Cruveilhier's legacy to skull base surgery: premise of an evidence-based neuropathology in the 19th century.

OBJECTIVES: Jean Cruveilhier has always been described as a pioneer in pathological anatomy. Almost nothing has been reported concerning his exceptional methodology allying pre-mortem clinical description and syndromic classification of neurological and neurosurgical diseases, and post-mortem meticulous dissections. Cruveilhier's methodology announced the birth of the anatomoclinical method built up by Jean-Martin Charcot and the neurological French school during the 19th century. The aim of our work is to extract the quintessence of Cruveilhier's contributions to skull base pathology through his cogent clinical descriptions coupled with exceptional lithographs of anterior skull base, suprasellar and cerebello-pontine angle tumors. METHODS: We reviewed the masterwork of Jean Cruveilhier on pathological anatomy and we selected the chapters dedicated to central nervous system pathologies, mainly skull base diseases. A systematic review was performed on Pubmed/Medline and Google Scholar using the keywords "Jean Cruveilhier", "Skull base pathology", "Anatomoclinical method". RESULTS: Among his descriptions, Cruveilhier dedicated large chapters to neurosurgical diseases including brain tumors, cerebrovascular pathologies, malformations of the central nervous system, hydrocephalus, brain infections and spinal cord compressions. CONCLUSION: This work emphasizes on the role of Jean Cruveilhier in the birth of the anatomoclinical method particularly in neuroscience during a 19th century rich of epistemological evolutions toward an evidence-based medicine, through the prism of Cruveilhier's contribution to skull base pathology.

Entre a Terra e o Mar - Grau de Satisfação dos Cruzeiristas na Ilha de São Vicente

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de um estudo realizado em São Vicente, de Março a Abril de 2012 a turistas de cruzeiro. Este estudo teve como objectivo analisar o perfile a satisfação dos visitantes durante a sua estadia na ilha, para ajudar a indústria do turismo na melhoria do produto e infra-estrutura turística, e ao fazê-lo melhorar aexperiência para os cruzeiristas. O estudo foi conduzido através da revisão da literaturasobre turismo de cruzeiro, imagem do destino, elementos da oferta turística, qualidade esatisfação e sua relação com o turismo. Para a avaliação do perfil e satisfação do turistade cruzeiro, aplicou-se um questionário a uma amostra de 131 cruzeiristas, no fim dasua visita à ilha. Os resultados do questionário aplicado aos cruzeiristas evidenciaram maior satisfação com aspectos como paisagem natural, clima, simpatia da população local, oportunidadepara conhecer pessoas e limpeza urbana. Os atributos que demonstraram valores maisaltos de insatisfação são: museus, sanitários, gastronomia, sinalização, serviços derestauração e de informação turística. O perfil do cruzeirista é caracterizado pela disponibilidade em viajar, nível académico eprofissional médio alto, poder de compra médio alto e de média idade. Verificou-se que os vários sectores não estão bem organizados e integrados entre si paraatender às necessidades e desejos dos visitantes. Assim, recomenda-se uma série deactividades, tendo em vista, minimizar os aspectos negativos identificados peloscruzeiristas e integrar a oferta turística entre os vários elementos que a compõem. This research is based on the results acquired from tourists who traveled to the island of Sao Vicente on cruise ships during the months of March and April of 2012. The object of this study was to analyze the characteristics and level of satisfaction of those visiting the island of Sao Vicente, in order to help improve the tourism industry, and its infrastructure in hopes of bettering the overall experience for cruise tourists. The study emerged from a profound revision of cruise ship literature, now detailing destination images, available touristic elements, as well as quality and satisfaction ratings in relationship to tourism. In order to measure the satisfaction of the tourists we implemented a questionnaire where a sample of 131 people was surveyed at the end of their visit to the island. The questionnaire resulted in evidence detailing higher satisfaction regarding natural landscape, climate, local acceptance, ability to meet others and urban cleanliness. However, elements such as museums, sanitation, gastronomy, signage, restaurant services and travel information demonstrated higher levels of dissatisfaction. Cruise tourists are characterized as middle aged, frequent travelers with high academic and professional levels, and by their ability to consume heavily. This study verifies that various elements within the tourism sector are not well organized to satisfy the necessities and desires of cruise tourists. Therefore, an implementation of more activities is recommended for those visiting the island of Sao Vicente on cruise ships. While considering the need to minimize the negative aspects identified by the surveyed cruise tourists it is also important to integrate the offered tourist attractions within the various elements that embody tourism.

