Effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), toad and Clarias pituitary hormogenates on spawning in the catfish: Clarias Lazera (C. and V.) and Clarias anguillaris (Linne)

Experiment on induced spawning of Clarias lazera and C. anguillaris using human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) freshly prepared toad and Clarias pituitary hormogenates were carried out. Clarias pituitary hormogenates induced spawning in C. lazera and C. anguillaris at dosage levels of 0.27-0.46 mg/150 g body weight or 2 glands/fish of equivalent weights. HCG induced spawning in C. anguillaris at 500 i.u/500 g body weight but failed in C. lazera. Toad pituitary was not successful at even a higher dosage level of 0.60 mg/150 g body weight. The implications of these results are discussed. Spawning occurred in the HCG (and Clarias pituitary treated females in less than 12 hours after injection and subsequent examination of ovaries of the spawned fish showed incomplete spawning. Furthermore, fertilization occurred, following spawning in the piscine pituitary hormone treated male and female fish but failed in the HCG (treated pair. A mean fertilization rate of 50-90% was recorded. Possible explanations of these observations are advanced. The hatching time of 24-48 hours and a mean hatching rate of 75-90% were recorded. A high larval mortality of up to 95% was observed in the post yolk-sac stag after 8 days. The need for the development of appropriate larval food for Clarias species in culture practice is stressed

Mujer y vino en la comedia griega

Presentado en las Jornadas sobre "Expresiones del humor desde la Antigüedad hasta nuestros días", organizadas por el Departamento de Estudios Clásicos y el Instituto de Ciencias de la Antigüedad de la UPV/EHU y celebradas en Vitoria-Gasteiz del 20 al 22 de octubre de 2009.

La gastronomía como recurso cómico en la literatura griega

Presentado en las Jornadas sobre "El humor (y los humores) en el mundo antiguo", organizado por el Departamento de Estudios Clásicos y el Instituto de Ciencias de la Antigüedad de la UPV y celebrado en Vitoria-Gasteiz los días 16 y 17 de octubre de 2007.

Occupational practices and problems of rural artisanal fisherfolks in Oyan Dam area of Ogun State

Artisanal Fish Societies constitutes one of the poorest societies in the developing world. Attempts to harness the potentials of the societies have often failed due to the enormity of the problem of poverty. This study was conducted in four major fishing villages namely; Abule titun, Apojola, Imama Odo and Ibaro in order to investigate the occupational practices and the problems of rural artisanal fisherfolks in Oyam's Dam, area of Ogun State. Eighty respondents were randomly selected among the artisanal fisher folks for interview using interview guide. The findings revealed that 43.8% of the fisherfolks are within active range of 31-40 years while 30% are within 21-30 years range. Also 31% had no formal education indicating a relatively high level of illiteracy among the fisherfolks while majority of the respondents practice fishing activities using paddle and canoe. It was similarly discovered from the study that the most pressing problems of the fisherfolks is the lack of basic social amenities like electricity, potable water, access roads, hospitals and markets. It is therefore recommended that basic social infrastructures be provided for the artisanal fishing communities in order to improve their social welfare, standard of living and the capacity to have a sustainable fishing occupation in the interest of food security and poverty alleviation

Exploratory survey of Malian and Ndururu traps in River Rima, north western Nigeria

The fabrication and operational techniques of Malian and Ndurutu traps mostly used by the fishermen in River Rima in north western Nigeria were evaluated through structured questionnaire and measurement of samples of the Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. There was no standard in the dimensions of either of the traps. The traps were made of locally sourced materials, except the synthetic net of the Malian trap. About 81 and 80% of the respondents fabricated their Malian and Ndurutu traps, respectively. The major problems encountered in the structure and operation of the Malian trap included projection above water, stealing of catches and trap, and trapping of small sized fishes as indicated by 61.9, 47.6 and 28.6% of the respondents, respectively. In the case of the Ndurutu trap, 72.0, 48.0, 12.0 and 8.0% of the respondents respectively indicated poor durability, single entrance valve, destruction by cattle and instability in water, as the major problems encountered. As improvement measures for the Malian trap, the respondents suggested increase in number and size of valve (81.0%), horizontal positioning (57.1%) and square shape (47.6%) while 52.0% each suggested increase in number of entrance valve and netting of Ndurutu trap. The fishermen demonstrated ingenuity in the fabrication and operation of the traps, but they failed to initiate the required improvement. It is important to critically examine the designs, materials, costs and limitations of the traps and the suggestions of the fishermen, as basis for improvement on the technology of the traps

