Turismo de nichos : uma análise ao papel dos seniores como participantes ativos

Dissertação de Mestrado, Gestão do Turismo Internacional, 3 de Dezembro de 2015, Universidade dos Açores.

Sistema pericial para o estudo de composição de betões

O betão é o material de construção feito pelo Homem mais utilizado no mundo. A sua composição é um processo complexo que exige um conhecimento teórico sólido e muita experiência prática, pelo que poucas pessoas estão habilitadas para o fazer e são muito requisitadas. No entanto não existe muita oferta actual de software que contemple alguns dos aspectos importantes da composição do betão, nomeadamente para o contexto europeu. Nesse sentido, foi desenvolvido um sistema de apoio à decisão chamado Betacomp, baseado num sistema pericial, para realizar estudos de composição de betão. Este contempla as normas legais portuguesas e europeias, e a partir da especificação do betão apresenta toda a informação necessária para se produzir um ensaio de betão. A aquisição do conhecimento necessário ao sistema contou com a colaboração de um especialista com longa e comprovada experiência na área da formulação e produção do betão, tendo sido construída uma base de conhecimento baseada em regras de produção no formato drl (Drools Rule Language). O desenvolvimento foi realizado na plataforma Drools.net, em C# e VB.net. O Betacomp suporta os tipos de betão mais comuns, assim como adições e adjuvantes, sendo aplicável numa grande parte dos cenários de obra. Tem a funcionalidade de fornecer explicações sobre as suas decisões ao utilizador, auxiliando a perceber as conclusões atingidas e simultaneamente pode funcionar como uma ferramenta pedagógica. A sua abordagem é bastante pragmática e de certo modo inovadora, tendo em conta parâmetros novos, que habitualmente não são considerados neste tipo de software. Um deles é o nível do controlo de qualidade do produtor de betão, sendo feito um ajuste de compensação à resistência do betão a cumprir, proporcional à qualidade do produtor. No caso dos produtores de betão, permite que indiquem os constituintes que já possuem para os poderem aproveitar (caso não haja impedimentos técnicos) , uma prática muito comum e que permitirá eventualmente uma aceitação maior da aplicação, dado que reflecte a forma habitual de agir nos produtores.

Modelos para a determinação da taxa de juro

Nos tempos que correm assistimos a alguma volatilidade e incerteza quanto à evolução das taxas de juro. As alterações nas taxas de juro podem afectar o resultado e a situação líquida das empresas. O risco da taxa de juro pode ser controlado através de diversos modelos. Os modelos mais usuais de gestão do risco baseiam-se nos diferenciais de fundos (GAP), diferenciais de duração, valor em risco (VaR) e simulação estática e dinâmica que são apresentados de forma sequencial nesta obra. Modelos para a Determinação do Risco da Taxa de Juro é uma obra de grande utilidade para os profissionais e técnicos das instituições de crédito e sociedades financeiras para além dos gestores de empresa responsáveis pelos departamentos financeiros, consultores financeiros e para todos aqueles que se interessam por temas relacionados com teoria financeira. O autor, Eduardo Manuel Lopes de Sá e Silva é doutorado em Ciências Económicas e Empresariais, pela Universidade da Corunha, Espanha, licenciado e mestre em Economia pela Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto. Exerce funções de docente no Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto e é coordenador do Curso de Especialização em Contabilidade e Fiscalidade que conta com o apoio da Câmara dos Técnicos Oficiais de Contas. Igualmente exerce as funções de técnico oficial de contas, revisor oficial de contas e consultor financeiro numa Instituição de Crédito.

