Caracterização química e toxicológica da água produzida descartada em plataformas de óleo e gás na costa brasileira e seu comportamento dispersivo no mar

The production of oil and gas is usually accompanied by the production of water, also known as produced water. Studies were conducted in platforms that discharge produced water in the Atlantic Ocean due to oil and gas production by Petrobras from 1996 to 2006 in the following basins: Santos (Brazilian south region), Campos (Brazilian southeast region) and Ceara (Brazilian northeast region). This study encompasses chemical composition, toxicological effects, discharge volumes, and produced water behavior after releasing in the ocean, including dispersion plumes modeling and monitoring data of the marine environment. The concentration medians for a sampling of 50 samples were: ammonia (70 mg L-1), boron (1.3 mg L1), iron (7.4 mg L-1), BTEX (4.6 mg L-1), PAH (0.53 mg L-1), TPH (28 mg L-1); phenols (1.3 mg L-1) and radioisotopes (0.15 Bq L-1 for 226Ra and 0.09 Bq L-1 for 228Ra). The concentrations of the organic and inorganic parameters observed for the Brazilian platforms were similar to the international reference data for the produced water in the North Sea and in other regions of the world. It was found significant differences in concentrations of the following parameters: BTEX (p<0.0001), phenols (p=0.0212), boron (p<0.0001), iron (p<0.0001) and toxicological response in sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus (p<0.0001) when considering two distinguished groups, platforms from southeast and northeast Region (PCR-1). Significant differences were not observed among the other parameters. In platforms with large gas production, the monoaromatic concentrations (BTEX from 15.8 to 21.6 mg L-1) and phenols (from 2 to 83 mg L-1) were higher than in oil plataforms (median concentrations of BTEX were 4.6 mg L-1 for n=53, and of phenols were 1.3 mg L-1 for n=46). It was also conducted a study about the influence of dispersion plumes of produced water in the vicinity of six platforms of oil and gas production (P-26, PPG-1, PCR-1, P-32, SS-06), and in a hypothetical critical scenario using the chemical characteristics of each effluent. Through this study, using CORMIX and CHEMMAP models for dispersion plumes simulation of the produced water discharges, it was possible to obtain the dilution dimension in the ocean after those discharges. The dispersion plumes of the produced water modelling in field vicinity showed dilutions of 700 to 900 times for the first 30-40 meters from the platform PCR-1 discharge point; 100 times for the platform P-32, with 30 meters of distance; 150 times for the platform P-26, with 40 meters of distance; 100 times for the platform PPG-1, with 130 meters of distance; 280 to 350 times for the platform SS-06, with 130 meters of distance, 100 times for the hypothetical critical scenario, with the 130 meters of distance. The dilutions continue in the far field, and with the results of the simulations, it was possible to verify that all the parameters presented concentrations bellow the maximum values established by Brazilian legislation for seawater (CONAMA 357/05 - Class 1), before the 500 meters distance of the discharge point. These results were in agreement with the field measurements. Although, in general results for the Brazilian produced water presented toxicological effects for marine organisms, it was verified that dilutions of 100 times were sufficient for not causing toxicological responses. Field monitoring data of the seawater around the Pargo, Pampo and PCR-1 platforms did not demonstrate toxicity in the seawater close to these platforms. The results of environmental monitoring in seawater and sediments proved that alterations were not detected for environmental quality in areas under direct influence of the oil production activities in the Campos and Ceara Basin, as according to results obtained in the dispersion plume modelling for the produced water discharge

Comportamento de sementes de cultivares de soja, submetidos a diferentes períodos de envelhecimento acelerado

Accelerated aging test is an important procedure to be used, beyond other aim, for breeding programs to select cultivars with storage and development potential under high relative humidity and temperature. At accelerated aging test in soybean seeds, the temperature and time of exhibition they were not still totally established, factors that cause divergence among the researchers, mainly with relationship to the most appropriate periods. The aim was to evaluate the behavior of soybean seeds submitted to accelerated aging test. Seeds of the varieties IAC-15, CAC-1, FT-Estrela and IAC-Foscarin 31 were submitted to germination test, electrical conductivity and accelerated aging (41 degrees C, during 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 64, 68, 72 and 76 hours). There are differences among cultivars evaluated in relation to accelerated aging test sensibilility; the cultivars are sensibles to increasing the exposition time; the accelerated aging test can be used to select cultivars in breeding programs; the cultivar FT-Estrela can be sowed at regions with high temperature and humidity.

