach to the case of Spain; the approach is based on a random utility-based multiregional input-output model and a road transport network model for assessing the effect of introducing longer and heavier vehicles (LHVs) on the regional consumer price index (CPI) and on the transportation system. The approach strongly supports the concept that changes in transport costs derived from the LHV allowance as well as the economic structure of regions have direct and indirect effects on the economy and on the transportation system. Results show that the introduction of LHVs might reduce prices paid by consumers for a representative basket of goods and services in the regions of Spain and would also lead to a reduction in the regional CPI. In addition, the magnitude and extent of changes in the transportation system are estimated by using the commodity-based structure of the approach to identify the effect of traffic changes on traffic flows and on pollutant emissions over the whole network.

An Overview of Geodetic Volcano Research in the Canary Islands

The Canary Islands are mostly characterized by diffuse and scattered volcanism affecting a large area, with only one active stratovolcano, the Teide?Pico Viejo complex (Tenerife). More than 2 million people live and work in the 7,447 km2 of the archipelago, resulting in an average population density three times greater than the rest of Spain. This fact, together with the growth of exposure during the past 40 years, increases volcanic risk with respect previous eruptions, as witnessed during the recent 2011?2012 El Hierro submarine eruption. Therefore, in addition to purely scientific reasons there are economic and population-security reasons for developing and maintaining an efficient volcano monitoring system. In this scenario geodetic monitoring represents an important part of the monitoring system. We describe volcano geodetic monitoring research carried out in the Canary Islands and the results obtained. We consider for each epoch the two main existing constraints: the level of volcanic activity in the archipelago, and the limitations of the techniques available at the time. Theoretical and observational aspects are considered, as well as the implications for operational volcano surveillance. Current challenges of and future perspectives in geodetic volcano monitoring in the Canaries are also presented.

Characterization of Underground Cellars in the Duero Basin by GNSS, LIDAR and GPR Techniques

The underground cellars that appear in different parts of Spain are part of an agricultural landscape dispersed, sometimes damaged, others at risk of disappearing. This paper studies the measurement and display of a group of wineries located in Atauta (Soria), in the Duero River corridor.

Efficiency and environmental indexes to evaluate the sustainability of mineral and organic fertilization in an irrigated melon crop

Melon is traditionally cultivated in fertigated farmlands in the center of Spain with high inputs of water and N fertilizer. Excess N can have a negative impact, from the economic point of view, since it can diminish the production and quality of the fruit, from the environmental point of view, since it is a very mobile element in the soil and can contaminate groundwater. From health point of view, nitrate can be accumulated in fruit pulp, and, in addition, groundwater is the fundamental supply source of human populations. Best management practices are particularly necessary in this region as many zones have been declared vulnerable to NO3- pollution (Directive 91/676/CEE) During successive years, a melon crop (Cucumis melo L.) was grown under field conditions applying mineral and organic fertilizers under drip irrigation. Different doses of ammonium nitrate were used as well as compost derived from the wine-distillery industry which is relevant in this area. The present study reviews the most common N efficiency indexes under the different management options with a view to maximizing yield and minimizing N loss.

Stabilization of embankments on inclined surfaces by micropiles

Embankments constructed on hillsides can have serious problems of stability, generally created by the action of water com-bined with the inclination of the hillside. In order to increase the stability or correct problems of instability already present, there are various methods that can be used: surface and deep drainage, reinforcements with anchored beams, medium and large diameter piles, etc. Standing out among these systems (for its versatility) is the use of micropiles which ?sew? the embankment to a non-unstable area of the hillside. This paper presents research undertaken by means of a finite element code for studying the effect and stress of the micropiles, comparing the results with real measurements taken in the south of Spain.

