1000 resultados para Climatologia - Métodos de simulação
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En este artículo se pretende mostrar cómo la utilización de métodos visuales en la investigación contribuye a potenciar la participación activa de las personas con TMG. Se utiliza como ejemplo un estudio de caso de corte cualitativo que incorpora tres actividades de componente visual (el dibujo “el río de la vida”, las fotografías y el dibujo de proyección de futuro) para favorecer la reflexión narrada que, sobre sus experiencias y vivencias, desarrollan cinco personas con TMG. El uso de las fotografías y dibujos en este estudio permite afirmar que estas estrategias se han mostrado válidas para acceder, en la medida que los participantes han querido, a esferas de vida personales en trayectorias vitales determinadas por la enfermedad mental
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OBJETIVO: Determinar a dose efetiva recebida nos exames de tomografia computadorizada abdominal e estudar a influência das características dos pacientes na dose recebida. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas medições dos valores de dose com uma câmara de ionização em objetos simuladores, de forma a verificar se os valores obtidos estavam de acordo com os valores apresentados pelo equipamento de tomografia computadorizada e se estes não ultrapassavam os níveis de referência de dose recomendados. Posteriormente, foram medidos os valores de dose recebida pelos pacientes, com autonomia física, nos exames de tomografia computadorizada abdominal (n = 100) e a relação existente com as suas características antropométricas. Por último, foi simulada a dose nos órgãos por meio do método de Monte Carlo utilizando o software de simulação CT-Expo V 1.5, e estudado o efeito do controle automático de exposição nestes exames. RESULTADOS: As principiais características com influência direta na dose são a massa corporal, o perímetro abdominal e o índice de massa corporal do paciente, cuja relação é linear e positiva. CONCLUSÃO: A dose de radiação recebida nos exames abdominais depende de algumas características dos pacientes, sendo importante ajustar os parâmetros de aquisição às suas dimensões.
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O câncer de mama é um dos mais prevalentes nas mulheres. A mamografia é um excelente método com impacto comprovado na redução da mortalidade pelo câncer de mama. Porém, não é um método perfeito, apresentando alguns pontos fracos, principalmente no rastreamento de mulheres com mamas densas, estadiamento e avaliação de tratamento. A ressonância magnética mamária mostrou a necessidade e importância da avaliação funcional mamária. Descrevemos dois métodos de avaliação funcional mamária e demonstramos nossa experiência com a mamografia digital com contraste e com a imagem molecular mamária realizada em gama-câmara específica. Estes dois métodos já estão disponíveis em nosso meio e apresentam resultados promissores na detecção de lesões mamográficas ocultas, confirmação de lesões suspeitas e redução de biópsias desnecessárias, podendo assim melhorar o estudo mamário, principalmente nos pontos falhos da mamografia.
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El present treball té com a objectiu l’anàlisi i la conceptualització dels diferents tipus de conflictes empresarials i dels diferents mètodes existents a l’ordenament jurídic per a resoldrel’s. A continuació, s’estudien els Mètodes Alternatius de Resolució de Conflictes (MASC), també coneguts en els països anglosaxons com a Alternative Dispute Resolutions (ADR), com a procediments alterns a la justícia ordinària per a resoldre conflictes i controvèrsies en seu empresarial, aprofundint en les tècniques de la negociació i de la mediació empresarials, i realitzant un estudi especial de la conflictologia empresarial més freqüent susceptible de ser resolta mitjantçant la mediació. Per últim, s’estudien els conflictes societaris, especialment en les societats de capital, així com els mecanismes admesos en Dret per a prevenir-los i evitar-los, amb la finalitat de facilitar una gestió adient del conflicte i simplificar-ne la seva solució. Tenint en compte la rellevància que l’empresa familiar té en la nostra economia, es realitza una anàlisi exahustiva de les seves principals característiques, i del protocol familiar com a instrument idoni per a ajudar a millorar el funcionament de l’empresa familiar i a reduïr-ne el potencial de conflicte.
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Numerical modeling studies of urban atmospheres were performed with a photochemical box submodel which incorporates primary emission rates, temperature and solar irradiance rate coefficients. Actinic flux calculations were made for an appropriate latitude for Rio de Janeiro and initial concentrations and emission rates were taken from experimental data. The relative importance of individual reactions is discussed as well as the effect of enhanced aldehyde emissions from vehicles using ethanol and ethanol-containing fuel.
