Inflationary expectations during Germany's great slump

Was the German slump inevitable? This paper argues that -despite thespeed and depth of Germany's deflation in the early 1930s - fear ofinflation is evident in the bond, foreign exchange, and commodity marketsat certain critical junctures of the Great Depression. Therefore, policyoptions were more limited than many subsequent critics of Brüning'spolicies have been prepared to admit. Using a rational expectationsframework, we find strong evidence from the bondmarket to suggest fearof inflation. Futures prices also reveal that market participants werebetting on price increases. These findings are discussed in the contextof reparations and related to the need for a regime shift to overcomethe crisis.

Almost sure testability of classes of densities

Let a class $\F$ of densities be given. We draw an i.i.d.\ sample from a density $f$ which may or may not be in $\F$. After every $n$, one must make a guess whether $f \in \F$ or not. A class is almost surely testable if there exists such a testing sequence such that for any $f$, we make finitely many errors almost surely. In this paper, several results are given that allowone to decide whether a class is almost surely testable. For example, continuity and square integrability are not testable, but unimodality, log-concavity, and boundedness by a given constant are.

Ús de minicasos a les classes expositives de psicologia

L’assoliment de l’Espai Europeu d’Educació Superior implica nous rols per a professorsi alumnes i la introducció de noves metodologies docents. En aquest article es presenta unaexperiència d’innovació en la docència de la Psicologia consistent en la incorporació deminicasos a les classes expositives de l’assignatura troncal i anual “Avaluació Psicològica” desegon curs de la llicenciatura de Psicologia. S’exposa el procediment i s’analitza l’opinió delsestudiants respecte a la utilitats dels minicasos per incrementar l’atenció, l’interès i lacomprensió de l’assignatura

Participació de les aigües subterrànies en la gènesi d'ambients palustres continentals: el cas dels prats de Sant Sebastià (Caldes de Malavella, Girona)

The area known as 'prats de Sant Sebastià' is in Caldes de Malavella. It is part of the wetlands located in the south-eastern end of the Selva Basin. Several areas with unusually high conductivity (EC up to 24,500 uS/cm) have been identified in this place. This fact allows highly specialised and comparatively rare botanical species to grow in this area. These saline soils follow a north-south line-up. The geophysical data, obtained with a field conductivemeter (EM 31), show that this superficial line-up continues in the subsoil. In addition to this, the conductivity cartography, made for an electromagnetic exploration depth of 6 meters, shows that the width of the region where these salinity anomalies take place increases in depth. When included in the hidrogeological context of this sector of the Selva Basin, these data bring new elements for the study of the genesis and working of these marshy environments.The model that future research will have to confirm, maintains that the groundwater discharges coming from the underlying hydrogeothermal aquifer are a conditioning factor of the aforementioned phenomenon. This ascending flow of highly mineralised waters (TDS of about 3,500 mg/l) can produce and keep stable the soil salinity

Working with Iowans building a culture of conservation, Program Summary, November 2008

Over 94% of Iowa ’ s land is held in private ownership, and the programs of the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship Division of Soil Conservation (IDALS-DSC) have been established to work with these landowners. Over 90% of the landscape is used for agricultural production so much of our focus is in rural communities, but we haven’t overlooked the importance of land management in urban areas. It is crucial to understanding of both conservation and hydrology issues, that what happens on the landscape has immense consequences to the environmental health of our state and the quality of life we enjoy. IDALS-DSC is striving to integrate our programs with other agencies and local concerns to improve water and local concerns to improve water and soil quality throughout the state and nation.