Occupational practice and problems of artisanal fisherfolk in Oyan dam area of Ogun State

Artisanal Fish Societies constitutes one of the poorest societies in the developing world. Attempts to harness the potentials of such societies have often failed due to the enormity of the problem of poverty. This study was conducted in four major fishing villages namely: Abule Titun, Apojola, Imala Odo and Ibaro in order to investigate the occupational practices and the problems of rural artisanal fisherfolks in Oyam's Dam, area of Ogun State. Eighty respondents were randomly selected among the artisanal fisher folks for interview using interview guide. The findings revealed that 43.8% of the fisherfolks are within active age range of 31-40 years while 30% are within 21-30 years range. Also 31% had no formal education indicating a relatively high level of illiteracy among the fisherfolks while majority of the respondents practice fishing activities using paddle and canoe. It was similarly discovered from the study that the most pressing problems of the fishfolks is the lack of basic social amenities like electricity, potable water, access roads, hospital and markets. It is therefore recommended that basic social infrastructures be provided for the artisanal fishing communities in order to improve their social welfare, standard of living and the capacity to have a sustainable fishing occupation in the interest of food security and poverty alleviation

Statistical and econometric analysis of the treatment of HIV/AIDS

The epidemic of HIV/AIDS in the United States is constantly changing and evolving, starting from patient zero to now an estimated 650,000 to 900,000 Americans infected. The nature and course of HIV changed dramatically with the introduction of antiretrovirals. This discourse examines many different facets of HIV from the beginning where there wasn't any treatment for HIV until the present era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). By utilizing statistical analysis of clinical data, this paper examines where we were, where we are and projections as to where treatment of HIV/AIDS is headed.

Chapter Two describes the datasets that were used for the analyses. The primary database utilized was collected by myself from an outpatient HIV clinic. The data included dates from 1984 until the present. The second database was from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) public dataset. The data from the MACS cover the time between 1984 and October 1992. Comparisons are made between both datasets.

Chapter Three discusses where we were. Before the first anti-HIV drugs (called antiretrovirals) were approved, there was no treatment to slow the progression of HIV. The first generation of antiretrovirals, reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as AZT (zidovudine), DDI (didanosine), DDC (zalcitabine), and D4T (stavudine) provided the first treatment for HIV. The first clinical trials showed that these antiretrovirals had a significant impact on increasing patient survival. The trials also showed that patients on these drugs had increased CD4+ T cell counts. Chapter Three examines the distributions of CD4 T cell counts. The results show that the estimated distributions of CD4 T cell counts are distinctly non-Gaussian. Thus distributional assumptions regarding CD4 T cell counts must be taken, into account when performing analyses with this marker. The results also show the estimated CD4 T cell distributions for each disease stage: asymptomatic, symptomatic and AIDS are non-Gaussian. Interestingly, the distribution of CD4 T cell counts for the asymptomatic period is significantly below that of the CD4 T cell distribution for the uninfected population suggesting that even in patients with no outward symptoms of HIV infection, there exists high levels of immunosuppression.

Chapter Four discusses where we are at present. HIV quickly grew resistant to reverse transcriptase inhibitors which were given sequentially as mono or dual therapy. As resistance grew, the positive effects of the reverse transcriptase inhibitors on CD4 T cell counts and survival dissipated. As the old era faded a new era characterized by a new class of drugs and new technology changed the way that we treat HIV-infected patients. Viral load assays were able to quantify the levels of HIV RNA in the blood. By quantifying the viral load, one now had a faster, more direct way to test antiretroviral regimen efficacy. Protease inhibitors, which attacked a different region of HIV than reverse transcriptase inhibitors, when used in combination with other antiretroviral agents were found to dramatically and significantly reduce the HIV RNA levels in the blood. Patients also experienced significant increases in CD4 T cell counts. For the first time in the epidemic, there was hope. It was hypothesized that with HAART, viral levels could be kept so low that the immune system as measured by CD4 T cell counts would be able to recover. If these viral levels could be kept low enough, it would be possible for the immune system to eradicate the virus. The hypothesis of immune reconstitution, that is bringing CD4 T cell counts up to levels seen in uninfected patients, is tested in Chapter Four. It was found that for these patients, there was not enough of a CD4 T cell increase to be consistent with the hypothesis of immune reconstitution.