Práticas de literacia e avaliação da competência da escrita

O desfasamento entre a escola e os diferentes contextos sociais em que se insere, a dificuldade em dar resposta às solicitações e desafios que as suas comunidades lhe colocam, a deficiente preparação de muitos dos alunos para um uso competente e crítico da linguagem oral e escrita, constituem três críticas sérias ao papel atual da escola. O projeto que estamos a dinamizar com uma turma do ensino secundário procura contrariar este rumo da educação, demonstrando que é possível construir e valorizar as competências de literacia que não se circunscrevem à própria vida escolar, através de atividades de aprendizagem efetiva da escrita, numa relação interdisciplinar com outras áreas de conhecimento. Ele surge nos antípodas do ensino tradicional, onde a produção escrita é imposta aos alunos, tendo quase sempre o professor como único destinatário, valorizando-se aspetos de natureza formal e superficial em detrimento de outros que são fundamentais em termos de eficácia discursiva, fazendo dela depender, quase exclusivamente, a avaliação do aluno, muitas vezes assente numa mera reprodução de conhecimento.Assim, e com recurso à metodologia do trabalho de projeto, concebemos um roteiro paisagístico, ainda em fase de realização, acerca de uma quinta de D. Antónia (Ferreirinha), destinado aos seus turistas, que tem obrigado a uma participação no quadro mais alargado da escola enquanto comunidade e nas comunidades em que os seus membros se inserem, fazendo com que os alunos interajam com os contextos culturais, históricos, económicos, sociais e institucionais onde atuam, estudam e vivem: o Douro. Nesta comunicação, procuramos divulgar estas práticas e discutir a sua viabilidade, evidenciando o modo como os alunos constroem o seu saber sobre a língua e de que modo a avaliação é um processo indispensável quer nas diferentes etapas de elaboração de um projeto, quer no domínio da competência de escrita.

Exporting "failure": why research from rich countries may not benefit the developing world

The '10/90 gap' was first highlighted by the Global Forum for Health Research. It refers to the finding that 90% of worldwide medical research expenditure is targeted at problems affecting only 10% of the world's population. Applying research results from the rich world to the problems of the poor may be a tempting, potentially easy and convenient solution for this gap. This paper had the objective of presenting arguments that such an approach runs the risk of exporting failure. Health interventions that are shown to be effective in the specific context of a Western industrialized setting will not necessarily work in the developing world.

Phisiodata: desenvolvimento da evidência científica da fisioterapia em Portugal

Mestrado em Fisioterapia

Thermodynamic pathway for the formation of SnSe and SnSe2 polycrystalline thin films by selenization of metal precursors

In this work, tin selenide thin films (SnSex) were grown on soda lime glass substrates by selenization of dc magnetron sputtered Sn metallic precursors. Selenization was performed at maximum temperatures in the range 300 °C to 570 °C. The thickness and the composition of the films were analysed using step profilometry and energy dispersive spectroscopy, respectively. The films were structurally and optically investigated by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and optical transmittance and reflectance measurements. X-Ray diffraction patterns suggest that for temperatures between 300 °C and 470 °C, the films are composed of the hexagonal-SnSe2 phase. By increasing the temperature, the films selenized at maximum temperatures of 530 °C and 570 °C show orthorhombic-SnSe as the dominant phase with a preferential crystal orientation along the (400) crystallographic plane. Raman scattering analysis allowed the assignment of peaks at 119 cm−1 and 185 cm−1 to the hexagonal-SnSe2 phase and those at 108 cm−1, 130 cm−1 and 150 cm−1 to the orthorhombic-SnSe phase. All samples presented traces of condensed amorphous Se with a characteristic Raman peak located at 255 cm−1. From optical measurements, the estimated band gap energies for hexagonal-SnSe2 were close to 0.9 eV and 1.7 eV for indirect forbidden and direct transitions, respectively. The samples with the dominant orthorhombic-SnSe phase presented estimated band gap energies of 0.95 eV and 1.15 eV for indirect allowed and direct allowed transitions, respectively.

Maintenance and destrcution of R&D leadership

In the standard Schumpeterian-growth models only follower firms invest in R&D activities and larger economies grow faster. Since these results are counterfactual, this paper reveals that leader firms often support R&D activities and economic growth can be independent of the market size. In particular, the maintenance of R&D leadership increases with: (i) the technological-knowledge gap between leader and followers, since a firm-specific learning effect of accumulated technological knowledge from past R&D is considered, (ii) the leaders’ strategies that delay the next successful R&D supported by some follower firm, (iii) the market size, and (iv) the up-grade of each innovation.

