Resistência à abrasão de aço Hadfield para britadores: efeito do tamanho do abrasivo e do pH do meio.

Neste trabalho, foi investigado o efeito do tamanho do abrasivo e do pH do meio na resistência ao desgaste abrasivo do aço H-13 com matriz martensítica e do aço Hadfield com matriz austenítica. Ensaios de abrasão foram realizados utilizando o equipamento roda de borracha a úmido, variando o tamanho do abrasivo entre 0,15 e 2,40 mm e o pH do meio entre 5,5 e 12,8. As microestruturas dos materiais estudados foram analisadas utilizando microscopia óptica, as superfícies de desgaste e as partículas de desgaste foram analisadas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura. A macrodureza e a microdureza, antes e após os ensaios, foram obtidas utilizando durômetro Vickers. A topografia da região central da superfície de desgaste foi obtida utilizando Perfilometria 3D, visando obter valores de profundidade de penetração do abrasivo. Os resultados mostraram que o aço Hadfield é mais resistente do que o aço H-13 em todos os valores de pH e tamanhos de abrasivo utilizados. Para os dois materiais, a perda de massa aumenta linearmente até um tamanho crítico de abrasivo (TCA) e, após este, a mesma continua a aumentar, mas com uma intensidade menor. Para os dois materiais e para todos os tamanhos de abrasivo, o aumento do pH do meio resultou em menores perdas de massa, sendo este efeito maior para os dois menores tamanhos de abrasivo. Para maiores valores de pH, foram observadas menores profundidades de penetração do abrasivo. A microdureza da superfície de desgaste do aço H-13 sofreu um pequeno aumento com o aumento do tamanho do abrasivo enquanto que para o aço Hadfield esse aumento foi mais intenso. A análise das partículas de desgaste mostraram que, para todas as condições ensaiadas, os debris do aço H-13 tinham duas morfologias, contínuas e descontínuas enquanto que os cavacos do aço Hadfield foram sempre descontínuos. Para os dois materiais, foram observados dois micromecanismos de desgaste, sendo eles microcorte e microsulcamento. Por fim, os resultados apresentados neste trabalho sugerem que a análise de desempenho do aço Hadfield em serviço deve considerar o pH do meio bem como a granulometria do abrasivo em contato.

Evolución tectónica del borde norte de la cuenca del Bajo Segura. Implicaciones en la evolución de la falla de Crevillente (sector Abanilla-Alicante)

En este estudio presentamos los resultados del análisis estructural del borde norte de la cuenca del Bajo Segura, en la cordillera Bética oriental. En este borde se desarrolla el sinclinal de Crevillente; se trata de un pliegue de propagación de falla con geometría de crecimiento y vergente al sur asociado a la falla de Crevillente (sector Abanilla-Alicante). El estudio cuantitativo de la discordancia progresiva asociada a dicho pliegue ha puesto de manifiesto que la actividad de esta falla se inició en el Tortoniense, aumentó durante el Messiniense y, a partir de ese momento se ha mantenido constante o ha disminuido durante el Plioceno y el Cuaternario. La escasez de depósitos cuaternarios deformados no implica que no exista actividad cuaternaria de la falla de Crevillente (sector Abanilla-Alicante), ya que la mayoría de los depósitos más recientes son discontinuos o se localizan al sur, alejados de la zona de máxima deformación. Por otro lado, el hecho de que la actividad de la falla del Bajo Segura, situada en el borde meridional de la cuenca, se iniciara durante el Plioceno, parece indicar una migración de la deformación hacia el sur.

Water reduction in waste-activated sludge by resettling and filtration in batch. Phase (1): pilot-scale experiments to optimize performance

This article describes an effective procedure for reducing the water content of excess sludge production from a wastewater treatment plant by increasing its concentration and, as a consequence, minimizing the volume of sludge to be managed. It consists of a pre-dewatering sludge process, which is used as a preliminary step or alternative to the thickening. It is made up of two discontinuous sequential stages: the first is resettling and the second, filtration through a porous medium. The process is strictly physical, without any chemical additives or electromechanical equipment intervening. The experiment was carried out in a pilot-scale system, consisting of a column of sedimentation that incorporates a filter medium. Different sludge heights were tested over the filter to verify the influence of hydrostatic pressure on the various final concentrations of each stage. The results show that the initial sludge concentration may increase by more than 570% by the end of the process with the final volume of sludge being reduced in similar proportions and hydrostatic pressure having a limited effect on this final concentration. Moreover, the value of the hydrostatic pressure at which critical specific cake resistance is reached is established.