In Chapter Five, the effectiveness of long-term HAART is analyzed. Survival analysis was conducted on 213 patients on long-term HAART. The primary endpoint was presence of an AIDS defining illness. A high level of clinical failure, or progression to an endpoint, was found.

Chapter Six yields insights into where we are going. New technology such as viral genotypic testing, that looks at the genetic structure of HIV and determines where mutations have occurred, has shown that HIV is capable of producing resistance mutations that confer multiple drug resistance. This section looks at resistance issues and speculates, ceterus parabis, where the state of HIV is going. This section first addresses viral genotype and the correlates of viral load and disease progression. A second analysis looks at patients who have failed their primary attempts at HAART and subsequent salvage therapy. It was found that salvage regimens, efforts to control viral replication through the administration of different combinations of antiretrovirals, were not effective in 90 percent of the population in controlling viral replication. Thus, primary attempts at therapy offer the best change of viral suppression and delay of disease progression. Documentation of transmission of drug-resistant virus suggests that the public health crisis of HIV is far from over. Drug resistant HIV can sustain the epidemic and hamper our efforts to treat HIV infection. The data presented suggest that the decrease in the morbidity and mortality due to HIV/AIDS is transient. Deaths due to HIV will increase and public health officials must prepare for this eventuality unless new treatments become available. These results also underscore the importance of the vaccine effort.

The final chapter looks at the economic issues related to HIV. The direct and indirect costs of treating HIV/AIDS are very high. For the first time in the epidemic, there exists treatment that can actually slow disease progression. The direct costs for HAART are estimated. It is estimated that the direct lifetime costs for treating each HIV infected patient with HAART is between $353,000 to $598,000 depending on how long HAART prolongs life. If one looks at the incremental cost per year of life saved it is only $101,000. This is comparable with the incremental costs per year of life saved from coronary artery bypass surgery.

Policy makers need to be aware that although HAART can delay disease progression, it is not a cure and HIV is not over. The results presented here suggest that the decreases in the morbidity and mortality due to HIV are transient. Policymakers need to be prepared for the eventual increase in AIDS incidence and mortality. Costs associated with HIV/AIDS are also projected to increase. The cost savings seen recently have been from the dramatic decreases in the incidence of AIDS defining opportunistic infections. As patients who have been on HAART the longest start to progress to AIDS, policymakers and insurance companies will find that the cost of treating HIV/AIDS will increase.

The long road of climate negotiations: From Kyoto to Paris stopping over in Doha

4 p.

The Sustainability of `Sustainable´ Energy Use: Historical Evidence on the Relationship between Economic Growth and Renewable Energy

20 p.

Avaliação da exposição ao metil-mercúrio na população ribeirinha da baixada cuiabana, no Pantanal Mato-Grossense, Brasil

