Making it in the Modern Job Market: A Study of Communication among the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Population

Gemstone Team AUDIO (Assessing and Understanding Deaf Individuals' Occupations)

Improving cold chain technologies through the use of phase change material

Gemstone Team FRESH

An Investigation into the Efficacy of a pH-Sensitive Material for Milk Spoilage Detection

Ambiguous expiration dates on milk cartons can mislead consumers into prematurely disposing unspoiled milk and potentially drinking spoiled milk. These misconceptions can lead to wastage that harms the environment, or potential discomfort and illness. The incorporation of pH-sensitive indicators into plastic milk cartons has the potential to replace stamped expiration dates as the traditional method of milk spoilage indication. We studied the correlation between bacteria count and milk pH to establish pH measurement as an effective indicator of milk quality. We then developed a method for incorporating bromothymol blue, a pH-sensitive color-changing dye, into a hydrogel made of polyacrylamide. This hydrogel can be added to existing packaging for milk or other products with detectable pH changes. Additionally, we conducted a consumer survey and analyzed current food packaging trends in the market. Our research indicates that a spoilage-indicating milk carton could have strong market potential as food industries increasingly adopt intelligent packaging designs.

Monte Carlo Analysis and Physics Characterization of a Novel Nanoparticle Detector for Medical and Micro-dosimetry Applications

The outcomes for both (i) radiation therapy and (ii) preclinical small animal radio- biology studies are dependent on the delivery of a known quantity of radiation to a specific and intentional location. Adverse effects can result from these procedures if the dose to the target is too high or low, and can also result from an incorrect spatial distribution in which nearby normal healthy tissue can be undesirably damaged by poor radiation delivery techniques. Thus, in mice and humans alike, the spatial dose distributions from radiation sources should be well characterized in terms of the absolute dose quantity, and with pin-point accuracy. When dealing with the steep spatial dose gradients consequential to either (i) high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy or (ii) within the small organs and tissue inhomogeneities of mice, obtaining accurate and highly precise dose results can be very challenging, considering commercially available radiation detection tools, such as ion chambers, are often too large for in-vivo use.

In this dissertation two tools are developed and applied for both clinical and preclinical radiation measurement. The first tool is a novel radiation detector for acquiring physical measurements, fabricated from an inorganic nano-crystalline scintillator that has been fixed on an optical fiber terminus. This dosimeter allows for the measurement of point doses to sub-millimeter resolution, and has the ability to be placed in-vivo in humans and small animals. Real-time data is displayed to the user to provide instant quality assurance and dose-rate information. The second tool utilizes an open source Monte Carlo particle transport code, and was applied for small animal dosimetry studies to calculate organ doses and recommend new techniques of dose prescription in mice, as well as to characterize dose to the murine bone marrow compartment with micron-scale resolution.

Hardware design changes were implemented to reduce the overall fiber diameter to <0.9 mm for the nano-crystalline scintillator based fiber optic detector (NanoFOD) system. Lower limits of device sensitivity were found to be approximately 0.05 cGy/s. Herein, this detector was demonstrated to perform quality assurance of clinical 192Ir HDR brachytherapy procedures, providing comparable dose measurements as thermo-luminescent dosimeters and accuracy within 20% of the treatment planning software (TPS) for 27 treatments conducted, with an inter-quartile range ratio to the TPS dose value of (1.02-0.94=0.08). After removing contaminant signals (Cerenkov and diode background), calibration of the detector enabled accurate dose measurements for vaginal applicator brachytherapy procedures. For 192Ir use, energy response changed by a factor of 2.25 over the SDD values of 3 to 9 cm; however a cap made of 0.2 mm thickness silver reduced energy dependence to a factor of 1.25 over the same SDD range, but had the consequence of reducing overall sensitivity by 33%.

For preclinical measurements, dose accuracy of the NanoFOD was within 1.3% of MOSFET measured dose values in a cylindrical mouse phantom at 225 kV for x-ray irradiation at angles of 0, 90, 180, and 270˝. The NanoFOD exhibited small changes in angular sensitivity, with a coefficient of variation (COV) of 3.6% at 120 kV and 1% at 225 kV. When the NanoFOD was placed alongside a MOSFET in the liver of a sacrificed mouse and treatment was delivered at 225 kV with 0.3 mm Cu filter, the dose difference was only 1.09% with use of the 4x4 cm collimator, and -0.03% with no collimation. Additionally, the NanoFOD utilized a scintillator of 11 µm thickness to measure small x-ray fields for microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) applications, and achieved 2.7% dose accuracy of the microbeam peak in comparison to radiochromic film. Modest differences between the full-width at half maximum measured lateral dimension of the MRT system were observed between the NanoFOD (420 µm) and radiochromic film (320 µm), but these differences have been explained mostly as an artifact due to the geometry used and volumetric effects in the scintillator material. Characterization of the energy dependence for the yttrium-oxide based scintillator material was performed in the range of 40-320 kV (2 mm Al filtration), and the maximum device sensitivity was achieved at 100 kV. Tissue maximum ratio data measurements were carried out on a small animal x-ray irradiator system at 320 kV and demonstrated an average difference of 0.9% as compared to a MOSFET dosimeter in the range of 2.5 to 33 cm depth in tissue equivalent plastic blocks. Irradiation of the NanoFOD fiber and scintillator material on a 137Cs gamma irradiator to 1600 Gy did not produce any measurable change in light output, suggesting that the NanoFOD system may be re-used without the need for replacement or recalibration over its lifetime.