A Finite Element Numerical Algorithm for Modelling and Data Fitting in Complex Systems

Numerical modelling methodologies are important by their application to engineering and scientific problems, because there are processes where analytical mathematical expressions cannot be obtained to model them. When the only available information is a set of experimental values for the variables that determine the state of the system, the modelling problem is equivalent to determining the hyper-surface that best fits the data. This paper presents a methodology based on the Galerkin formulation of the finite elements method to obtain representations of relationships that are defined a priori, between a set of variables: y = z(x1, x2,...., xd). These representations are generated from the values of the variables in the experimental data. The approximation, piecewise, is an element of a Sobolev space and has derivatives defined in a general sense into this space. The using of this approach results in the need of inverting a linear system with a structure that allows a fast solver algorithm. The algorithm can be used in a variety of fields, being a multidisciplinary tool. The validity of the methodology is studied considering two real applications: a problem in hydrodynamics and a problem of engineering related to fluids, heat and transport in an energy generation plant. Also a test of the predictive capacity of the methodology is performed using a cross-validation method.

Simulating Granite Emplacement and Deformation with Centrifuge Analogue Modelling

The Greater Himalayan leucogranites are a discontinuous suite of intrusions emplaced in a thickened crust during the Miocene southward ductile extrusion of the Himalayan metamorphic core. Melt-induced weakening is thought to have played a critical role in strain localization that facilitated the extrusion. Recent advancements in centrifuge analogue modelling techniques allow for the replication of a broader range of crustal deformation behaviors, enhancing our understanding of large hot orogens. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is commonly used in centrifuge experiments to model weak melt zones. Difficulties in handling PDMS had, until now, limited its emplacement in models prior to any deformation. A new modelling technique has been developed where PDMS is emplaced into models that have been subjected to some shortening. This technique aims to better understand the effects of melt on strain localization and potential decoupling between structural levels within an evolving orogenic system. Models are subjected to an early stage of shortening, followed by the introduction of PDMS, and then a final stage of shortening. Theoretical percentages of partial melt and their effect on rock strength are considered when adding a specific percentage of PDMS in each model. Due to the limited size of the models, only PDMS sheets of 3 mm thickness were used, which varied in length and width. Within undeformed packages, minimal surface and internal deformation occurred when PDMS is emplaced in the lower layer of the model, showing a vertical volume increase of ~20% within the package; whereas the emplacement of PDMS into the middle layer showed internal dragging of the middle laminations into the lower layer and a vertical volume increase ~30%. Emplacement of PDMS results in ~7% shortening for undeformed and deformed models. Deformed models undergo ~20% additional shortening after two rounds of deformation. Strain localization and decoupling between units occur in deformed models where the degree of deformation changes based on the amount of partial melt present. Surface deformation visible by the formation of a bulge, mode 1 extension cracks and varying surface strain ellipses varies depending if PDMS is present. Better control during emplacement is exhibited when PDMS is added into cooler models, resulting in reduced internal deformation within the middle layer.

La conduite avec facultés affaiblies : les contrevenants et les services offerts dans les établissements de détention du Québec

Rapport de stage présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maître ès science (M. Sc.) en criminologie Option stage en analyse criminologique

La conduite avec facultés affaiblies : les contrevenants et les services offerts dans les établissements de détention du Québec

Rapport de stage présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maître ès science (M. Sc.) en criminologie Option stage en analyse criminologique

Radiocarbon ages from Novaya Zemlya, Russia

Recent observations on postglacial emergence and past glacier extent for one of the least accessible areas in the Arctic, northern Novaya Zemlya are here united. The postglacial marine limit formed 5 to 6 ka is registered on the east and west coasts of the north island at 10 ± 1 and 18 ± 2 m aht, respectively. This modest and late isostatic response along with deglacial ages of >9.2 ka on adjacent marine cores from the northern Barents Sea indicate either early (>13 ka) deglaciation or modest ice sheet loading (<1500 m thick ice sheet) of Novaya Zemlya. Older and higher (up to 50 m aht) raised beaches were identified beneath a discontinuous glacial drift. Shells from the drift and underlying sublittoral sediments yield minimum limiting 14C ages of 26 to 30 ka on an earlier deglacial event(s). The only moraines identified are within 4 km of present glacier margins and reflect at least three neoglacial advances in the past 2.4 ka.

(Table 1) Argon dating of ash layers from DSDP Hole 18-178

Ash layers from Deep Sea Drilling Project site 178 in the northeast Pacific Ocean have been dated by the 40Ar-39Ar stepwise heating technique to resolve published discrepancies concerning the length of time explosive volcanism has affected the eastern Aleutian arc and Alaskan Peninsula. The results of the investigation indicate that the record of ash-fall deposition at site 178 extends back at least 6.5 m.y. Assuming that 6.5 m.y. ago marks the onset of renewed calc-alkalic volcanism of the volcanic arc, proposed models of continuous and discontinuous motion between the Pacific and North American lithospheric plates can be evaluated. If appreciable time elapsed between the onset of subduction and the onset of arc volcanism, the 6.5-m.y. record of ash-fall deposition in the north-east Pacific is most compatible with models of continuous plate motion throughout late Cenozoic time.

