Status and Potential of Smallholder Livestock Production Systems in Xishuangbanna, southern P.R. China

With Chinas rapid economic development during the last decades, the national demand for livestock products has quadrupled within the last 20 years. Most of that increase in demand has been answered by subsidized industrialized production systems, while million of smallholders, which still provide the larger share of livestock products in the country, have been neglected. Fostering those systems would help China to lower its strong urban migration streams, enhance the livelihood of poorer rural population and provide environmentally save livestock products which have a good chance to satisfy customers demand for ecological food. Despite their importance, China’s smallholder livestock keepers have not yet gained appropriate attention from governmental authorities and researchers. However, profound analysis of those systems is required so that adequate support can lead to a better resource utilization and productivity in the sector. To this aim, this pilot study analyzes smallholder livestock production systems in Xishuangbanna, located in southern China. The area is bordered by Lao and Myanmar and geographically counts as tropical region. Its climate is characterized by dry and temperate winters and hot summers with monsoon rains from May to October. While the regionis plain, at about 500 m asl above sea level in the south, outliers of the Himalaya mountains reach out into the north of Xishuangbanna, where the highest peak reaches 2400 m asl. Except of one larger city, Jinghong, Xishuangbanna mainly is covered by tropical rainforest, areas under agricultural cultivation and villages. The major income is generated through inner-Chinese tourism and agricultural production. Intensive rubber plantations are distinctive for the lowland plains while small-scaled traditional farms are scattered in the mountane regions. In order to determine the current state and possible future chances of smallholder livestock production in that region, this study analyzed the current status of the smallholder livestock sector in the Naban River National Nature Reserve (NRNNR), an area which is largely representative for the whole prefecture. It covers an area of about 50square kilometer and reaches from 470 up to 2400 m asl. About 5500 habitants of different ethnic origin are situated in 24 villages. All data have been collected between October 2007 and May 2010. Three major objectives have been addressed in the study: 1. Classifying existing pig production systems and exploring respective pathways for development 2. Quantifying the performance of pig breeding systemsto identify bottlenecks for production 3. Analyzing past and current buffalo utilization to determine the chances and opportunities of buffalo keeping in the future In order to classify the different pig production s ystems, a baseline survey (n=204, stratified cluster sampling) was carried out to gain data about livestock species, numbers, management practices, cultivated plant species and field sizes as well associo-economic characteristics. Sampling included two clusters at village level (altitude, ethnic affiliation), resulting in 13 clusters of which 13-17 farms were interviewed respectively. Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CatPCA) and a two-step clustering algorithm have been applied to identify determining farm characteristics and assort recorded households into classes of livestock production types. The variables keep_sow_yes/no, TLU_pig, TLU_buffalo, size_of_corn_fields, altitude_class, size_of_tea_plantationand size_of_rubber_fieldhave been found to be major determinants for the characterization of the recorded farms. All farms have extensive or semi-intensive livestock production, pigs and buffaloes are predominant livestock species while chicken and aquaculture are available but play subordinate roles for livelihoods. All pig raisers rely on a single local breed, which is known as Small Ear Pig (SMEP) in the region. Three major production systemshave been identified: Livestock-corn based LB; 41%), rubber based (RB; 39%) and pig based (PB;20%) systems. RB farms earn high income from rubber and fatten 1.9 ±1.80 pigs per household (HH), often using purchased pig feed at markets. PB farms own similar sized rubber plantations and raise 4.7 ±2.77 pigs per HH, with fodder mainly being cultivated and collected in theforest. LB farms grow corn, rice and tea and keep 4.6 ±3.32 pigs per HH, also fed with collected and cultivated fodder. Only 29% of all pigs were marketed (LB: 20%; RB: 42%; PB: 25%), average annual mortality was 4.0 ±4.52 pigs per farm (LB: 4.6 ±3.68; RB: 1.9 ±2.14; PB: 7.1 ±10.82). Pig feed mainly consists of banana pseudo stem, corn and rice hives and is prepared in batches about two to three times per week. Such fodder might be sufficient in energy content but lacks appropriate content of protein. Pigs therefore suffer from malnutrition, which becomes most critical in the time before harvest season around October. Farmers reported high occurrences of gastrointestinal parasites in carcasses and often pig stables were wet and filled with manure. Deficits in nutritional and hygienic management are major limits for development and should be the first issues addressed to improve productivity. SME pork was found to be known and referred by local customers in town and by richer lowland farmers. However, high prices and lacking availability of SME pork at local wet-markets were the reasons which limited purchase. If major management constraints are overcome, pig breeders (PB and LB farms) could increase the share of marketed pigs for town markets and provide fatteners to richer RB farmers. RB farmers are interested in fattening pigs for home consumption but do not show any motivation for commercial pig