Contributo das TIC na integração de famílias oriundas do Brasil no concelho de Albufeira

Os fenómenos migratórios tem-se acentuado nas últimas décadas, para este facto muito tem contribuído a era globalizada em que nos encontramos. Com a globalização surgiu o desenvolvimento de redes mundiais, nomeadamente sistemas sociais e económicos, facultando o acesso a meios de transporte mais rápidos e baratos, e as comunicações tornaram-se mais fáceis, promovendo e facilitando as deslocações entre países e continentes, de pessoas e bens. Assim, actualmente com o acesso facilitado nas comunicações e nas deslocações, a migração tornou-se uma constante. Perante a quantidade de indivíduos oriundos das mais diversas partes do globo e com a evolução das tecnologias de informação e comunicação, as barreiras culturais foram reduzidas, permitindo uma rápida difusão de ideias e de meios, possibilitando que indivíduos que se encontram em locais geograficamente longínquos possam comunicar com regularidade. Este estudo teve como objectivo conhecer, por um lado, o impacto da utilização das TIC, por parte dos imigrantes de origem brasileira, como forma de manterem o contacto com o país de origem, por outro, o facto de residirem familiares/amigos em Portugal, aquando da sua vinda, podem contribuir para a sua integração. O estudo foi aplicado no Gabinete da família e no Gabinete do Imigrante, da Divisão de Acção Social Saúde e Juventude, da Câmara Municipal de Albufeira. Teve uma amostragem por conveniência que abrangeu 50 indivíduos oriundos do Brasil, residentes em Albufeira. Foi aplicado um inquérito por questionário que permitiu a caracterização da amostra e recolher informações sobre o impacto da utilização das TIC como forma de manter o contacto com o país de origem e a importância das redes sociais no processo de integração. Constituído por 74 questões fechadas, abertas e semi abertas. Fez-se de seguida uma análise quantitativa e qualitativa dos dados recolhidos. Os resultados obtidos sobre esta problemática permitiram percepcionar que o facto de existir uma rede familiar e de amigos, contribui para a integração da família imigrante na sociedade de acolhimento. Ou seja, todo o suporte familiar e a rede de amigos existente facultam ao imigrante condições para que o mesmo se instale no país de acolhimento e se sinta integrado. O facto de os imigrantes comunicarem, por norma, semanalmente com a família no Brasil, bem como utilizarem as tecnologias de informação e comunicação, contribui em muito para o seu bem estar psicológico e emocional. O contacto regular com a família, ainda que através de uma Web cam, proporciona-lhes tranquilidade e minimiza a distância física, uma vez que os podem ver e ouvir sentindo assim o apoio dos mesmos, ajudando-os a permanecer no nosso país. O uso das novas tecnologias são utilizadas para manter a ligação com a comunidade de origem, fomentando os laços familiares e com amigos. Os imigrantes utilizam a internet para comunicar com os indivíduos da mesma nacionalidade, bem como a família/amigos que se encontram no Brasil. O acesso às TIC e o facto de as utilizarem para comunicar com a família e amigos, no país de origem, pode ser considerada como uma rede social de apoio, proporcionando assim aos imigrantes uma integração no país de acolhimento.

Progress monitoring for teachers of students who have visual disabilities, Fall 2006.

Description and process of monitoring students with visual disabilities.