For small animal irradiator systems, researchers can deliver a given dose to a target organ by controlling exposure time. Currently, researchers calculate this exposure time by dividing the total dose that they wish to deliver by a single provided dose rate value. This method is independent of the target organ. Studies conducted here used Monte Carlo particle transport codes to justify a new method of dose prescription in mice, that considers organ specific doses. Monte Carlo simulations were performed in the Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) toolkit using a MOBY mouse whole-body phantom. The non-homogeneous phantom was comprised of 256x256x800 voxels of size 0.145x0.145x0.145 mm3. Differences of up to 20-30% in dose to soft-tissue target organs was demonstrated, and methods for alleviating these errors were suggested during whole body radiation of mice by utilizing organ specific and x-ray tube filter specific dose rates for all irradiations.

Monte Carlo analysis was used on 1 µm resolution CT images of a mouse femur and a mouse vertebra to calculate the dose gradients within the bone marrow (BM) compartment of mice based on different radiation beam qualities relevant to x-ray and isotope type irradiators. Results and findings indicated that soft x-ray beams (160 kV at 0.62 mm Cu HVL and 320 kV at 1 mm Cu HVL) lead to substantially higher dose to BM within close proximity to mineral bone (within about 60 µm) as compared to hard x-ray beams (320 kV at 4 mm Cu HVL) and isotope based gamma irradiators (137Cs). The average dose increases to the BM in the vertebra for these four aforementioned radiation beam qualities were found to be 31%, 17%, 8%, and 1%, respectively. Both in-vitro and in-vivo experimental studies confirmed these simulation results, demonstrating that the 320 kV, 1 mm Cu HVL beam caused statistically significant increased killing to the BM cells at 6 Gy dose levels in comparison to both the 320 kV, 4 mm Cu HVL and the 662 keV, 137Cs beams.

Establecimiento de sistemas silvopastoriles : efecto de la edad del material de multiplicación y manejo del pastoreo con bovinos

El establecimiento de un sistema silvopastoril (SSP) en plantaciones de álamo (Populus deltoides `Australiano 106/60´) requiere de nuevas estrategias de manejo. En este contexto, la combinación del tipo de material de multiplicación utilizado y su palatabilidad pueden resultar determinantes del éxito de la instalación del sistema. El objetivo general del estudio fue generar una nueva tecnología para la instalación de un SSP con álamos orientado a la producción de madera para múltiples destinos. El primer objetivo consistió en evaluar los cambios que se producen en diferentes distancias de plantación sobre la dimensión y características morfológicas de las guías de álamo, materiales de multiplicación potencialmente aptos para instalar un SSP, y el segundo, determinar el efecto del tamaño y/o edad de las guías sobre el crecimiento del componente arbóreo y la sensibilidad al daño de las mismas frente al pastoreo de ganado bovino en un SSP de álamo. Los resultados indican que los mayores distanciamientos ensayados produjeron las mejores guías de uno, dos y tres años de edad, con mayor DAP, altura total, biomasa aérea, rectitud, conicidad y estabilidad del fuste. Se determinó además que es posible acelerar el ingreso del ganado de cría al SSP utilizando guías con un DAP igual ó mayor a los 6 cm, con una respuesta positiva durante los primeros años de plantación. Las hojas y ramitas tiernas de álamo, productos de una poda de primavera, constituyeron por su buena disponibilidad de PB, P y K y su DE un buen complemento de la dieta animal. Se concluye finalmente que, utilizando guías de álamo como material de multiplicación, es posible producir anticipadamente madera de álamo para usos múltiples, pasturas naturales espontáneas y carne vacuna en los SSP del bajo Delta del Río Paraná.

Establecimiento de sistemas silvopastoriles : efecto de la edad del material de multiplicación y manejo del pastoreo con bovinos

El establecimiento de un sistema silvopastoril (SSP)en plantaciones de álamo (Populus deltoides `Australiano 106/60´)requiere de nuevas estrategias de manejo. En este contexto, la combinación del tipo de material de multiplicación utilizado y su palatabilidad pueden resultar determinantes del éxito de la instalación del sistema. El objetivo general del estudio fue generar una nueva tecnología para la instalación de un SSP con álamos orientado a la producción de madera para múltiples destinos. El primer objetivo consistió en evaluar los cambios que se producen en diferentes distancias de plantación sobre la dimensión y características morfológicas de las guías de álamo, materiales de multiplicación potencialmente aptos para instalar un SSP, y el segundo, determinar el efecto del tamaño y/o edad de las guías sobre el crecimiento del componente arbóreo y la sensibilidad al daño de las mismas frente al pastoreo de ganado bovino en un SSP de álamo. Los resultados indican que los mayores distanciamientos ensayados produjeron las mejores guías de uno, dos y tres años de edad, con mayor DAP, altura total, biomasa aérea, rectitud, conicidad y estabilidad del fuste. Se determinó además que es posible acelerar el ingreso del ganado de cría al SSP utilizando guías con un DAP igual ó mayor a los 6 cm, con una respuesta positiva durante los primeros años de plantación. Las hojas y ramitas tiernas de álamo, productos de una poda de primavera, constituyeron por su buena disponibilidad de PB, P y K y su DE un buen complemento de la dieta animal. Se concluye finalmente que, utilizando guías de álamo como material de multiplicación, es posible producir anticipadamente madera de álamo para usos múltiples, pasturas naturales espontáneas y carne vacuna en los SSP del bajo Delta del Río Paraná.