raising. To determine the productivity of input factors in pig production, eproductive performance, feed quality and quantity as well as weight development of pigs under current management were recorded. The data collection included a progeny history survey covering 184 sows and 437 farrows, bi-weekly weighing of 114 pigs during a 16-months time-span on 21 farms (10 LB and 11 PB) as well as the daily recording of feed quality and quantity given to a defined number of pigs on the same 21 farms. Feed samples of all recorded ingredients were analyzed for their respective nutrient content. Since no literature values on thedigestibility of banana pseudo stem – which is a major ingredient of traditional pig feed in NRNNR – were found, a cross-sectional digestibility trial with 2x4 pigs has been conducted on a station in the research area. With the aid of PRY Herd Life Model, all data have been utilized to determine thesystems’ current (Status Quo = SQ) output and the productivity of the input factor “feed” in terms of saleable life weight per kg DM feed intake and monetary value of output per kg DM feed intake.Two improvement scenarios were simulated, assuming 1) that farmers adopt a culling managementthat generates the highest output per unit input (Scenario 1; SC I) and 2) that through improved feeding, selected parameters of reproduction are improved by 30% (SC II). Daily weight gain averaged 55 ± 56 g per day between day 200 and 600. The average feed energy content of traditional feed mix was 14.92 MJ ME. Age at first farrowing averaged 14.5 ± 4.34 months, subsequent inter-farrowing interval was 11.4 ± 2.73 months. Littersize was 5.8 piglets and weaning age was 4.3 ± 0.99 months. 18% of piglets died before weaning. Simulating pig production at actualstatus, it has been show that monetary returns on inputs (ROI) is negative (1:0.67), but improved (1:1.2) when culling management was optimized so that highest output is gained per unit feed input. If in addition better feeding, controlled mating and better resale prices at fixed dates were simulated, ROI further increased to 1:2.45, 1:2.69, 1:2.7 and 1:3.15 for four respective grower groups. Those findings show the potential of pork production, if basic measures of improvement are applied. Futureexploration of the environment, including climate, market-season and culture is required before implementing the recommended measures to ensure a sustainable development of a more effective and resource conserving pork production in the future. The two studies have shown that the production of local SME pigs plays an important role in traditional farms in NRNNR but basic constraints are limiting their productivity. However, relatively easy approaches are sufficient for reaching a notable improvement. Also there is a demand for more SME pork on local markets and, if basic constraints have been overcome, pig farmers could turn into more commercial producers and provide pork to local markets. By that, environmentally safe meat can be offered to sensitive consumers while farmers increase their income and lower the risk of external shocks through a more diverse income generating strategy. Buffaloes have been found to be the second important livestock species on NRNNR farms. While they have been a core resource of mixed smallholderfarms in the past, the expansion of rubber tree plantations and agricultural mechanization are reasons for decreased swamp buffalo numbers today. The third study seeks to predict future utilization of buffaloes on different farm types in NRNNR by analyzing the dynamics of its buffalo population and land use changes over time and calculating labor which is required for keeping buffaloes in view of the traction power which can be utilized for field preparation. The use of buffaloes for field work and the recent development of the egional buffalo population were analyzed through interviews with 184 farmers in 2007/2008 and discussions with 62 buffalo keepers in 2009. While pig based farms (PB; n=37) have abandoned buffalo keeping, 11% of the rubber based farms (RB; n=71) and 100% of the livestock-corn based farms (LB; n=76) kept buffaloes in 2008. Herd size was 2.5 ±1.80 (n=84) buffaloes in early 2008 and 2.2 ±1.69 (n=62) in 2009. Field work on own land was the main reason forkeeping buffaloes (87.3%), but lending work buffaloes to neighbors (79.0%) was also important. Other purposes were transport of goods (16.1%), buffalo trade (11.3%) and meat consumption(6.4%). Buffalo care required 6.2 ±3.00 working hours daily, while annual working time of abuffalo was 294 ±216.6 hours. The area ploughed with buffaloes remained constant during the past 10 years despite an expansion of land cropped per farm. Further rapid replacement of buffaloes by tractors is expected in the near future. While the work economy is drastically improved by the use of tractors, buffaloes still can provide cheap work force and serve as buffer for economic shocks on poorer farms. Especially poor farms, which lack alternative assets that could quickly be liquidizedin times of urgent need for cash, should not abandon buffalo keeping. Livestock has been found to be a major part of small mixed farms in NRNNR. The general productivity was low in both analyzed species, buffaloes and pigs. Productivity of pigs can be improved through basic adjustments in feeding, reproductive and hygienic management, and with external support pig production could further be commercialized to provide pork and weaners to local markets and fattening farms. Buffalo production is relatively time intensive, and only will be of importance in the future to very poor farms and such farms that cultivate very small terraces on steep slopes. These should be encouraged to further keep buffaloes. With such measures, livestock production in NRNNR has good chances to stay competitive in the future.