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The Solvay Process is an important route for the industrial preparation of sodium carbonate from brine and CO2. However, experiments illustrating such process are performed only in a few chemistry courses, mainly because of the difficulties to precipitate out the intermediate product NaHCO3 within the 3 or 4 hours generally available for laboratory classes. In this article we describe a method that properly simulates the Solvay process using glass apparatus that can be found in any chemistry laboratory. The good yields and purity attainable, associated with the short time (~3 hours) required to get the sodium bicarbonate, account for the suitability of our method for chemistry or chemical engineering undergraduate students laboratory classes.
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The FTIR spectroscopy has been used to quantify the secondary structures of proteins, using amide I band (1600 - 1700 cm-1). The resolution enhancement methods have been used to resolve the individual components of this band that correlate to the secondary structure. In this paper we discuss the methods of derivative, Fourier deconvolution and fitting with simulated spectra. The results shows that they have serious problems and can be used only as a qualitative or semiquatitative method.
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Spectrophotometric determination of total protein is used in several areas such as clinical analysis, food science and technology, biochemistry, protein chemistry, physiology. Five spectrophotometric methods are mostly used: biuret, Lowry, Bradford, Smith and UV absorption. In this review a general overview of these methods is presented (interferences, applications); other methodologies are also discussed.
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In this work several methods for evaluation of the degree of lipid oxidation and antioxidant activity are reviewed. Some aspects related to the recent advances mentioned in the literature are also reported.
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The aim of this report is to classify analytical methods based on flowing media and to define (standardize) terminology. After the classification and a discussion of terms describing the systems and component parts, a section is devoted to terms describing the performance of flow systems. The list of terms included is restricted to the most relevant ones; especially "self-explanatory" terms are left out. It is emphasised that the usage of terms or expressions that do not adequately describe the processes or procedures involved should be strongly discouraged. Although belonging to the category of methods based on flowing media, chromatographic methods are not comprised in the present document. However, care has been taken that the present text is not in conflict with definitions in that domain. In documents in which flow methods are described, it should be clearly indicated how the sample and/or reagent is introduced and how the sample zone is transported. When introducing new techniques in the field, or variants of existing techniques, it is strongly recommended that descriptive terms rather than trivial or elaborate names are used.
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The broad variety of hydrogenation methods of polydienes is presented. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis are reviewed emphasizing also hydrogen transfer from donor compounds.
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Among the emergent laser based spectrometric methods, thermal lensing and other photothermal techniques present a great potential for solving a variety of problems in the fields of chemistry, physics and biology. Their main advantages are high concentration sensitivity, sensibility to physical-chemical properties of the medium, excellent spatial resolution and noninvasive characteristics. In this article, theoretical principles, main applications and practical hints as well as fundamental limitations of these techniques will be carefully described. It is hoped that this will give the reader a clear picture of this field of investigation as well as provide to the ones who are not specialists in the area, the necessary background to understand, implement and use photothermal techniques. In the final sections the development frontiers of photothermal spectrometry will be discussed.
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A photochemical reaction mechanism for the description of air quality in Brazilian urban regions is described and evaluated by comparison with chamber experiments. The mechanism was developed for use in ozone modeling and application of control strategies. The oxidation of ethanol and methyl-ter-butyl-ether is also considered. Using this chemical model, a trajectory simulation of Brazil Avenue, Rio de Janeiro, was performed. The model predicts that ozone should reach a maximum of 22.4 ppb at 14:57 h. This value is in good agreement with the experimental measurements of 22.5 ppb for 14:00 h and 22.3 ppb for 15:00 h.
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Combinatorial chemistry has emerged as a tool to circumvent a major problem of pharmaceutical industries to discover new lead compounds. A rapid and massive evaluation of a myriad of newly synthesised compounds can be carried out. Combinatorial synthesis leads to high throughput screening en masse towards another myriad of biological targets. The design of a set of compounds based upon combinatorial chemistry may be envisaged by using of QSPR-SIMCA and QSAR-SIMCA as tools for classification purposes. This work deals with the definition and establishment of a spanned substituent space (SSS) that reduces the analogue numbers with no exclusion of global content. The chemical diversity may be set properly within a specified pharmacological field. This allows a better use of its potentiality without loosing information.