Os efeitos tóxicos do metil-mercúrio (MeHg) em seres humanos vêm sendo amplamente discutidos, a partir de episódios de contaminação devida a ingestão frequente de peixe contaminado, em Minamata, no Japão, ou ao consumo de pão preparado com cereais tratados com fungicidas a base de metil-mercúrio, no Iraque, indicando que o metil mercúrio pode afetar o sistema nervoso central. A população ribeirinha na região do Pantanal, Brasil, é dependente do peixe, como principal fonte de alimentos e proteínas. Naquela região, o resultado de décadas de mineração de ouro, em pequena escala, foi a contaminação de muitos sistemas aquáticos com mercúrio. Consequentemente, muitas espécies de peixes possuem níveis de MeHg relativamente altos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o nível de exposição ao MeHg entre a população ribeirinha do Pantanal. No primeiro artigo, apresentam-se os resultados da validação do método recordatório de 24 horas auto-referido, utilizando-se, como padrão-ouro, o método da pesagem, tendo-se verificado que há aproximadamente um erro de 30% ao estimar a quantidade de peixe consumido por aquela população. Um erro deste pode ser importante em se tratando do consumo de peixes carnívoros, os quais apresentam altos teores de mercúrio. No segundo artigo, ao analisar a associação entre o status neurocognitivo e a concentração de mercúrio no cabelo da população acima, os resultados indicaram que adultos expostos ao metil-mercúrio, através do consumo de peixe, podem ter déficits importantes nas medidas do desempenho neurocomportamental, sem alterações detectáveis no humor ou afetividade. Os efeitos mais importantes do mercúrio, entre os indivíduos analisados, foram detectados nos testes de velocidade e destreza da coordenação motora fina, na inibição da resposta na busca visual, e em tarefas de atenção. No terceiro artigo, considerando-se as associações observadas na concentração de mercúrio no cabelo com alguns desfechos dos testes neuro-psicológicos aplicados, calculou-se a dose-marcadora (BMD) e o limite inferior do intervalo de confiança do BMD (BMDL). Os resultados da dose marcadora e da dose de referência provisória são concordantes com os resultados estimados pelas agências de saúde internacionais.

O riso e suas metáforas : um estudo bem-humorado sobre subjetividade, linguagem e psicanálise

o presente trabalho propõe discutir o papel ocupado pelo riso na teoria e na clínica psicanalíticas através de uma abordagem multidisciplinar. Para fundamentar tal proposta, foi elaborada uma investigação de algumas das diferentes formas pelas quais o riso foi tomado como objeto do pensamento ao longo da história da cultura ocidental, assim como alguns dos lugares sociais que já foram por estes ocupados nesta mesma cultura. Tal abordagem teve como intuito a demonstração do caráter cultural e contingencial do riso, visando, deste modo, romper com uma interpretação do mesmo como fenômeno essencial, intrínseco e universal da experiência humana e afirmando-o como fenômeno de linguagem, no sentido dos jogos de linguagem propostos por Wittgenstein. O primeiro capítulo apresenta um mosaico composto por aproximações do fenômemo do riso elaboradas desde a Antiguidade até o final do século XVIII, contemplando pensadores com Platão, Aristóteles, Cicero, Quintiliano, Laurent Joubert e Imannuel Kant, dentre outros. No segundo capítulo são expostas algumas das principais concepções modernas do riso e assinalados. Os efeitos do advento do pensamento racionalista sobre tais concepções, ora pelo viés da apropriação do riso como objeto do discurso fisicalista, como em Spencer e Darwin, ora por uma interpretação deste como ultrapassando as dimensões da ordem e da razão, como em Nietzsche, Bataille, Foucault, Clement Rosset e Deleuze. No terceiro capítulo, o trabalho volta-se para o campo específico da Psicanálise, desenvolvendo as idéias freudianas acerca dos chistes, do cômico e do humor, aprofundando-os e estabelecendo as diferenças entre estes. O quarto capítulo da continuidade a discussão no âmbito psicanalítico desenvolvendo uma leitura crítica de algumas formulações pós-freudianas sobre o papel do riso na clínica (strictu sensu e ampliada), na teoria e nas instituições de transmissão da Psicanálise, enfatizando a relevância deste, especialmente por meio do humor, para o estabelecimento de uma direção ética na produção de saber em Psicanálise. O capítulo final parte do conceito de ironia para aprofundar a proposta de uma perspectiva do riso como postura ética em psicanálise, tomando como método possível de flexibilização e de crítica em oposição a uma postura determinista e dogmática, através, especialmente, das metáforas do ironista de Rorty e do cyborg de Donna Haraway.