Bürgerschaftliches Engagement bei der Inventarisierung historischer Kulturlandschaftselemente

Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie Bürger an der Inventarisierung historischer Kulturlandschaftselemente mitwirken können und welche Leistungen von ihnen erbracht werden können. Dabei wird der Fokus darauf gerichtet, ob mit einer optimalen organisatorischen und methodischen Herangehensweise ein Inventar historischer Kulturlandschaftselemente erstellt werden kann, das auch den Anforderungen für eine planerische Anwendung genügt. Forschungsschwerpunkte der Arbeit sind entsprechend die Inventarisierung historischer Kulturlandschaftselemente und die Anforderungen an die dabei erstellten Inventare sowie die Möglichkeiten für bürgerschaftliches Engagement bei der Inventarisierung. Darüber hinaus wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob mit dem bürgerschaftlichen Engagement bei der Inventarisierung ein sonstiger Mehrwert verbunden ist. Die Untersuchung wird anhand von Fallstudien durchgeführt. Empirische Grundlage sind acht ausgewählte Beispielprojekte, in denen Bürger an der Inventarisierung historischer Kulturlandschaftselemente mitwirken bzw. diese durchführen. Um einen möglichst großen Erfahrungspool zu erschließen wurden Fallbeispiele gewählt, die sich u. a. hinsichtlich der Rahmenbedingungen, der Organisationsstrukturen, dem Maß und der Art der Mitwirkung von Bürgern unterscheiden. Die detaillierte Analyse dieser Projekte und die Evaluierung der in ihrem Rahmen erstellten Inventare ist Hauptgegenstand dieser Arbeit und eine Grundlage für die Entwicklung von Empfehlungen für bürgerschaftliches Engagement bei der Inventarisierung historischer Kulturlandschaftselemente. Die Datenerhebung für die Analyse und Evaluierung erfolgt in erster Linie mittels Befragungen. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass durch bürgerschaftliches Engagement wertvolle Beiträge zur Inventarisierung historischer Kulturlandschaftselemente geleistet werden können. In der Bevölkerung gibt es sowohl Interesse an der aktiven Mitwirkung als auch Kompetenzen, um unter Anleitung historische Kulturlandschaftselemente zu erfassen. Es müssen jedoch einige methodische Hinweise berücksichtigt und Maßnahmen getroffen werden, um Defizite, die sich durch die Erfassung durch Freiwillige ergeben können, zu vermeiden. So ist es bspw. zwingend notwendig, organisatorische Strukturen, Methoden und Standards vorzugeben, die Freiwilligen anzuleiten und ggf. zu unterstützen sowie die erhobenen Daten zu prüfen und in einem gewissen Umfang auch zu qualifizieren. Wenn die Inventarisierungen von Fachexperten aufgebaut und gesteuert werden, kann verhindert werden, dass die methodische Vorgehensweise von den fachlichen Anforderungen abweicht, und dass falsch erhobene und bewertete Daten verbreitet werden. Nicht von der Hand zu weisen ist der hohe Organisations- und Betreuungsaufwand sowie der Aufwand zur Prüfung und Nachbesserung der Daten, der mit der Beteiligung von Bürgern einhergeht. Doch selbst wenn die erfassten Daten der Bürger nur eine Grundlage bilden, die geprüft und für eine planerische Verwendung weiter qualifiziert werden muss, können durch die Einbindung von Bürgern wichtige Beiträge zum Erhalt der Kulturlandschaft geleistet werden. Neben der Datenerfassung werden zahlreiche Bürger für das Themenfeld Kulturlandschaft sensibilisiert, so dass die Anliegen zum Erhalt der Kulturlandschaft in weiten Teilen der Bevölkerung an Bedeutung gewinnen und verankert werden können. Um das Potenzial bürgerschaftlichen Engagements für die Inventarisierung historischer Kulturlandschaftselemente optimal nutzen zu können, und um möglichst bundes- oder landesweit einheitliche Inventare zu erstellen die Akzeptanz finden und für die Planung und weitere Anwendungszwecke genutzt werden, besteht noch Entwicklungs- und Abstimmungsbedarf. Manche Entwicklungen stehen nicht in Zusammenhang mit der Beteiligung von Bürgern, sondern sind generell notwendig, um einheitliche und möglichst landes- oder gar bundesweite Inventarisierungen historischer Kulturlandschaftselemente zu realisieren. Dies betrifft z. B. die Konsensfindung unter den Behörden und Fachstellen bezüglich methodischer Fragen und der Zuständigkeiten oder die Entwicklung eines geeigneten GIS-basierten Online-Inventars.