Caracterização Geológica e Geotécnica das Unidades Litológicas da Cidade da Praia (Santiago - Cabo Verde)

Este trabalho produz uma avaliação das características geológicas e geotécnicas de um território da ilha de Santiago, Cabo Verde, incidindo sobre a cidade da Praia e a área envolvente. Os objectivos principais do trabalho são a representação cartográfica das unidades litológicas, com uma proposta de coluna litológica sintética, a correlação com as unidades geológicas definidas por outros autores, bem como a realização de um conjunto de ensaios in situ e análises laboratoriais visando a caracterização dos parâmetros físicos e mecânicos das diferentes unidades litológicas definidas para a área em estudo. É efectuada uma compilação sobre as principais investigações geológicas realizadas em Cabo Verde, desde o séc. XIX até a actualidade, assim como a descrição das características geológicas da ilha de Santiago e dos principais processos de formação e evolução das formas de relevo e dos recursos naturais (hídricos e solos). A pesquisa incluiu uma revisão dos conceitos descritivos de caracterização dos vulcanitos e vulcanoclastitos presentes e compreendeu a redefinição das unidades litológicas da região, a respectiva representação cartográfica na escala 1: 10.000 (com maior detalhe do que a informação pré-existente) e o levantamento de campo dos principais alinhamentos estruturais. São igualmente apresentados os resultados do tratamento das bandas espectrais de imagens de satélite que suportam a definição das unidades litológicas, bem como dos principais alinhamentos tectónicos que afectam as unidades da área de estudo. Para a caracterização das diferentes unidades litológicas com base nas propriedades in situ, recorreu-se a perfis-tipo, estabelecendo uma descrição das características mineralógicas, petrográficas, texturais e estruturais das materiais presentes. Os materiais foram igualmente ensaiados in situ e amostrados para uma caracterização laboratorial. Os resultados dos ensaios geotécnicos, geomecânicos, mineralógicos e de radioactividade natural permitiram refinar a cartografia proposta e estabelecer parâmetros de comportamento para as 30 unidades litológicas consideradas, a partir de intervalos de valores não homogéneos, contudo representativos da variabilidade observada. Com base nestes resultados são apresentados valores indicativos de aptidão dos materiais, nomeadamente para fundações de edifícios, aterros, construção e potencial hidrogeológico.

Post crisis challenges to bank regulation

The current crisis has swept aside not only the whole of the US investment banking industry butalso the consensual perception of banking risks, contagion and their implication for bankingregulation. As everyone agrees now, risks where mispriced, they accumulated in neuralgic pointsof the financial system, and where amplified by procyclical regulation as well as by the instabilityand fragility of financial institutions.The use of ratings as carved in stone and lack of adequate procedure to swiftly deal withsystemic institutions bankruptcy (whether too-big-to-fail, too complex to fail or too-many to fail).The current paper will not deal with the description and analysis of the crisis, already covered inother contributions to this issue will address the critical choice regulatory authorities will face. Inthe future regulation has to change, but it is not clear that it will change in the right direction. Thismay occur if regulatory authorities, possibly influenced by public opinion and political pressure,adopt an incorrect view of financial crisis prevention and management. Indeed, there are twoapproaches to post-crisis regulation. One is the rare event approach, whereby financial crises willoccur infrequently, but are inescapable.

La Geografia i l'estudi dels boscos

This article makes a revision of the most eminent contributions in Geography in relation to the forest study, starting with principal Spanish geographical journals, congress transactions and other bibliography about forest questions. A selection of the most eminent bibliography has been made paying special attention to three main subjects: forest and forest science history, forest and landscape description, and forest management

Web semàntica aplicada a la gestió i caracterització de dades, sensors i accés a serveis per a vaixells d'investigació oceanogràfica

Amb el present projecte es proposa fer un estudi de la web semàntica aplicada a la descripció i modelització de la instrumentació marina operada en el context de campanyes d'investigació oceanogràfica.

Eines per a la creació d'exercicis al web

The article describes the structure, characteristics and features of programmes used to create teaching exercises, also known as "exercise generators". A description and an analysis are given of the main commercial programmes with these characteristics.

