Productive development in open economies

Includes bibliography

Occurrence of mycobacteria in bovine milk samples from both individual and collective bulk tanks at farms and informal markets in the southeast region of Sao Paulo, Brazil

Background: Mycobacterium spp. is one of the most important species of zoonotic pathogens that can be transmitted from cattle to humans. The presence of these opportunistic, pathogenic bacteria in bovine milk has emerged as a public-health concern, especially among individuals who consume raw milk and related dairy products. To address this concern, the Brazilian control and eradication program focusing on bovine tuberculosis, was established in 2001. However, bovine tuberculosis continues to afflict approximately 1,3 percent of the cattle in Brazil. In the present study, 300 samples of milk from bovine herds, obtained from both individual and collective bulk tanks and informal points of sale, were cultured on Löwenstein-Jensen and Stonebrink media. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based tests and restriction-enzyme pattern analysis were then performed on the colonies exhibiting phenotypes suggestive of Mycobacterium spp., which were characterized as acid-fast bacilli.Results: Of the 300 bovine milk samples that were processed, 24 were positively identified as Mycobacterium spp.Molecular identification detected 15 unique mycobacterial species: Mycobacterium bovis, M. gordonae, M. fortuitum, M. intracellulare, M. flavescens, M. duvalii, M. haemophilum, M. immunogenum, M. lentiflavum, M. mucogenicum, M. novocastrense, M. parafortuitum, M. smegmatis, M. terrae and M. vaccae. The isolation of bacteria from the various locations occurred in the following proportions: 9 percent of the individual bulk-tank samples, 7 percent of the collective bulk-tank samples and 8 percent of the informal-trade samples. No statistically significant difference was observed between the presence of Mycobacterium spp. in the three types of samples collected, the milk production profiles, the presence of veterinary assistance and the reported concerns about bovine tuberculosis prevention in the herds.Conclusion: The microbiological cultures associated with PCR-based identification tests are possible tools for the investigation of the presence of Mycobacterium spp. in milk samples. Using these methods, we found that the Brazilian population may be regularly exposed to mycobacteria by consuming raw bovine milk and related dairy products. These evidences reinforces the need to optimize quality programs of dairy products, to intensify the sanitary inspection of these products and the necessity of further studies on the presence of Mycobacterium spp. in milk and milk-based products. © 2013 Franco et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Evaluating interaction with websites: Case study of a government website of the Brazilian Ministry of labor and employment

This paper presents a usability evaluation of the MTE (Ministry of Labor e Employment) website in order to measure the effectiveness, efficiency and user satisfaction regarding the website. The participants were 12 users (07 users were female and 05 male). The results indicate that although the education level of all participants and computing experience, many of them have had difficulty in finding information and do not recommend the site. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Mujeres en el sector informal en América Latina: aspectos metodológicos

Incluye Bibliografía

Importancia del sector informal en los futuros asentamientos urbanos: la metrópolis dual = Importance of the informal sector in future urban settlements: the dual metropolis

Incluye Bibliografía

Creación de oportunidades de empleo en relación con la mano de obra disponible = Creation of employment opportunities in relation to labour supply

Los documentos del Seminario fueron publicados por UNESCO en 1961 con el título: La urbanización en América Latina/Urbanization in Latin America

La crisis social en América Latina y el desarrollo del sector informal

Esboza aspectos de la crisis social en América Latina y plantea desafíos actuales del desarrollo para enfocar con una visión más amplia las discusiones del seminario sobre la vivienda en el sector informal.

Medidas para reforzar la participación del sector informal en el mejoramiento de la vivienda para los más pobres

Plantea que para fortalecer la participación de los sectores más pobres en el mejoramiento de su hábitat es necesaria la interacción de los protagonistas: pobladores, Estado, técnicos y empresas de construcción; y expone algunas actividades concretas realizadas en ese sentido por la Fundación Vivienda y Comunidad de Argentina.

Medidas para reforzar la participación del sector informal en el campo de la vivienda para los más pobres

Presenta experiencias de la Fundación Missio, institución dependiente del Arzobispado de Santiago, en sus esfuerzos para aumentar la participación popular en la solución de los problemas habitacionales de los sectores marginales.

El sistema financiero para la vivienda y la producción de vivienda para el sector informal

Analiza los resultados alcanzados por el Gobierno Federal en su política nacional de habitación mediante la creación del Sistema Financiero de la Habitación y del Banco Nacional de la Habitación, así como aquellos objetivos sociales que se trazó inicialmente y que no logró sostener.

Informe de la Segunda Reunión Interagencial Informal sobre Juventud en América Latina y el Caribe

Incluye Bibliografía

Informe de relatoría de la segunda Reunión Interagencial Informal sobre Políticas Sociales Integradas y Ajuste Económico en América Latina y el Caribe

Incluye Bibliografía

Informe de la Tercera Reunión Interagencial Informal sobre Juventud en América Latina y el Caribe

Incluye Bibliografía