Microbial response to restoration of tantalite mine soils in western Rwanda

Artisanal columbite-tantalite (coltan) mining has had negative effects on the rural economy in the great Lakes region of Africa through labor deficits, degradation and loss of farmland, food insecurity, high cost of living, and reduced traditional export crop production alongside secondary impacts that remotely affect the quality of air, water, soil, plants, animals, and human wellbeing. The situation is multifaceted and calls for a holistic approach for short and long-term mitigation of such negative effects. This study focuses on the effects of mine land restoration on soil microbiological quality in the Gatumba Mining District of western Rwanda. Some coltan mine wastelands were afforested with pine and eucalyptus trees while farmers directly cultivated others due to land scarcity. Farmyard manure (FYM) is the sole fertilizer applied on the wastelands although it is insufficient to achieve the desired crop yields. Despite this, several multi-purpose plants such as Tithonia diversifolia, Markhamia lutea, and Canavalia brasiliensis thrive in the area and could supplement FYM. The potential for these “new” amendments to improve soil microbial properties, particularly in the tantalite mine soils was investigated. The specific objectives of the study were to: (a) evaluate the effects of land use on soil microbial indices of the tantalite mine soils; (b) investigate the restorative effects of organic amendments on a Technosol; and (c) estimate the short-term N and P supply potential of the soil amendments in the soils. Fresh soils (0-20 cm) from an unmined native forest, two mine sites afforested with pine and eucalyptus forests (pine and eucalyptus Technosols), an arable land, and two cultivated Technosols (Kavumu and Kirengo Technosols) were analyzed for the physicochemical properties. Afterwards, a 28-day incubation (22oC) experiment was conducted followed by measurements of mineral N, soil microbial biomass C, N, P, and fungal ergosterol contents using standard methods. This was followed by a 12-week incubation study of the arable soil and the Kavumu Technosol amended with FYM, Canavalia and Tithonia biomass, and Markhamia leaf litter after which soil microbial properties were measured at 2, 8, and 12 weeks of incubation. Finally, two 4-week incubation experiments each were conducted in soils of the six sites to estimate (i) potential mineralizable N using a soil-sand mixture (1:1) amended with Canavalia and goat manure and (ii) P mineralization mixtures (1:1) of soil and anion exchange resins in bicarbonate form amended with Tithonia biomass and goat manure. In study one, afforestation increased soil organic carbon and total N contents in the pine and eucalyptus Technosols by 34-40% and 28-30%, respectively of that in the native forest soil. Consequently, the microbial biomass and activity followed a similar trend where the cultivated Technosols were inferior to the afforested ones. The microbial indices of the mine soils were constrained by soil acidity, dithionite-extractable Al, and low P availability. In study two, the amendments substantially increased C and N mineralization, microbial properties compared with non-amended soils. Canavalia biomass increased CO2 efflux by 340%, net N mineralization by 30-140%, and microbial biomass C and N by 240-600% and 240-380% (P < 0.01), respectively after four weeks of incubation compared with the non-amended soils. Tithonia biomass increased ergosterol content by roughly 240%. The Kavumu Technosol showed a high potential for quick restoration of its soil quality due to its major responses to the measured biological parameters. In study three, Canavalia biomass gave the highest mineralizable N (130 µg g-1 soil, P < 0.01) in the Kavumu Technosol and the lowest in the native forest soil (-20 µg g-1 soil). Conversely, the mineralizable N of goat manure was negative