Características dos óxidos de ferro e de alumínio de diferentes classes de solos

Para avaliar as características dos óxidos de ferro e de alumínio, foram coletadas amostras de solos desenvolvidos de diferentes materiais de origem e estádios de desenvolvimento nos estados de MG, ES, RS e RR. A fração argila das amostras foi estudada por difratometria de raios-X (DRX), análise termodiferencial (ATD), análise termogravimétrica diferencial (ATGD) e microscopia eletrônica. Nos extratos resultantes da extração com oxalato de amônio (OA) e ditionito-citrato-bicarbonato (DCB), determinaram-se os teores de Al, Si e microelementos, inclusive Fe. Em geral, a goethita (Gt) foi o principal óxido de ferro da fração argila. Apenas para os solos desenvolvidos de basalto e de arenito, verificou-se o predomínio de hematita (Hm). Os solos do Grupo Barreiras (ES) apresentaram os menores teores de óxidos de ferro em decorrência do intenso processo de desferrificação sofrido pelos sedimentos. Por ser a Gt um óxido hidratado, quanto maior a relação Gt/(Gt + Hm), maior o teor de água extraída pelo DCB (r = 0,70***). Os solos menos desenvolvidos, principalmente no horizonte C, apresentaram os maiores teores de material menos cristalino extraído pelo OA (chegando a 28% para a amostra 17) e os maiores valores para a relação FeOA/FeDCB. Este material menos cristalino é constituído principalmente por Al, com menor participação de Fe. Parte das amostras apresentou valores próximos para o diâmetro médio do cristal (DMC) da Gt nas direções (110) e (111), indicando formato isodimensional do mineral. Os maiores valores de DMC para a Hm resultaram na menor superfície específica em relação à Gt. A substituição isomórfica de Fe por Al (SI) na Gt foi consideravelmente superior à da Hm (média de 218 e 85 mmol mol-1, respectivamente). Com a entrada de Al na estrutura da Gt, verificou-se redução no tamanho, principalmente na direção do eixo Z (r entre SI e DMC(111) = -0,80***), e no grau de cristalinidade do mineral. As correlações entre teor de ferro e outros elementos extraídos pelo DCB foram altas e significativas. Os microelementos, como verificado para o Al, substituem isomorficamente o Fe na estrutura dos óxidos. O DMC da gibbsita (Gb) foi consistentemente superior ao dos óxidos de ferro. Por meio de observações em microscópio eletrônico, a Gb, na fração argila, apresentou o formato de pequenas placas retangulares e, na fração silte, verificou-se tendência de formato esférico.

Correlates of frailty, prediction of functional decline and preventative approaches - selected results from the lausanne cohort 65+ (lc65+) study (Switzerland) (Lausanne) and the longitudinal urban cohort ageing study (Lucas) (Germany)

Overall introduction.- Longitudinal studies have been designed to investigate prospectively, from their beginning, the pathway leading from health to frailty and to disability. Knowledge about determinants of healthy ageing and health behaviour (resources) as well as risks of functional decline is required to propose appropriate preventative interventions. The functional status in older people is important considering clinical outcome in general, healthcare need and mortality. Part I.- Results and interventions from lucas (longitudinal urban cohort ageing study). Authors.- J. Anders, U. Dapp, L. Neumann, F. Pröfener, C. Minder, S. Golgert, A. Daubmann, K. Wegscheider,. W. von Renteln-Kruse Methods.- The LUCAS core project is a longitudinal cohort of urban community-dwelling people 60 years and older, recruited in 2000/2001. Further LUCAS projects are cross-sectional comparative and interventional studies (RCT). Results.- The emphasis will be on geriatric medical care in a population-based approach, discussing different forms of access, too. (Dapp et al. BMC Geriatrics 2012, 12:35; http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2318/12/35): - longitudinal data from the LUCAS urban cohort (n = 3.326) will be presented covering 10 years of observation, including the prediction of functional decline, need of nursing care, and mortality by using a self-filling screening tool; - interventions to prevent functional decline do focus on first (pre-clinical) signs of pre-frailty before entering the frailty-cascade ("Active Health Promotion in Old Age", "geriatric mobility centre") or disability ("home visits"). Conclusions.- The LUCAS research consortium was established to study particular aspects of functional competence, its changes with ageing, to detect pre-clinical signs of functional decline, and to address questions on how to maintain functional competence and to prevent adverse outcome in different settings. The multidimensional data base allows the exploration of several further questions. Gait performance was exmined by GAITRite®-System. Supported by the Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF Funding No. 01ET1002A). Part II.- Selected results from the lausanne cohort 65+ (Lc65 + ) Study (Switzerland). Authors.- Prof Santos-Eggimann Brigitte, Dr Seematter-Bagnoud Laurence, Prof Büla Christophe, Dr Rochat Stéphane. Methods.- The Lc65+ cohort was launched in 2004 with the random selection of 3054 eligible individuals aged 65 to 70 (birth year 1934-1938) in the non-institutionalized population of Lausanne (Switzerland). Results.- Information is collected about life course social and health-related events, socio-economics, medical and psychosocial dimensions, lifestyle habits, limitations in activities of daily living, mobility impairments, and falls. Gait performance are objectively measured using body-fixed sensors. Frailty is assessed using Fried's frailty phenotype. Follow-up consists in annual self-completed questionnaires, as well as physical examination and physical and mental performance tests every three years. - Lausanne cohort 65+ (Lc65 + ): design and longitudinal outcomes. The baseline data collection was completed among 1422 participants in 2004-2005 through self-completed questionnaires, face-to-face interviews, physical examination and tests of mental and physical performances. Information about institutionalization, self-reported health services utilization, and death is also assessed. An additional random sample (n = 1525) of 65-70 years old subjects was recruited in 2009 (birth year 1939-1943). - lecture no 4: alcohol intake and gait parameters: prevalent and longitudinal association in the Lc65+ study. The association between alcohol intake and gait performance was investigated.