Guide to Cement-Based Integrated Pavement Solutions, August 2011

This guide provides a clear, concise, and cohesive presentation of cement-bound materials options for 10 specific engineering pavement applications: new concrete pavements, concrete overlays, previous concrete, precast pavements, roller-compacted concrete, cement-treated base, full-depth reclamation with cement, cement-modified soils, recycled concrete aggregates, and repair and restoration. Each application is presented as a method for meeting specific design and construction objectives that today’s pavement practitioners must accomplish. The benefits, considerations, brief description, and summary of materials, design, and construction requirements, as well as a list of sustainable attributes, are provided for every solution. This guide is intended to be short, simple, and easy to understand. It was designed so that the most up-to-date and relevant information is easily extractable. It is not intended to be used as a design guide for any of the applications identified herein. Recommendations for additional information that can provide such details are given at the end of each solution discussion. The intended audience is practitioners, including engineers and managers who face decisions regarding what materials to specify in the pavement systems they design or manage. The audience also includes city and county engineers, along with the A/E firms that often represent them, and state DOT engineers at all levels who are seeking alternatives in this era of changing markets.

U.S. 63 dedication, Chester, Iowa, November 24, 1982

Program from the dedication of U.S. 63 near Chester, Iowa. Includes project description and contractor information.

Apprentissage automatique de la morphologie : le cas des structures racine-schème

RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse porte sur le développement de méthodes algorithmiques pour découvrir automatiquement la structure morphologique des mots d'un corpus. On considère en particulier le cas des langues s'approchant du type introflexionnel, comme l'arabe ou l'hébreu. La tradition linguistique décrit la morphologie de ces langues en termes d'unités discontinues : les racines consonantiques et les schèmes vocaliques. Ce genre de structure constitue un défi pour les systèmes actuels d'apprentissage automatique, qui opèrent généralement avec des unités continues. La stratégie adoptée ici consiste à traiter le problème comme une séquence de deux sous-problèmes. Le premier est d'ordre phonologique : il s'agit de diviser les symboles (phonèmes, lettres) du corpus en deux groupes correspondant autant que possible aux consonnes et voyelles phonétiques. Le second est de nature morphologique et repose sur les résultats du premier : il s'agit d'établir l'inventaire des racines et schèmes du corpus et de déterminer leurs règles de combinaison. On examine la portée et les limites d'une approche basée sur deux hypothèses : (i) la distinction entre consonnes et voyelles peut être inférée sur la base de leur tendance à alterner dans la chaîne parlée; (ii) les racines et les schèmes peuvent être identifiés respectivement aux séquences de consonnes et voyelles découvertes précédemment. L'algorithme proposé utilise une méthode purement distributionnelle pour partitionner les symboles du corpus. Puis il applique des principes analogiques pour identifier un ensemble de candidats sérieux au titre de racine ou de schème, et pour élargir progressivement cet ensemble. Cette extension est soumise à une procédure d'évaluation basée sur le principe de la longueur de description minimale, dans- l'esprit de LINGUISTICA (Goldsmith, 2001). L'algorithme est implémenté sous la forme d'un programme informatique nommé ARABICA, et évalué sur un corpus de noms arabes, du point de vue de sa capacité à décrire le système du pluriel. Cette étude montre que des structures linguistiques complexes peuvent être découvertes en ne faisant qu'un minimum d'hypothèses a priori sur les phénomènes considérés. Elle illustre la synergie possible entre des mécanismes d'apprentissage portant sur des niveaux de description linguistique distincts, et cherche à déterminer quand et pourquoi cette coopération échoue. Elle conclut que la tension entre l'universalité de la distinction consonnes-voyelles et la spécificité de la structuration racine-schème est cruciale pour expliquer les forces et les faiblesses d'une telle approche. ABSTRACT This dissertation is concerned with the development of algorithmic methods for the unsupervised learning of natural language morphology, using a symbolically transcribed wordlist. It focuses on the case of languages approaching the introflectional type, such as Arabic or Hebrew. The morphology of such languages is traditionally described in terms of discontinuous units: consonantal roots and vocalic patterns. Inferring this kind of structure is a challenging task for current unsupervised learning systems, which generally operate with continuous units. In this study, the problem of learning root-and-pattern morphology is divided into a phonological and a morphological subproblem. The phonological component of the analysis seeks to partition the symbols of a corpus (phonemes, letters) into two subsets that correspond well with the phonetic definition of consonants and vowels; building around this result, the morphological component attempts to establish the list of roots and patterns in the corpus, and to infer the rules that govern their combinations. We assess the extent to which this can be done on the basis of two hypotheses: (i) the distinction between consonants and vowels can be learned by observing their tendency to alternate in speech; (ii) roots and patterns can be identified as sequences of the previously discovered consonants and vowels respectively. The proposed algorithm uses a purely distributional method for partitioning symbols. Then it applies analogical principles to identify a preliminary set of reliable roots and patterns, and gradually enlarge it. This extension process is guided by an evaluation procedure based on the minimum description length principle, in line with the approach to morphological learning embodied in LINGUISTICA (Goldsmith, 2001). The algorithm is implemented as a computer program named ARABICA; it is evaluated with regard to its ability to account for the system of plural formation in a corpus of Arabic nouns. This thesis shows that complex linguistic structures can be discovered without recourse to a rich set of a priori hypotheses about the phenomena under consideration. It illustrates the possible synergy between learning mechanisms operating at distinct levels of linguistic description, and attempts to determine where and why such a cooperation fails. It concludes that the tension between the universality of the consonant-vowel distinction and the specificity of root-and-pattern structure is crucial for understanding the advantages and weaknesses of this approach.