in all soils ranging from -2.5 µg N g-1 to -7.7 µg N g-1 soil except the native forest soil. However, the immobilization of goat manure N in the “cultivated soils” was 30-70% lower than in the “forest soils” signifying an imminent recovery of the amended soils from N immobilization. The mineralization of goat manure P was three-fold that of Tithonia, constituting 61-71% of total P applied. Phosphorus mineralization slightly decreased after four weeks of incubation due to sulfate competition as reflected in a negative correlation, which was steeper in the Tithonia treatment. In conclusion, each amendment used in this research played a unique role in C, N, and P mineralization and contributed substantially to microbial properties in the tantalite mine soils. Interestingly, the “N immobilizers” exhibited potentials for P release and soil organic carbon storage. Consequently, the combined use of the amendments in specific ratios, or co-composting prior to application is recommended to optimize nutrient release, microbial biomass dynamics and soil organic matter accrual. Transport of organic inputs seems more feasible for smallholder farmers who typically manage small field sizes. To reduce acidity in the soils, liming with wood ash was recommended to also improve P availability and enhance soil biological quality, even if it may only be possible on small areas. Further, afforestation with mixed-species of fast-growing eucalyptus and legume or indigenous tree species are suggested to restore tantalite mine wastelands. It is emphasized most of this research was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, which exclude interaction with environmental variables. Also fine fractions of the amendments were used compared with the usual practice of applying a mixture of predominantly coarser fractions. Therefore, the biological dynamics reported in the studies here may not entirely reflect those of farmers’ field conditions.

Programa de habilidades sociales en la infancia

Programa dirigido a 43 escolares de 7 y 8 de EGB de los C.P. Villalegre y C.P. Marcelo Gago. Se valor?? positivamente el que existiera en el grupo ni??os de etnias diferentes. Los ni??os no tienen por qu?? ser deficitarios en habilidades sociales ya que se pretende la prevenci??n de futuros deficits, dada la importancia que para el desarrollo de los ni??os tiene el disponer de unas adecuadas habilidades sociales, lo ideal ser??a, seg??n los autores que fuese ense??ada sistem??ticamente en todas las escuelas como parte normal y habitual del proceso educativo. Las actividades desarrolladas consistieron en la explicaci??n del comportamiento social en 11 m??dulos: introducci??n a las habilidades sociales, cumplidos, quejas, dar una negativa o decir que no, pedir favores, preguntar por qu??, defender los propios derechos, conversaciones, empat??a, habilidades sociales no verbales, interacciones en grupo. El dise??o metodol??gico es el siguiente: 1.Modelo de lecci??n para los ni??os, introducci??n y fundamento te??rico; Imitaci??n; Enseyo conductual representaci??n, intercambio de papeles; Informaci??n del educador; Discusi??n en clase. Previamente los profesores explicaron a los padres sus objetivos, durante el programa se mantuvieron reuniones del prof. del curso con los del centro, la asistente voluntaria y la coordinadora de la Cruz Roja. Al finalizar se entregaron las memorias de la actividad y las gu??as para el profesor. En la evaluaci??n inicial se pas?? una escala para identificar el estilo cognitivo que regula el comportamiento social de los individuos adem??s de la informaci??n solicitada a los profesores sobre los posibles deficits conductuales de los ni??os. Al finalizar el programa se volvi?? a pasar la misma escala observ??ndose mejoras significativas en la mayor??a de los ni??os, aunque hay que interpretarlo con cautela debido al poco tiempo transcurrido entre el inicial y el final del programa.