Alice's anima or the obligation of a reading transliteracy

This paper suggests an analysis of "Inanimate Alice" by Kate Pullinger, Chris Joseph and Ian Harper as an example of a transmedia narrative that triggers a new reading experience whilst proposing a literary alterity between reading and performance. Narrative experiences that elect the visual plasticity, interchanging games and tactility as drivers of the creative process are not new. Yet, narrative experiences, which have been created in the gap between reality and fiction, have found on the digital realm the perfect environment to multiple hybrid experiences. Bearing in mind Walter Benjamin’s concept of Erlebnis and Erfahrung, a critical analysis of this digital fiction tries to illustrate how literary art finds its space and time in a metamorphosed continuum only activated by the “patient reader”. All the multimedia hybrids, which this digital literary work may have, challenge readers to interpret different signals and poetic structures that most of readers might not be accustomed to; however even among a cognitive dissonance, meaning is found and reading happens only if time, space and attention are available. All possible transmedia literacies can only respond to this experience of online reading, if they are able to focus and draw attention not to a simple new behaviour or a single new practice, but to a demanding state of affairs that assemble different objective and subjective value forms.

Precursors’ order effect on the properties of sulfurized Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films

A dc magnetron sputtering-based method to grow high-quality Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films, to be used as an absorber layer in solar cells, is being developed. This method combines dc sputtering of metallic precursors with sulfurization in S vapour and with post-growth KCN treatment for removal of possible undesired Cu2−xS phases. In this work, we report the results of a study of the effects of changing the precursors’ deposition order on the final CZTS films’ morphological and structural properties. The effect of KCN treatment on the optical properties was also analysed through diffuse reflectance measurements. Morphological, compositional and structural analyses of the various stages of the growth have been performed using stylus profilometry, SEM/EDS analysis, XRD and Raman Spectroscopy. Diffuse reflectance studies have been done in order to estimate the band gap energy of the CZTS films. We tested two different deposition orders for the copper precursor, namely Mo/Zn/Cu/Sn and Mo/Zn/Sn/Cu. The stylus profilometry analysis shows high average surface roughness in the ranges 300–550 nm and 230–250 nm before and after KCN treatment, respectively. All XRD spectra show preferential growth orientation along (1 1 2) at 28.45◦. Raman spectroscopy shows main peaks at 338 cm−1 and 287 cm−1 which are attributed to Cu2ZnSnS4. These measurements also confirm the effectiveness of KCN treatment in removing Cu2−xS phases. From the analysis of the diffuse reflectance measurements the band gap energy for both precursors’ sequences is estimated to be close to 1.43 eV. The KCN-treated films show a better defined absorption edge; however, the band gap values are not significantly affected. Hot point probe measurements confirmed that CZTS had p-type semiconductor behaviour and C–V analysis was used to estimate the majority carrier density giving a value of 3.3 × 1018 cm−3.

A study of ternary Cu2SnS3 and Cu3SnS4 thin films prepared by sulfurizing stacked metal precursors

Thin films of Cu2SnS3 and Cu3SnS4 were grown by sulfurization of dc magnetron sputtered Sn–Cu metallic precursors in a S2 atmosphere. Different maximum sulfurization temperatures were tested which allowed the study of the Cu2SnS3 phase changes. For a temperature of 350 ◦C the films were composed of tetragonal (I -42m) Cu2SnS3. The films sulfurized at a maximum temperature of 400 ◦C presented a cubic (F-43m) Cu2SnS3 phase. On increasing the temperature up to 520 ◦C, the Sn content of the layer decreased and orthorhombic (Pmn21) Cu3SnS4 was formed. The phase identification and structural analysis were performed using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis. Raman scattering analysis was also performed and a comparison with XRD and EBSD data allowed the assignment of peaks at 336 and 351 cm−1 for tetragonal Cu2SnS3, 303 and 355 cm−1 for cubic Cu2SnS3, and 318, 348 and 295 cm−1 for the Cu3SnS4 phase. Compositional analysis was done using energy dispersive spectroscopy and induced coupled plasma analysis. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of the layers. Transmittance and reflectance measurements permitted the estimation of absorbance and band gap. These ternary compounds present a high absorbance value close to 104 cm−1. The estimated band gap energy was 1.35 eV for tetragonal (I -42m) Cu2SnS3, 0.96 eV for cubic (F-43m) Cu2SnS3 and 1.60 eV for orthorhombic (Pmn21) Cu3SnS4. A hot point probe was used for the determination of semiconductor conductivity type. The results show that all the samples are p-type semiconductors. A four-point probe was used to obtain the resistivity of these samples. The resistivities for tetragonal Cu2SnS3, cubic Cu2SnS3 and orthorhombic (Pmn21) Cu3SnS4 are 4.59 × 10−2 cm, 1.26 × 10−2 cm, 7.40 × 10−4 cm, respectively.