Relação entre adsorção de metais pesados e atributos químicos e físicos de classes de solo do Brasil

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar quais parâmetros obtidos dos modelos de isotermas de Freundlich e Langmüir melhor descrevem a adsorção de metais pesados em solos intemperizados e identificar a relação entre os parâmetros selecionados e os atributos químicos, físicos e mineralógicos de 12classes de solo do Brasil. Os solos foram coletados pela EMBRAPA-CNPS em diversos levantamentos nas regiões: Sul, Sudeste e Norte do País. Avaliou-se, por meio da análise de trilha, o desdobramento do coeficiente de correlação entre variáveis dependentes, obtidas através das isotermas de adsorção (parâmetros de adsorção), e variáveis independentes (atributos químicos e físicos do solo), bem como os efeitos diretos e indiretos para os elementos Cd, Cu, Pb e Zn. Os atributos do solo: argila, carbono orgânico, capacidade de troca catiônica efetiva, ferro extraído pelo citrato ditionito-bicarbonato e alumínio extraído pelo ataque sulfúrico foram os que apresentaram maiores coeficientes de correlação simples com os parâmetros de adsorção, tendo sido utilizados no modelo da análise de trilha para explicar a adsorção de metais pesados. A análise de trilha mostrou-se como uma ferramenta importante no estudo do comportamento dos metais pesados no solo. As constantes K F de isotermas de Freudlich e capacidade-tampão máxima (K Lb) de Langmuir apresentaram os coeficientes de determinação mais elevados e os menores valores do efeito da variável residual para todos os metais estudados. As variáveis que mais contribuíram com a adsorção de metais pesados foram carbono orgânico, capacidade de troca catiônica efetiva, pH, argila e alumínio total.

Iowa Fisheries Research Technical Series No. 75-1 Variations in the abundance of channel catfish year classes in the upper Mississippi River and causative factors Don R. Helms, Fishery Research Biologist Fisheries Section Jerry M. Conley, Superintendent of Fisheries December, 1975

study of channel catfish in the Mississippi River to determine differences in year class abundance and causative factors

Housewife or working mum--each to her own? The relevance of societal factors in the association between social roles and alcohol use among mothers in 16 industrialized countries.

Aims To investigate whether differences in gender-income equity at country level explain national differences in the links between alcohol use, and the combination of motherhood and paid labour. Design Cross-sectional data in 16 established market economies participating in the Gender, Alcohol and Culture: An International Study (GenACIS) study. Setting Population surveys. Participants A total of 12 454 mothers (aged 25-49 years). Measurements Alcohol use was assessed as the quantity per drinking day. Paid labour, having a partner, gender-income ratio at country level and the interaction between individual and country characteristics were regressed on alcohol consumed per drinking day using multi-level modelling. Findings Mothers with a partner who were in paid labour reported consuming more alcohol on drinking days than partnered housewives. In countries with high gender-income equity, mothers with a partner who were in paid labour drank less alcohol per occasion, while alcohol use was higher among working partnered mothers living in countries with lower income equity. Conclusion In countries which facilitate working mothers, daily alcohol use decreases as female social roles increase; in contrast, in countries where there are fewer incentives for mothers to remain in work, the protective effect of being a working mother (with partner) on alcohol use is weaker. These data suggest that a country's investment in measures to improve the compatibility of motherhood and paid labour may reduce women's alcohol use.