Efectividad del tratamiento con neurofeedback en trastornos del estado del ánimo, ansiedad y fibromialgia: una revisión de literatura

El neurofeedback es una técnica no invasiva en la que se pretende corregir, mediante condicionamiento operante, ondas cerebrales que se encuentren alteradas en el electroencefalograma. Desde 1967, se han conducido numerosas investigaciones relacionadas con los efectos de la técnica en el tratamiento de alteraciones psicológicas. Sin embargo, a la fecha no existen revisiones sistemáticas que reúnan los temas que serán aquí tratados. El aporte de este trabajo es la revisión de 56 artículos, publicados entre los años 1995 y 2013 y la evaluación metodológica de 29 estudios incluidos en la revisión. La búsqueda fue acotada a la efectividad del neurofeedback en el tratamiento de depresión, ansiedad, trastorno obsesivo compulsivo (TOC), ira y fibromialgia. Los hallazgos demuestran que el neurofeedback ha tenido resultados positivos en el tratamiento de estos trastornos, sin embargo, es una técnica que aún está en desarrollo, con unas bases teóricas no muy bien establecidas y cuyos resultados necesitan de diseños metodológicamente más sólidos que ratifiquen su validez.

A diabetes mellitus causa deterioro cognitivo em idosos? Um estudo de revisão

A Diabetes Mellitus (DM) refere-se a uma síndrome metabólica, com prejuízos físicos, sociais e psicológicos naqueles que a possuem. A doença tem um forte componente genético, e é subdividida em Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 (DM1), e Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 (DM2). A DM2 está associada a déficits funcionais e também cognitivos. Pesquisas revelam que as funções executivas dos idosos com DM encontram-se mais prejudicadas do que naqueles sem DM. Com o objetivo de aprofundar esta temática, esse estudo realiza uma revisão sistemática da literatura, através de publicações indexadas nos últimos oito anos, que abordam a relação entre DM2 e aspectos do deterioro cognitivo em idosos (flexibilidade cognitiva, flexibilidade mental e do pensamento e funções executivas). Nos estudos revisados, a maioria mostrou um grau de comprometimento relacionado com as funções cognitivas: flexibilidade do pensamento, atenção, memória de trabalho, sugerindo, inclusive, que a DM2 acelera o processo de deterioro, aumentando a possibilidade de desenvolvimento de demência. A prevalência de depressão é mais elevada em idosos com DM2, com comprometimento em muitas funções, além de outras complicações físicas identificadas. Os achados apontam para funcionamento cognitivo prejudicado em idosos com DM2, o que enfatiza a necessidade de desenvolvimento de programas de prevenção e intervenção.

Rehabilitation of executive functions: Implications and strategies

Executive Functions (EF) concern a range of abilitiesincluding problem-solving, planning, initiation, selfmonitoring,conscious attention, cope with new situationsand the ability to modify plans if necessary. It’s ahigh cognitive function that is crucial for a person to getengaged and maintain daily activities whilst keeping agood quality of life. Problems in the EF were formerlyknown as Dysexecutive Syndrome (DS). There are manymodels concerning DS, although the literature on thesubject still remains unclear. Several works appoint theeffects brought by elderly life, as well as abuse of drugsand some psychopathologies. These factors are knownto increase the distress of the frontal circuits and thatcould be associated to executive deficits. The effects ofDS would compromise individuals in day-to-day routine,academic, social and labor fields. There is a growingbody of studies trying to determine the causes, implications,associations and the best way to take care of theseeffects. This work intends to review DS, focusing on themost important fields related to this area, such as psychopathologyassociations, cognitive reserve, assessmentand cognitive rehabilitation programs.