Scientific data dissemination a data catalogue to assist research organizations

The constant scientific production in the universities and in the research centers makes these organizations produce and acquire a great amount of data in a short period of time. Due to the big quantity of data, the research organizations become potentially vulnerable to the impacts on information booms that may cause a chaos as far as information management is concerned. In this context, the development of data catalogues comes up as one possible solution to the problems such as (I) the organization and (II) the data management. In the scientific scope, the data catalogues are implemented with the standard for digital and geospatial metadata and are broadly utilized in the process of producing a catalogue of scientific information. The aim of this work is to present the characteristics of access and storage of metadata in databank systems in order to improve the description and dissemination of scientific data. Relevant aspects will be considered and they should be analyzed during the stage of planning, once they can determine the success of implementation. The use of data catalogues by research organizations may be a way to promote and facilitate the dissemination of scientific data, avoid the repetition of efforts while being executed, as well as incentivate the use of collected, processed an also stored.

Maintaining Iowa's Secondary Road Environment, HR-289, 1989

The Iowa counties have been successful in maintaining a good roadway environment on our 90,000 mile secondary road system. However, county highway personnel must remain vigilant in detecting, discovering and correcting potential problems if our roads are to remain so. This presentation was developed for those county personnel who work and travel on secondary roads. The presentation discusses things county personnel can look for during their daily operations which could possibly create a potential problem. If these situations are uncovered and corrected in a timely manner, our secondary road system will be maintained in an appropriate manner.

Experimental Use of Calcium Magnesium Acetate, HR-253, 1983

The Iowa Department of Transportation Materials Laboratory personnel announced in early 1982 a process to produce a road deicer consisting of sand grains coated with calcium magnesium acetate (CMA). From that point forward the Iowa DOT began searching for a means of economically producing CMA to their concept. During 1983 and 1984 the first attempts devised for commercially producing CMA were attempted by the W.G. Block Company, Davenport, Iowa, under Iowa Highway Research Board Project HR-253. This first attempt at commercially producing CMA was accomplished by the use of concrete transit mixer equipment. Even though this procedure proved successful in the batch mixing of CMA, the need for higher production rates to reduce the cost per ton still existed. During the fall of 1984, Cedarapids Inc, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, proposed to Iowa DOT personnel the application of their technology to a continuous mixing concept for CMA. Arrangements were made for the continuous test mixing of 60 to 100 tons of CMA/sand deicer. This report covers the production effort, description and results of procedures outlined in Cedarapids Inc's proposal of September 19, 1984. The objectives of this research were: 1. To produce the CMA/sand deicer concept on a continuous mixing basis to Iowa DOT CMA concentration levels. 2. To evaluate the results of preheating the carrying vehicle (sand) prior to CMA ingredient introduction. 3. To analyze the feasibility of production equipment and procedures necessary for portable and/or stationary applications of continuous mixing concepts.