Consórcio de feijoeiro e milho-verde na entressafra. II- comportamento das cultivares de milho

The green corn demand, production of quality bean grain and better use of land and water resources can be used by small farmers through the intercropping of common bean and green corn in off-season crops. Field experiments were conducted in the Polo Regional Extremo Oeste-APTA, in Andradina -São Paulo State, in 2005 and 2006. The objective was to evaluate the performance of green corn cultivars grown in single crop and intercropped with common bean. The randomized blocks design with 8 treatments constituted by the combination of two corn (CATIVERDE 02 and XB 7012) and three common bean cultivars of different growth habits: IPR Colibri (I), IPR Juriti (II) and IAC Carioca (III), with four repetitions was used. The influence of the intercropping on the performance of corn was not significant. The hybrid XB 7012 was more productive in intercropping and in single crop. The hybrid production more 8000 commercials ears and lengt ears when compared with the variety. The intercropping with the IPR Juriti or IPR Colibri cultivars were the most profitable for the producer.

Consórcio de feijoeiro e milho-verde na entressafra I comportamento das cultivares de feijão

Green corn demand, production of quality bean grain and better use of land and water resources can be used by small farmers through the intercropping of common bean and green corn in off-season crops. Field experiments were conducted in the Polo Regional Extremo Oeste- APTA, in Andradina -São Paulo State, in 2005 and 2006. The objective was to evaluate the performance of common bean cultivars grown in single crop and intercropped with green corn. The randomized blocks design with 9 treatments constituted by the combination of three common bean cultivars of different growth habits: IPR Colibri (Type I), IPR Juriti (Type II) and IAC Carioca (Type III), and two corn cultivars: CATIVERDE 02 (variety) and XB 7012 (hybrid), with four repetitions was used. The intercropping influenced the performance of all common bean cultivars. The green corn CATIVERDE 02 is more appropriate for intercropping with common bean. IAC Carioca, IPR Juriti and IPR Colibri cultivars present same behavior. IPR Colibri presented potential for intercropping.

Comportamento hemodinâmico e metabólico do choque hemorrágico: estudo experimental no cão

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Diversos modelos experimentais têm sido utilizados para ilustrar as alterações hemodinâmicas e metabólicas que ocorrem durante o choque hemorrágico. O objetivo da pesquisa é o de observar os comportamentos hemodinâmicos e metabólicos que acontecem em um modelo seqüencial e progressivo de choque hemorrágico no cão, verificando quais índices alteram-se mais precocemente. MÉTODO: O estudo foi realizado em 13 cães sob anestesia venosa total com pentobarbital sódico, em normoventilação e previamente esplenectomizados. Os animais não foram hidratados e a velocidade do sangramento foi ditada pela pressão arterial em que o animal se encontrava. Os atributos estudados foram divididos em hemodinâmicos (freqüência cardíaca - FC, pressão arterial média - PAM, índice de resistência vascular sistêmica - IRVS, índice sistólico - IS, índice cardíaco - IC, índice de choque - I.choque, índice de trabalho sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo - ITSVE, pressão capilar pulmonar - PCP, pressão venosa central - PVC) e metabólicos (saturação venosa mista - SvO2, pressão venosa de oxigênio - PvO2, transporte de oxigênio - DO2, consumo de oxigênio - VO2, extração de oxigênio - TEO2, lactato sérico). A coleta de dados e os atributos foram estudados em 6 momentos distintos, sendo M1, o momento controle e os outros momentos correspondentes a decréscimos gradativos de 10% da volemia calculada para cada animal. RESULTADOS: A hemorragia determinou diminuição significativa da FC somente em M6; queda da PAM, IC, IS e ITSVE a cada momento estudado; discreta alteração da PVC e PCP em cada momento; diminuição da PvO2 e da SvO2 nos momentos estudados; redução do DO2, estabilização do VO2 e elevação da TEO2 nos momentos; o índice de choque apresentou elevação até M3, diminuição em M4 e nova elevação até M6; o IRVS elevou-se até M6, ficou inalterado em M5 e apresentou diminuição significativa em M6; o lactato apresentou elevações a partir de M5 e M6. CONCLUSÕES: Considerou-se que a pressão arterial média, freqüência cardíaca, pressão venosa central e pressão capilar pulmonar não refletem o real estado volêmico dos cães no nosso modelo experimental e que o transporte, consumo e a taxa de extração de oxigênio são parâmetros úteis na determinação da reversibilidade e prognóstico do choque hemorrágico.