Contribution from neuropsychology to the study of semantic memory

Semantic memory has been studied from various fields. The first models emerged from cognitive psychology from the hand of the division proposed by Tulving between semantic and episodic memory. Over the past thirty years there have been parallel developments in the fields of psycholinguistics, cognitive psychology and cognitive neuropsychology. The present work is to review the contributions that have emerged within the neuropsychology to the study of semantic memory and to present an updated overview of the points of consensus. First, it is defined the term "semantics" conceptually within the field of neuropsychology. Then, there is a dichotomy that passes through both psychological and neuropsychological models on semantic memory: the existence of modals versus amodal representations. Third, there are  developed the main theoretical models in neuropsychology that emerged in an attempt to explain categoryspecific semantic deficits. Finally, more robust contributions and points that still generate some discussion are reviewed.

O que a nomeação rápida nos diz sobre a dislexia?

Substantial evidence now show that dyslexic readers have problems with speeded naming of visual items. Early research assumed that this was a consequence of phonological processing deficits, but recent findings have suggested that non-phonological processes may lie at the root of the association between slow naming speed and poor reading. In a set of studies conducted with Portuguese children, the performance of dyslexic readers on serial rapid naming and phonological measures was investigated. The hypothesis that rapid naming reflects an independent core deficit in dyslexia is supported: (1) some dyslexics are characterized by naming difficulties but intact phonological skills; (2) the variance in rapid naming performance predicts uniquely the variance in children’s reading skills, independently from phonological skills; (3) rapid naming and phonological processing measures are not reliably correlated. The results also uncovered greater predictive power of rapid naming, and in particularly the inter-item pause time, for high-frequency word reding than for pseudoword reading in developmental dyslexia. Our work shows that a phonological component alone cannot account for the rapid naming performance in dyslexia. Rather, naming problems may emerge from the inefficiencies in visual-orthographic processing as well as in phonological processing.

Diferencias en funciones ejecutivas en escolares normales, con trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad, trastorno del cálculo y condición comórbida

El objetivo del presente estudio descriptivo-comparativo fue comparar el desempeño en funciones ejecutivas de escolares entre ocho y trece años con trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH), trastorno del cálculo (TC), TDAH+TC y controles normales. Los diagnósticos se confirmaron a través de una entrevista clínica semiestructurada, un cuestionario clínico de déficit atencional y pruebas de cálculo matemático. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos en atención visual y auditiva, fluidez verbal fonémica, flexibilidad cognitiva, organización y planeación. Los resultados indican, de manera similar que investigaciones anteriores, que los escolares con TDAH+TC presentan mayores déficits en funciones ejecutivas que los niños normales.

Brief neuropsychological assessment of adults post-stroke in the left hemisphere

The neuropsychological assessment investigates cognitive deficits to improve the diagnosis, the prognosis and the rehabilitation of patients. In Brazil, stroke is a major cause of hospitalization and the leading cause of mortality and disability. The stroke in the left hemisphere (LH) is associated with different degrees of loss of language and other cognitive impairments, for example, in the memory. We compared the performance in brief neuropsychological tasks of the left hemisphere poststroke patients, without moderate or severe aphasia, with healthy controls. A list of 135 patients was selected based on inclusion criteria. The study included 15 patients with left stroke, paired by sex, age and education to 30 neurologically healthy adults. The data resulting from application of the Neupsilin Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument were analyzed with the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U. Adults with LH stroke showed a significant reduction in performance when compared to healthy controls on language, working memory and ideomotor praxis, results also found in other studies of patients with left hemisphere stroke

Brain injury: Assessment of hemineglect occurence and of attentional deficit through cancellation tasks