CuxSnSx+1 (x = 2, 3) thin films grown by sulfurization of metallic precursors deposited by dc magnetron sputtering

We report the results of the growth of Cu-Sn-S ternary chalcogenide compounds by sulfurization of dc magnetron sputtered metallic precursors. Tetragonal Cu2SnS3 forms for a maximum sulfurization temperature of 350 ºC. Cubic Cu2SnS3 is obtained at sulfurization temperatures above 400 ºC. These results are supported by XRD analysis and Raman spectroscopy measurements. The latter analysis shows peaks at 336 cm-1, 351 cm-1 for tetragonal Cu2SnS3, and 303 cm-1, 355 cm-1 for cubic Cu2SnS3. Optical analysis shows that this phase change lowers the band gap from 1.35 eV to 0.98 eV. At higher sulfurization temperatures increased loss of Sn is expected in the sulphide form. As a consequence, higher Cu content ternary compounds like Cu3SnS4 grow. In these conditions, XRD and Raman analysis only detected orthorhombic (Pmn21) phase (petrukite). This compound has Raman peaks at 318 cm-1, 348 cm-1 and 295 cm-1. For a sulfurization temperature of 450 ºC the samples present a multi-phase structure mainly composed by cubic Cu2SnS3 and orthorhombic (Pmn21) Cu3SnS4. For higher temperatures, the samples are single phase and constituted by orthorhombic (Pmn21) Cu3SnS4. Transmittance and reflectance measurements were used to estimate a band gap of 1.60 eV. For comparison we also include the results for Cu2ZnSnS4 obtained using similar growth conditions.

Growth pressure dependence of Cu2ZnSnSe4 properties

In this work, we show a set of growth conditions, for the two step process, with which the growth of CZTSe is successful and reproducible. The properties of the best CTZSe thin films grown by this method were examined by SEM/EDS, XRD, Raman scattering, AFM/EFM, transmittance and reflectance measurements, photoluminescence (PL) measurements and hot point probe. A broad emission band was observed in the photoluminescence spectrum of the CZTSe thin film. The band gap energy was estimated to be around 1.05 eV at room temperature, using the transmittance and reflectance data, and CZTSe samples show p-type conductivity with the hot point probe. The different characterization techniques show that we could grow single phase CZTSe thin films with our optimized process conditions.

Influence of selenization pressure on the growth of Cu2ZnSnSe4 films from stacked metallic layers

Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) is a p-type semiconductor with a high absorption coefficient, 104 to 105 cm-1, and is being seen as a possible replacement for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 in thin film solar cells. Yet, there are some fundamental properties of CZTSe that are not well known, one of them is its band gap. In order to resolve its correct value it is necessary to improve the growth conditions to ensure that single phase crystalline thin films are obtained. One of the problems encountered when growing CZTSe is the loss of Sn through evaporation of SnSe. Stoichiometric films are then difficult to obtain and usually there are other phases present. One possible way to overcome this problem is to increase the pressure of growth of CZTSe. This can be done by introducing an atmosphere of an inert gas like Ar or N2. In this work we report the results of morphological, structural and optical studies of the properties of CZTSe thin films grown by selenization of DC magnetron sputtered metallic layers under different Ar pressures. The films are analysed by SEM/EDS, Raman scattering and XRD.

Simulation of the magnetic induction vector of a magnetic core to be used in FFC NMR relaxometry

This paper is a contribution for the assessment and comparison of magnet properties based on magnetic field characteristics particularly concerning the magnetic induction uniformity in the air gaps. For this aim, a solver was developed and implemented to determine the magnetic field of a magnetic core to be used in Fast Field Cycling (FFC) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxometry. The electromagnetic field computation is based on a 2D finite-element method (FEM) using both the scalar and the vector potential formulation. Results for the magnetic field lines and the magnetic induction vector in the air gap are presented. The target magnetic induction is 0.2 T, which is a typical requirement of the FFC NMR technique, which can be achieved with a magnetic core based on permanent magnets or coils. In addition, this application requires high magnetic induction uniformity. To achieve this goal, a solution including superconducting pieces is analyzed. Results are compared with a different FEM program.