Uma abordagem para a verificação do comportamento excepcional a partir de regras de designe e testes

Checking the conformity between implementation and design rules in a system is an important activity to try to ensure that no degradation occurs between architectural patterns defined for the system and what is actually implemented in the source code. Especially in the case of systems which require a high level of reliability is important to define specific design rules for exceptional behavior. Such rules describe how exceptions should flow through the system by defining what elements are responsible for catching exceptions thrown by other system elements. However, current approaches to automatically check design rules do not provide suitable mechanisms to define and verify design rules related to the exception handling policy of applications. This paper proposes a practical approach to preserve the exceptional behavior of an application or family of applications, based on the definition and runtime automatic checking of design rules for exception handling of systems developed in Java or AspectJ. To support this approach was developed, in the context of this work, a tool called VITTAE (Verification and Information Tool to Analyze Exceptions) that extends the JUnit framework and allows automating test activities to exceptional design rules. We conducted a case study with the primary objective of evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed approach on a software product line. Besides this, an experiment was conducted that aimed to realize a comparative analysis between the proposed approach and an approach based on a tool called JUnitE, which also proposes to test the exception handling code using JUnit tests. The results showed how the exception handling design rules evolve along different versions of a system and that VITTAE can aid in the detection of defects in exception handling code

Avaliando a robustez e manutenibilidade do comportamento excepcional de aplicações C#

Mainstream programming languages provide built-in exception handling mechanisms to support robust and maintainable implementation of exception handling in software systems. Most of these modern languages, such as C#, Ruby, Python and many others, are often claimed to have more appropriated exception handling mechanisms. They reduce programming constraints on exception handling to favor agile changes in the source code. These languages provide what we call maintenance-driven exception handling mechanisms. It is expected that the adoption of these mechanisms improve software maintainability without hindering software robustness. However, there is still little empirical knowledge about the impact that adopting these mechanisms have on software robustness. This work addresses this gap by conducting an empirical study aimed at understanding the relationship between changes in C# programs and their robustness. In particular, we evaluated how changes in the normal and exceptional code were related to exception handling faults. We applied a change impact analysis and a control flow analysis in 100 versions of 16 C# programs. The results showed that: (i) most of the problems hindering software robustness in those programs are caused by changes in the normal code, (ii) many potential faults were introduced even when improving exception handling in C# code, and (iii) faults are often facilitated by the maintenance-driven flexibility of the exception handling mechanism. Moreover, we present a series of change scenarios that decrease the program robustness

Estudo do comportamento mecânico de estruturas de solo-cimento reforçado com fibras de coco e hastes de bambu

In this work the use of coconut fiber (coir) and bamboo shafts as reinforcement of soil-cement was studied, in order to obtain an alternative material to make stakes for fences in rural properties. The main objective was to study the effect of the addition of reinforcement to the soil-cement matrix. The effect of humidity on the mechanical properties was also analyzed. The soil-cement mortar was composed by a mixture, in equal parts, of soil and river sand, 14% in weight of cement and 10 % in weight of water. As reinforcement, different combinations of (a) coconut fiber with 15 mm mean length (0,3 %, 0,6 % and 1,2 % in weight) and (b) bamboo shafts, also in crescent quantities (2, 4 and 8 shafts per specimen) were used. For each combination 6 specimens were made and these were submitted to three point flexural test after 28 days of cure. In order to evaluate the effect of humidity, 1 specimen from each of the coconut fiber reinforced combination was immersed in water 24 hours prior to flexural test. The results of the tests carried out indicated that the addition of the reinforcement affected negatively the mechanical resistance and, on the other hand, increased the tenacity and the ductility of the material.