Hemineglect (HN) is a widely studied syndrome after unilateral lesions due to stroke. However, although there are some studies with HN rehabilitation of posttraumatic brain injury (TBI), there seems to be no published data about the prevalence of HN in TBI through cancellation tasks. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize the occurrence of this syndrome and of attentional deficits in patients with TBI by means of the Bells Test and of a line cancellation task. The sample was comprised of 21 patients with TBI and 21 healthy controls matched by education, age and frequency of written language habits. There was a poorer performance of patients with TBI with a greater number of omissions on the left side and lower speed processing. In addition, suggestive signs of HN were found in 38 % of the sample of TBI patients. More research is needed to characterize clinical syndromes regarding the occurrence of HN after a TBI through the traditionally known cancellation paradigm.

Neuropsychological profile in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy

The temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of refractory epilepsy in adults. There is a wide consensus regarding the commitment of memory in temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. However, the consensus is not as widespread with respect to the other functions such as attention, executive functions, language and intellectual performance. For this study we analyzed retrospectively a group of 76 patients with refractory epilepsy, 48 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (23 with right lateralization and 25 with left lateralization) and 28 patients with extratemporal epilepsy. We applied a battery of neuropsychological tests used in the Epilepsy Surgery Program at Hospital de Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal. Our results show that the battery of neuropsychological tests is internally consistent in the evaluation of patients with TLE. We have also found that patients with TLE have standard generalized deficits witch could be indicative of areas of engagement besides the hippocampus. One interesting finding was the fact that interference verbal memory (long term memory) remains adequate, suggesting that this function is not compromised in TLE. In addition to the general pattern of cognitive deficits, we can see the impact of the disease at the socio-demographic level, and we can also establish a relationship with neurobiological findings previously described in the literature

La subpoliarquía colombiana. Deficiencias estatales, democracia deficitaria

El artículo analiza la democracia colombiana en la década 2002-2011. El argumento central es que Colombia representa un caso de una democracia con déficits, que no alcanza a cubrir las condiciones mínimas de las democracias políticas y se constituye en una subpoliarquía. En esta condición incide de forma  directa las deficiencias estatales, en sus dimensiones de coacción y cohesión social. Los déficits democráticos se presentan en las condiciones básicas de la competencia  política, con elecciones periódicas, pero no libres ni competitivas ni limpias; en la presencia continuada de fraude y manipulación de los resultados electorales y en la  ausencia de garantías para las libertades civiles y políticas. Estas características justifican los diversos adjetivos aplicados a la democracia colombiana, siempre  en clave negativa.

Exposición acumulada de polvo respirable como predictor de enfermedad respiratoria

En la minería de carbón se presenta exposición prolongada a polvo de carbón y a polvo de sílice en diferentes porcentajes, encontrándose una asociación con las alteraciones obstructivas, bronquitis crónica, Neumoconiosis de los trabajadores de carbón y Silicosis. Se han establecido varias formas de estimar el riesgo de desarrollar dichas enfermedades respiratorias no malignas secundarias a la exposición a estos polvos (carbón y sílice) en el ámbito ocupacional, siendo el cálculo de la exposición acumulada, la que ha demostrado mayor utilidad. Con el fin de establecer el riesgo de desarrollar alteraciones funcionales, a partir de la exposición acumulada de polvo respirable - y en los trabajadores de una empresa de minería a cielo abierto en Colombia, se estructuró este estudio de cohorte. Se contó con el registro de 566 trabajadores distribuidos en 29 Grupos de Exposición Similar (GES). El cálculo de la dosis acumulada se realizó considerando las medianas de exposición para cada GES y el tiempo de exposición de cada trabajador. Y posteriormente se estimó el riesgo empleando una regresión de poisson con varianza robusta. Los resultados más importantes del estudio muestran la exposición acumulada en niveles inferiores a los reportados en la literatura, sin embargo se encuentra un riesgo ligeramente elevado, IRR 1.000124 (IC95% 1 - 1.000248) en los expuestos, estimando que por cada unidad de medición de la exposición acumulada que se incremente, el riesgo de que aparezca una alteración respiratoria funcional se incrementa en 1.000124 veces entre los trabajadores expuestos y los no expuestos.