(Table 1) Age and sedimentation rates of Pleistocene/Holocene sequences at DSDP Sites 86-580 and 94-611

The recovery from the North Atlantic (Site 611) of a continuous Pleistocene sedimentary record with a siliceous microfaunal component made it possible to compare the high-latitude abundance pattern of the radiolarian species Cycladophora davisiana in the Atlantic with that produced from analyses of a high-latitude record (Site 580) from the northwest Pacific. Previous studies had shown that the late Pleistocene (0-0.45 Ma) abundance variations of this species in these high-latitude regions were similar. Cycladophora davisiana maxima in the North Atlantic record reach abundance levels three to four times higher than C. davisiana maxima registered in sediments from the northwest Pacific site. This difference in magnitude of abundance peaks is most likely an effect of the more northerly location of Site 611 (53°N) compared with that of Site 580 (42°N), since high-latitude time-slice studies have shown a direct relationship between increasing latitude and C. davisiana abundance. Discontinuous preservation of radiolarians in sediments from North Atlantic Site 611 allows only tentative correlation of the North Atlantic and northwest Pacific C. davisiana abundance curves. These correlations are confined to those portions of the cores where ages are tightly constrained by magnetic boundaries, and to intervals with comparable sedimentation rates.

(Table 1) Radiolarian abundances and preservation in DSDP Hole 96-618 samples

Radiolarians are present in samples from six of the seven Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 96 sites examined. The age of the siliceous fauna in these samples ranges from late Pleistocene through Holocene, with some Cretaceous radiolarians redeposited in Pleistocene sequences. Radiolarian preservation is discontinuous at these sites except for intraslope basin Site 618, where the sediments throughout the first five cores contain radiolarians.

Geochemistry at DSDP Sites 69-505, 69-504 and 70-504

Deep basement penetration during Legs 69 and 70 at Hole 504B in the Panama Basin allowed the recovery of a 561.5-meter sequence of basaltic pillows, thin flows, and breccias interspersed with thick massive flows. The lavas, which are aphyric to moderately plagioclase-olivine-clinopyroxene phyric, are petrologically indistinguishable from typical mid-ocean-ridge basalts (MORB). Some units are distinctive in that they carry accessory chrome-spinel microphenocrysts or emerald green clinopyroxene phenocrysts. Major and trace element analyses were carried out on 67 samples using X-ray fluorescence techniques. The basalts resemble normal MORB in terms of major elements. However, the trace element analyses show that most of the basalts are characterized by very strong depletion in the more incompatible elements compared with, for instance, normal (N type) MORB from the Atlantic at 22°N. Interdigitated with these units are one or two units that have distinctly higher incompatible element concentrations similar to those in basalts of the transitional (T) type from the Reykjanes Ridge (63°N in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge). All the basalts appear to have undergone some high-level crystal fractionation, although this has not proceeded to the extent of yielding ferrobasalts as it has at the adjacent Galapagos Spreading Center or along the East Pacific Rise. The magnetic anomalies are of lower amplitude than in the latter two regions, which suggests that the absence of ferrobasalts may be a general feature of the ocean crust generated at the Costa Rica Rift. The presence of two distinct magma types, one strongly depleted and the other moderately enriched in incompatible elements, suggests that magma chambers at the spreading center are discontinuous rather than continuous and that there is some chemical heterogeneity in the underlying mantle source. Observed variations in incompatible element ratios of basalts from the more depleted group could, however, reflect mixing between these two magma types. In general it would appear that the mantle feeding the Costa Rica Rift is significantly more depleted in incompatible trace elements than that feeding the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Description of recent sediments of Nile Delta, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (Table 1-3)

The study of textural, structural, chemical, and physical properties of fine-grained recent marine sediments leads to the conclusion that only a few compositional factors are responsible for significant changes in mass physical characteristics in the upper meters below sea bottom. Fossil-induced porosity increases water content and liquid limit. It also seems to have partially influenced the plastic limit and plasticity index of calcareous sandy silts from the Red Sea and the western Gulf of Aden so that they become similar to the montmorillonite rich prodelta clays from the Nile Delta. Diagrams based on liquid limit and plasticity loose their original meaning in these cases. Activity of sediments rich in microorganisms can be higher than that of montmorillonitic clay. The shear strength-depth relationship of normally consolidated sediments is surprisingly little influenced by changes in sand or clay content and clay mineralogy. Only high lime content, submarine erosion and beginning cementation increase the strength considerably. Erosional disconformities near the present surface can be deduced from the strength-depth curve when as little as 1 or 2 m sediment have been removed. Flat or irregular strength-depth curves indicate beginning cementation and probably discontinuous sedimentation, provided the composition of the material remains in some degree constant. In our samples diagenetic pyrite, but no recristallisation of carbonates could be detected under the microscope. Underconsolidation and excess pore-water pressure, factors which tend to foster submarine slides, mud lumps, and diapiric folding, seem to be restricted Varito areas with mainly rapidly deposited, homogeneous or layered sediments. But where an abundance of burrowing organisms increases the vertical permeability of the sediment, normal consolidation and stable deposits are to be expected, at least in the upper meters below the present surface. According to 14C-determinations on calcareous microorganisms the rate of deposition of the investigated sediments seems to range from 26 to 167 cm per 1000 years.