Relationship among slurry characteristics and gaseous emissions at different types of commercial Spanish pig farms

This study aimed to analyse several factors of variation of slurry composition and to establish prediction equations for potential methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) emissions. Seventy-nine feed and slurry samples were collected at two seasons (summer and winter) from commercial pig farms sited at two Spanish regions (Centre and Mediterranean). Nursery, growing-fattening, gestating and lactating facilities were sampled. Feed and slurry composition were determined, and potential CH4 and NH3 emissions measured at laboratory. Feed nutrient contents were used as covariates in the analysis. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was evaluated as a predicting tool for slurry composition and potential gaseous emissions. A wide variability was found both in feed and slurry composition. Mediterranean farms had a higher pH (p<0.001) and ash (p=0.02) concentration than those located at the Centre of Spain. Also, type of farm affected ether extract content of the slurry (p=0.02), with highest values obtained for the youngest animal facilities. Results suggested a buffer effect of dietary fibre on slurry pH and a direct relationship (p<0.05) with fibre constituents of manure. Dietary protein content did not affect slurry nitrogen content but decreased (p=0.003) total and volatile solids concentration. Prediction models of potential NH3 emissions (R2=0.89) and CH4 yield (R2=0.61) were obtained from slurry composition. Predictions from NIRS showed a high accuracy for most slurry constituents (R2>0.90) and similar accuracy of prediction of potential NH3 and CH4 emissions (R2=0.84 and 0.68, respectively) to models using slurry characteristics, which can be of interest to estimate emissions from commercial farms and establish mitigation strategies or optimize biogas production.

Contribution to Load-Frequency Regulation of a Hydropower Plant with Long Tail-Race Tunnel

In this paper, a hydroelectric power plant with long tail-race tunnel has been modelled for assessing its contribution to secondary regulation reserve. Cavitation problems, caused by the discharge conduit length, are expected downstream the turbine where low pressure appears during regulation manoeuvres. Therefore, governor's gains should be selected taking into account these phenomena. On the other hand, regulation services bidden by the plant operator should fulfil TSO (Transmission System Operator) quality requirements. A methodology for tuning governor PI gains is proposed and applied to a Hydro power plant in pre-design phase in northwest area of Spain. The PI gains adjustment proposed provides a proper plant response, according to some established indexes, while avoiding cavitation phenomena.

Combine use of Selected Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Lachancea thermotolerans Yeast Strains as an Alternative to the Traditional Malolactic Fermentation in Red Wine Production

Most red wines commercialized in the market use the malolactic fermentationprocess in order to ensure stability from a microbiological point of view. In this secondfermentation, malic acid is converted into L-lactic acid under controlled setups. Howeverthis process is not free from possible collateral effects that on some occasions produceoff-flavors, wine quality loss and human health problems. In warm viticulture regions suchas the south of Spain, the risk of suffering a deviation during the malolactic fermentationprocess increases due to the high must pH. This contributes to produce wines with highvolatile acidity and biogenic amine values. This manuscript develops a new red winemakingmethodology that consists of combining the use of two non-Saccharomyces yeast strains asan alternative to the traditional malolactic fermentation. In this method, malic acid is totallyconsumed by Schizosaccharomyces pombe, thus achieving the microbiological stabilizationobjective, while Lachancea thermotolerans produces lactic acid in order not to reduce andeven increase the acidity of wines produced from low acidity musts. This technique reducesthe risks inherent to the malolactic fermentation process when performed in warm regions.The result is more fruity wines that contain less acetic acid and biogenic amines than thetraditional controls that have undergone the classical malolactic fermentation.

La forma del agua. Temas e invariantes en el jardín y el paisaje. Análisis de casos (Holanda-España, 1548-1648)