A decade of studies at Loch Fleet, Galloway (Scotland): A catchment liming project and restoration of a brown trout fishery

Loch Fleet is a small upland lake in the hills of Galloway in southwest Scotland. In the 1970s the waters of the loch became more acidic and a brown trout fishery failed. This account summarises an experimental project, the "Loch Fleet Project" initiated in 1984, designed to reverse acidification of the loch by liming parts of the catchment. Liming about 40% of the catchment in 1986 and 1987 raised the pH and calcium levels, and reduced toxic aluminium concentrations. The improved conditions had been maintained up to 1994, but water in the loch, and its principal inflow stream, is now falling close to the desired threshold of quality. After liming, restocking with local strains of trout in 1987 was successful, and a self-recruiting population became established within 2 years. Recruitment is highly variable, however, and was attributed to severe spring conditions and the limited spawning capacity of the nursery stream, rather than to water quality.

Adesão dos cimentos Epiphany SE e iRoot SP: Resistência à tração e mapeamento dentinário por microscopia digital

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da microestrutura dentinária na adesão de cimentos endodônticos modernos através: do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para caracterizar microestruturalmente a dentina; da avaliação da resistência de união (através de ensaios de tração) dos cimentos endodônticos Epiphany SE, iRoot SP e AH Plus; da correlação dos dados obtidos da caracterização da microestrutura dentinária e dos ensaios de tração. Trinta terceiros molares inclusos, recém extraídos, foram embutidos em resina epóxi e seccionados 0,5mm abaixo da junção esmalte-dentina. Doze amostras foram eliminadas durante à preparação metalográfica devido à exposição da câmara pulpar. De cada dente, uma área de análise (AA) com 3,25 mm de diâmetro foi mapeada utilizando técnicas de microscopia ótica digital para: captura de ~400 imagens formando um mosaico; análise digital de imagens, obtendo os resultados de quantidade de túbulos (QT) e de fração de área de túbulos (FAT) do mosaico; conversão da imagem do mosaico em um mapa colorido em que as cores estão diretamente relacionadas à densidade de área tubular. As dezoito amostras restantes foram divididas em 3 grupos (N=6), de acordo com o cimento utilizado, para confecção dos corpos de prova para os ensaios de tração. Os valores de da resistência de união (RU) obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente com teste não-pareado t com correção de Welch e pelo teste F para comparar variâncias Os dados de FAT e de QT foram submetidos ao teste de D'Agostino & Pearson revelando-se não normais (P>0,05), o que indica grande variabilidade da amostragem. O cimento Epiphany SE apresentou uma resistência de união significativamente menor que o cimento AH Plus (P <0,05). Os corpos de prova do iRoot SP falharam prematuramente e não foram analisados. A aplicação do teste r de Spearman não demonstrou correlação significativa entre FAT e RU (P>0,05). O MEV de pressão variável foi utilizado para avaliar qualitativamente a superfície de fratura após os ensaios de tração. A análise revelou um padrão de fratura mista para o AH Plus e o Epiphany SE, além de diferenças no tamanho e na forma das partículas desses cimentos, o que pode influenciar no comportamento mecânico. Dentro da amostragem realizada, não se encontrou correlação significativa entre microestrutura dentinária e a resistência de união.

Structural and Biophysical Characterization of Variants of the Mechanosensitive Channel of Large Conductance (MSCL)

The ability to sense mechanical force is vital to all organisms to interact with and respond to stimuli in their environment. Mechanosensation is critical to many physiological functions such as the senses of hearing and touch in animals, gravitropism in plants and osmoregulation in bacteria. Of these processes, the best understood at the molecular level involve bacterial mechanosensitive channels. Under hypo-osmotic stress, bacteria are able to alleviate turgor pressure through mechanosensitive channels that gate directly in response to tension in the membrane lipid bilayer. A key participant in this response is the mechanosensitive channel of large conductance (MscL), a non-selective channel with a high conductance of ~3 nS that gates at tensions close to the membrane lytic tension.