Poluentes atmosféricos: monóxido e dióxido de carbono no nordeste do Brasil

The interference of man in the middle atmosphere can be evidenced by the presence of carbon monoxide, gas associated with burning fossil fuels and carbon dioxide content, essential for respiration of plants and thermal balance of the Earth. In this thesis we initially evaluated the intensity of the spatial distribution of carbon monoxide in the Northeast of Brazil, and subsequently the behavior of temporal variations of the pollutants carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the atmospheric boundary layer Maxaranguape / RN. Research has shown that, driven by speculation and promoting the occupation of land for agriculture, cattle ranching and tourism in the Northeast of Brazil, the changes established by the man in the middle geomorphological affect the lower troposphere on a large scale, with a predominance of concentrations in central Pernambuco, Paraiba's south-central and central-west of Alagoas. However, the study of Maxaranguape / RN results showed little variation in carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, with the speed of the wind persisting with values greater than 7.8 m / s, showing dispersion and diffusion of pollutants which resulted in faster renewal of local atmospheric air

Aplicação de resíduo industrial para isolamento térmico: uma proposta para utilização do poliuretano de mamona com agregado de resíduo plástico termofixo

A aplicação de isolantes térmicos em sistemas construtivos promove vantagens com vistas ao conforto térmico de ambientes. E com isso, o aumento da produtividade em locais de trabalho, a sensação de bem-estar e a diminuição dos custos com climatização. A demanda por conforto ambiental, no âmbito da isolação térmica, somada ao advento de novas leis que regulam os requisitos mínimos de conforto, as exigências dos consumidores pela adoção de métodos de produção mais “limpos”, a fiscalização quanto à destinação de resíduos industriais, além da inserção de produtos no mercado com apelos ambientais, incentivaram o desenvolvimento da presente pesquisa. O presente trabalho trata da aplicação do poliuretano, visando comparar o desempenho térmico do derivado de origem vegetal (óleo de mamona) com adição de resíduo plástico termofixo em diferentes proporções (5%, 10%, 15% e 20%), com o poliuretano petrolífero, a lã de vidro e a lã de rocha através da análise de suas propriedades térmicas (condutividade térmica – k, difusividade térmica – e capacidade calorífica – Cp). . Após a realização dos ensaios, os compósitos estudados foram moídos e reutilizados como carga para novos compósitos. Com base nos resultados dos ensaios de propriedades térmicas, constatou-se que o material desenvolvido conduz menos calor que o poliuretano de petróleo, a lã de vidro e a lã de rocha, além de oferecer alta inércia térmica, bom desempenho térmico e baixo custo. Assim como foi comprovada a possibilidade de fabricação de novos compósitos para fins de isolamento, reutilizando os compósitos testados

Espectros fractais em sistemas nanoestruturados e cristais fotônicos

The study of the elementary excitations such as photons, phonons, plasmons, polaritons, polarons, excitons and magnons, in crystalline solids and nanostructures systems are nowdays important active field for research works in solid state physics as well as in statistical physics. With this aim in mind, this work has two distinct parts. In the first one, we investigate the propagation of excitons polaritons in nanostructured periodic and quasiperiodic multilayers, from the description of the behavior for bulk and surface modes in their individual constituents. Through analytical, as well as computational numerical calculation, we obtain the spectra for both surface and bulk exciton-polaritons modes in the superstructures. Besides, we investigate also how the quasiperiodicity modifies the band structure related to the periodic case, stressing their amazing self-similar behavior leaving to their fractal/multifractal aspects. Afterwards, we present our results related to the so-called photonic crystals, the eletromagnetic analogue of the electronic crystalline structure. We consider periodic and quasiperiodic structures, in which one of their component presents a negative refractive index. This unusual optic characteristic is obtained when the electric permissivity and the magnetic permeability µ are both negatives for the same range of angular frequency ω of the incident wave. The given curves show how the transmission of the photon waves is modified, with a striking self-similar profile. Moreover, we analyze the modification of the usual Planck´s thermal spectrum when we use a quasiperiodic fotonic superlattice as a filter.