El espacio geográfico, entendido como territorio que da soporte a la vida y a la civilización, ha estado siempre fuertemente supeditado a la presencia de agua. Desde la Prehistoria el hombre otorgó al agua, junto a otros elementos que aseguraban o protegían su vida, un valor superior, por encima de lo humano. Paralelamente y de manera natural, el jardín, en sus inicios en estrecha relación con la agricultura y con el paisaje, fue el ámbito idóneo para la creación de nuevas formas acuáticas artificiales. Este proceso dio lugar a un extenso repertorio de formas compositivas que parece que tuvo en el Renacimiento un punto de inflexión, en el que se observa como la mayoría de recursos y configuraciones básicas del agua estaban ya plenamente establecidas. Esta evolución y sus resultados ha sido el objeto de la primera parte de la tesis: su objetivo ha sido analizar cómo el agua configura, cualifica o puede llegar a construir el jardín y el territorio en el que se inserta, así como establecer las posibles relaciones entre estos dos ámbitos de estudio. Aunque la historia es su fundamento, el planteamiento aquí ha sido más bien conceptual; estudiando los componentes acuáticos desde un punto de vista fundamentalmente compositivo. Esta indagación previa ha sido indispensable para llegar a entender en profundidad los modos en los que el agua se muestra en el jardín y en el paisaje renacentista y manierista, momentos en que se insertan los dos casos de estudio que constituyen la segunda parte de la tesis. Sin caer en un determinismo geográfico extremo, puede admitirse que el jardín, como manifestación cultural intrínsecamente ligada al entorno, depende fuertemente del territorio en el que se asienta; hecho particularmente evidente en aquellas regiones en las que su especial geografía ha sido un claro factor condicionante de su historia. Por ello, Holanda y España han sido las dos localizaciones elegidas para profundizar en este estudio; no tanto por su estrecha relación política y cultural, sino por su profundo y sugerente contraste de medio físico y climático. La Península Ibérica, geográficamente el término del mundo conocido en Occidente hasta el final de la Edad Media, y por esta circunstancia convertida en destino, en territorio de permanencia y fusión, estará además supeditada en la mayoría de su territorio a la falta de agua, siendo a la vez heredera directa del universo y la tradición del jardín meridional originario de Oriente. En el extremo opuesto, Holanda, espacio de transición entre el mar y la tierra firme “real”, es un territorio permeado de humedad y surcado con generosidad por grandes ríos. El país, con una relación ambivalente con el agua, unas veces como amenaza y otras como fuente de nuevas oportunidades, será por el contrario especialmente favorable para el desarrollo de un modelo de jardín septentrional. Un jardín del norte, que no obstante, no surgirá de despejar los bosques, como en el arquetipo nórdico, sino que crecerá sobre planicies antes saturadas de agua o directamente anegadas. El marco temporal de los dos casos concretos ha considerado como fecha inicial 1548, momento en el que Felipe II, aún príncipe, realizó su primer viaje a los Países Bajos, y entró en contacto con el modelo holandés. La extensa producción posterior de jardines de Felipe II, siempre con el agua como protagonista, tuvo como destacado referente la adaptación al suelo y la geografía hispánicos de dicho modelo. Como fecha final se fija 1648, justo un siglo después, fecha coincidente con la firma de la Paz de Westfalia, tratado que supone la total reorganización política del territorio europeo y la pérdida de la hegemonía española en Europa. En Holanda sólo dos años después nacerá Guillermo III de Orange, estatúder de las Provincias Unidas, también futuro rey de Inglaterra, Escocia e Irlanda. Para entonces en Holanda ya se había asistido al desarrollo de un arte propio de jardín, íntimamente ligado al agua, sorprendentemente no demasiado bien conocido y que será uno de los temas de esta investigación. Finalmente, se propone una lectura conjunta de toda esta serie de intervenciones que tienen como argumento el agua, en la que se integra la información procedente de distintos campos de estudio, cada una con su metodología particular. El resultado es una tesis en la que el jardín y el territorio son tratados desde un nuevo y enriquecedor punto de vista. ABSTRACT Geographical space, understood as the territory that provides support to human life and civilization, has always been strongly subjected to the presence of water. From Prehistory man gave to water, along with other elements that ensured or protected life, a higher value than the merely human. At the same time and in a natural way, the garden, in its beginnings with a close relationship with agriculture and landscape, soon developed as the appropriate ground for the creation of new artificial aquatic forms, in a process that seems to have a turning point in the Renaissance, when most of the basic waterworks and resources were already fully established. This development and its outcomes are the subjects of the first part of the thesis: its scope has been to analyse how water configures, qualifies and might even help to construct the garden or landscape attached to it; and to establish the possible links between these two fields of study. Although history based, the point of view here is mainly conceptual, studying the water components understood as composite elements. This exploratory research has been essential to deeply understand the water patterns shown in the Renaissance and Mannerist garden and landscape, periods in which the two case studies are inserted. Without falling in extreme determinism, it can be accepted however, that garden, as a cultural expression linked to environment, is strongly dependant on territorial setting; something particularly evident in those areas where specific geography has been a clear history conditioning factor. This is the reason that leads to choose the Netherlands and Spain to deepen this study, no so much for their interesting cultural and politics relations as for the suggestive and profound contrast of their physical environment and climate. The Iberian Peninsula, geographically the limit of the known world in Occident until the end of the Medium Age, and by this circumstance understood as endpoint, more a destination than a crossroad, a territory of permanence and fusion, but also subjected to water shortage; is thus associated with the universe and tradition of the meridional garden imported from Orient. In the opposite, the Netherlands, a transitional space between the sea and the “real” firm land, is a territory permeated by water and crossed by big rivers. Always with an ambivalent relationship with water, sometimes seen as a threat and sometimes as a source of new opportunities, it was in the other hand the adequate land for the development of a special model of Northern garden. A garden that will not arise, however, from the clearing of woods as in the Nordic archetype, but that will grow on plains originally saturated of water or directly waterlogged. The timeframe of the two cases has 1548 as the initial year, moment in which Philip II, yet prince, made his first trip to the Low Lands and imbibed the Dutch garden model. The later and bountiful garden works of the king, always with the water as the main focus, adapted the imported model to the Spanish ground and geography. The final date is fixed in 1648, just a century after, in coincidence with the Westfalia Peace; a treaty that implied the total political reorganization of the European territory and the end of the Spanish hegemony in the continent. In Holland, only two years later, William III of Orange, Stadtholder of the United Provinces and also future king of England, Scotland and Ireland, was born. But by then the Netherlands had developed an own garden art, closely linked to water. This type garden, surprisingly not very well known, and its relationship with water, will be other of the addressing questions of this work. Finally, the investigation merges the different interventions that have water as an argument, integrating all the fields considered with their particular methodological approaches. The final result is a thesis in which garden and territory are treated from a new and enriching perspective.