It has been appreciated since the original discovery by C. Kung that the small subunit size (~130 to 160 residues) and the high conductance necessitate that MscL forms a homo-oligomeric channel. Over the past 20 years of study, the proposed oligomeric state of MscL has ranged from monomer to hexamer. Oligomeric state has been shown to vary between MscL homologues and is influenced by lipid/detergent environment. In this thesis, we report the creation of a chimera library to systematically survey the correlation between MscL sequence and oligomeric state to identify the sequence determinants of oligomeric state. Our results demonstrate that although there is no combination of sequences uniquely associated with a given oligomeric state (or mixture of oligomeric states), there are significant correlations. In the quest to characterize the oligomeric state of MscL, an exciting discovery was made about the dynamic nature of the MscL complex. We found that in detergent solution, under mild heating conditions (37 °C – 60 °C), subunits of MscL can exchange between complexes, and the dynamics of this process are sensitive to the protein sequence.

Extensive efforts were made to produce high diffraction quality crystals of MscL for the determination of a high resolution X-ray crystal structure of a full length channel. The surface entropy reduction strategy was applied to the design of S. aureus MscL variants and while the strategy appears to have improved the crystallizability of S. aureus MscL, unfortunately the diffraction qualities of these crystals were not significantly improved. MscL chimeras were also screened for crystallization in various solubilization detergents, but also failed to yield high quality crystals.

MscL is a fascinating protein and continues to serve as a model system for the study of the structural and functional properties of mechanosensitive channels. Further characterization of the MscL chimera library will offer more insight into the characteristics of the channel. Of particular interest are the functional characterization of the chimeras and the exploration of the physiological relevance of intercomplex subunit exchange.

Riscos ocupacionais e problemas de saúde associados às condições de trabalho de enfermagem em unidades intensivas hospitalares

Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo, visando uma análise das condições de trabalho em unidades intensivas de um hospital universitário no município do Rio de Janeiro. Foi definido como objeto de estudo a percepção dos trabalhadores de enfermagem sobre os riscos ocupacionais e os problemas de saúde inerentes às condições de trabalho em unidades intensivas e como problema de pesquisa: quais os riscos ocupacionais e problemas de saúde relacionados às condições de trabalho, percebidos pelos trabalhadores de enfermagem, em unidades intensivas de um hospital universitário? O objetivo geral foi estudar nas unidades intensivas os riscos ocupacionais e problemas de saúde da equipe de enfermagem e sua relação com condições de trabalho, a partir da percepção dos mesmos. Os objetivos específicos traçados foram: identificar as características pessoais e profissionais dos trabalhadores de enfermagem de unidades intensivas; descrever os fatores de risco do ambiente de trabalho percebidos pelos trabalhadores de enfermagem; levantar os problemas de saúde percebidos pelos trabalhadores e sua relação com o trabalho; analisar a associação entre os problemas de saúde percebidos pelos trabalhadores de enfermagem e as condições do trabalho em unidades intensivas. Participaram da pesquisa 125 profissionais de enfermagem de quatro unidades intensivas do Hospital Universitário (HU) entre Maio e Julho de 2009. A predominância foi de profissionais do sexo feminino, com idade acima dos 40 anos, com mais de um vínculo empregatício e trabalhando no HU há mais de 10 anos. Os riscos ocupacionais mais percebidos pelos trabalhadores foram os ergonômicos, seguido dos biológicos, de acidentes, físicos e químicos. Os problemas de saúde mais frequentes foram varizes, problemas oculares, lombalgias, estresse e depressão, transtornos do sono, lesões de coluna vertebral, dores de cabeça, mudanças no humor, dores musculares crônicas e hipertensão arterial. Pela associação entre riscos ocupacionais e problemas de saúde, conclui-se que os trabalhadores expostos a fatores de riscos ergonômicos e físicos têm maior probabilidade de adquirir problemas de saúde osteoarticulares e circulatórios (varizes). Diante dos dados desta pesquisa faz-se necessário aprofundamento da investigação sobre os fatores de riscos encontrados e possíveis medidas para minimizá-los, mediante novos estudos. Como recomendações destacam-se a criação de um espaço de discussão entre os gerentes e trabalhadores para a elaboração de um programa que vise a promoção e proteção da saúde do trabalhador de enfermagem de unidades intensivas; implementação de medidas de controle específicas para cada tipo de risco evidenciado e a criação de um Comitê de Ergonomia para operacionalizar a implementação das melhorias no HU, a fim de consolidar as transformações esperadas.