Comportamento do fator de necrose tumoral e da proteína C reativa em hepatectomia simultânea com colectomia em ratos

OBJETIVO: Observar o comportamento do fator de necrose tumoral-a (TNFalfa) e da proteína C reativa (PCR) em cirurgias simultâneas de fígado e intestino. MÉTODO: Para este objetivo foi desenvolvido um modelo experimental, no qual foram operados quarenta ratos da raça Wistar, divididos em quatros grupos: grupo controle, grupo 1 com ratos submetidos à hepatectomia a 70%, grupo 2 com ratos submetidos à colectomia e grupo 3 com cirurgia simultânea de hepactetomia e colectomia. em todos os grupos foram dosados TNFalfa e PCR uma hora após o procedimento. Os animais foram mortos em seguida. RESULTADOS: Os valores encontrados mostraram alteração nas dosagens desses elementos nos diversos grupos, sendo que no grupo 3 houve aumento significativo do TNFalfa e queda de PCR. CONCLUSÃO: Quanto mais complexo se tornou o ato cirúrgico os níveis sangüíneos de TFNalfa aumentaram e os níveis sangüíneos da PCR diminuíram significativamente.

Estudo do comportamento da PIO de 24 horas e frequência de glaucoma em pacientes com síndrome da apnéia obstrutiva do sono

Purpose: To determine the frequency of glaucoma and evaluate the behavior of 24-hour intraocular pressure in patients with the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Methods: Eleven consecutive patients with OSAS, diagnosed by polysonography, were avaliated in a cross-sectional study. Demographic data were analyzed: age, sex, race/color, weight, height and associated diseases. The patients were submitted to complete ophthalmologic examination, including the visual field, as well as to 24-hour intra-ocular pressure (IOP) evaluation by an applanation tonometer at 9h, 12h, 15h, 18h, 24h and 6h in the lying and sitting positions. The diagnostic criterion for glaucoma was alteration of the visual field (VF) compatible with glaucoma and one or more of the following alterations: cup-disc ratio >= 0.7, hemorrhage, wedge-shaped defect, bayonet-shaped vessels, Hoyt's sign, asymmetry > than 0.2 between cup/disc ratio of the eyes. The angle should be opened without alterations. Results: 9 (82%) of 11 patients showed glaucoma or were suspected to have glaucoma, 9% of which exhibited normal tension glaucoma and 73% were suspected to have glaucoma for presenting alterations in the optic nerve or ocular hypertension. The mean for the IOP values of the 11 patients was observed to be the highest at 6 o'clock, when they were lying down. Variations of IOP >= 5 mmHg occurred in 7 (64%) of the patients, and variations of up to 14 mmHg and IOP peaks of up to 32 mmHg were observed. Conclusion: OSAS may be an important risk factor for the development of glaucoma, particularly that of normal tension glaucoma. Patients with OSAS must be referred to an ophthalmologist and those professionals must be attentive to the association of sleep disorders in patients with open-angle glaucoma.

Comportamento Alimentar da Tilápia Vermelha (Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis aureus) Arraçoada com Diferentes Aditivos

The objective of this study was to evaluate the attractive capacity and palatability of a commercial extruded diet flavored with the following coats: fish oil (1%); fish oil (1%) + citric acid (.1%); fish oil (1%) + phosphoric acid (.1%); commercial coat (1%) and dende oil (1%), and the control treatment (absence of coat). The red tilapias feeding behavior was evaluated using a complete randomized experimental design, with 72 observations per treatment. Six 750-L aquariums were used; with three fish (100 +/- .50 g) per aquarium. They had access to the diets, through a couple choice (control x test), in a surface round feeder (feedings), disposed on the opposite lateral of the aquariums. The animals were evaluated during fifteen minutes, twice a day. Due to the use of the chemical substances that did not potencialyzed the feeding response of the red tilapia, it was observed that the usual commercial coat and fish oil did not present an effective addictive to stimulate the ingestion of the extruded diet. Only the commercial coat was lightly capable to provoke confrontation during the feeding process.

Efeito do estresse térmico agudo sobre os níveis da proteína e RNA mensageiro da Hsp70, em fígado e cérebro de pintos de corte de diferentes linhagens

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)