Launching the Vicario Viaduct: Andalucia, Spain

The Vicario Viaduct is located in the A-44 motorway, in the South-East part of Spain. It crosses a natural gorge, near the town of Ízbor in the province of Granada. A single continuous steel concrete composite deck, 24 m wide and 175 m long, divided in two 87,5 m spans, has been built. The cross section is a single structural steel box, 8,00 m wide and 4,52 m deep. The total width of 24 m is reached adding a strut and tie system each 4,375 m on both sides of the box. The steel parts of the deck were entirely constructed in the workshop and then they were erected on site just behind one of the abutments. Finally a 27.5 m long steel nose was connected to launch the deck. The main problems have been the curved shape of the deck (1420 m radius in plan) producing a non symmetric transverse distribution of reactions on each support and the cantilever reaching 87,5 m long, producing a maximum deflection of 1500 mm

Understanding social enterprise country models: Spain

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the historical institutional context of Spain in the past 40 years and to analyze the influence of institutional factors in the current model of social enterprise existing in the country. Design/methodology/approach – This study draws on the theory of historical institutionalism, national-level empirical data and Kerlin conceptual framework (2013) that informs models of social enterprise. Findings – This paper describe some traits of Spain’s social enterprise that can be explained by the evolution of its institutional context in the past 40 years. It helps to validate, from a historical institutionalistic perspective, aspects of the Kerlin framework for social enterprise models. It also begins to show that the analysis of regional differences in the context should be taken into consideration when examining a country’s social enterprise space. Research limitations/implications – This discussion paper encourages academics to analyze regional differences in the emergence of social enterprise within a country. The main limitation of the paper is the lack of an “official” definition of social enterprise in Spain. Originality/value – This paper applies a valuable framework to a country with a unique political and economic history in the past 40 years. It contributes to enrich the research on the emergence and development of social enterprises in a variety of contexts and advances understanding of how regional differences inside a country influence the development of social enterprises.