El papel como material didáctico en la construcción de la geometría plana

La geometría en el currículo de secundaria se introduce con la intención de proporcionar al alumno una mayor capacidad de comprensión de la organización espacial del mundo que nos rodea, exigiendo para ello un aprendizaje sistematizado. Con este propósito, el ``Grupo PI' trabaja en el desarrollo de actividades para el aula utilizando un material económico y de fácil adquisición como es el papel. El objetivo es proporcionar al profesor un material eficaz para el trabajo en el aula y aproximar a los alumnos a la Geometría Plana a través de una serie de tareas estructuradas que logran una mayor significatividad del proceso de aprendizaje. Se emplearán axiomas del origami para crear secuencias que permitan la construcción de representaciones significativas en los procesos de aprendizaje. Por último, intentaremos mostrar a los profesores la utilidad del papel como material didáctico en la construcción de conocimiento geométrico.

Uso de material fílmico para el aprendiza cooperativo informal en la clase matemáticas

Que la educación por sí misma es una actividad cooperativa, es una afirmación que hasta los propios estudiantes reconocen en sus mejores experiencias educativas en un marco pleno de cooperación, y con la guía adecuada. Como orientación para el desarrollo de actividades en el marco del aprendizaje cooperativo, la organización y esquematización de prescripciones, la identificación de los procesos de aprendizaje, con la correspondiente función de la enseñanza y la orientación para el docente, es que se propone interesar al alumno por el proceso y por los resultados. Para la etapa de aprestamiento como actividad inicial se pensó en una obra cinematográfica: La habitación de Fermat.

Usos educativos del material Thesaurus para la enseñanza de las matemáticas

En este artículo analizamos los tipos de tareas que se pueden realizar con Thesaurus, un diccionario multimedia de matemáticas en red, utilizando el aula de informática para la clase de matemáticas en la ESO. Asimismo valoramos su influencia en el desarrollo de competencias matemáticas. El estudio se centra en el diseño y puesta en práctica de unidades didácticas de geometría con Thesaurus y en el análisis de los resultados de pruebas piloto realizadas por distintos grupos de alumnos.

An intelligent assistant for design and material engineers in the submarine cable industry

This paper describes an industrial application of case-based reasoning in engineering. The application involves an integration of case-based reasoning (CBR) retrieval techniques with a relational database. The database is specially designed as a repository of experiential knowledge and with the CBR application in mind such as to include qualitative search indices. The application is for an intelligent assistant for design and material engineers in the submarine cable industry. The system consists of three components; a material classifier and a database of experiential knowledge and a CBR system is used to retrieve similar past cases based on component descriptions. Work has shown that an uncommon retrieval technique, hierarchical searching, well represents several search indices and that this techniques aids the implementation of advanced techniques such as context sensitive weights. The system is currently undergoing user testing at the Alcatel Submarine Cables site in Greenwich. Plans are for wider testing and deployment over several sites internationally.

Material properties, geometry and their effect on the fatigue life of two flip-chip models

This paper describes how modeling technology has been used in providing fatigue life time data of two flip-chip models. Full-scale three-dimensional modeling of flip-chips under cyclic thermal loading has been combined with solder joint stand-off height prediction to analyze the stress and strain conditions in the two models. The Coffin-Manson empirical relationship is employed to predict the fatigue life times of the solder interconnects. In order to help designers in selecting the underfill material and the printed circuit board, the Young's modulus and the coefficient of thermal expansion of the underfill, as well as the thickness of the printed circuit boards are treated as variable parameters. Fatigue life times are therefore calculated over a range of these material and geometry parameters. In this paper we will also describe how the use of micro-via technology may affect fatigue life

Intelligent design assistant (IDA): a case base reasoning system for material and design

This paper describes the approach to the modelling of experiential knowledge in an industrial application of Case-Based Reasoning (CBR). The CBR involves retrieval techniques in conjunction with a relational database. The database is especially designed as a repository of experiential knowledge, and includes qualitative search indices. The system is intended to help design engineers and material engineers in the submarine cable industry. It consists of three parts: a materials database; a database of experiential knowledge; and a CBR system used to retrieve similar past designs based upon component and material qualitative descriptions. The system is currently undergoing user testing at the Alcatel Submarine Networks site in Greenwich.